SidaGhanaV1, PubMed, Corpus, bibRecord, 000943

Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.

Identifieur interne : 000943 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000942; suivant : 000944

Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.

Auteurs : Alimuddin Zumla ; Markus Maeurer ; Jeremiah Chakaya ; Michael Hoelscher ; Francine Ntoumi ; Roxana Rustomjee ; Cristina Vilaplana ; Dorothy Yeboah-Manu ; Voahangy Rasolof ; Paula Munderi ; Nalini Singh ; Eleni Aklillu ; Nesri Padayatchi ; Eusebio Macete ; Nathan Kapata ; Modest Mulenga ; Gibson Kibiki ; Sayoki Mfinanga ; Thomas Nyirenda ; Leonard Maboko ; Alberto Garcia-Basteiro ; Niaina Rakotosamimanana ; Matthew Bates ; Peter Mwaba ; Klaus Reither ; Sebastien Gagneux ; Sarah Edwards ; Elirehema Mfinanga ; Salim Abdulla ; Pere-Joan Cardona ; James B W. Russell ; Vanya Gant ; Mahdad Noursadeghi ; Paul Elkington ; Maryline Bonnet ; Clara Menendez ; Tandakha N. Dieye ; Bassirou Diarra ; Almoustapha Maiga ; Abraham Aseffa ; Shreemanta Parida ; Christian Wejse ; Eskild Petersen ; Pontiano Kaleebu ; Matt Oliver ; Gill Craig ; Tumena Corrah ; Leopold Tientcheu ; Martin Antonio ; Martin Rao ; Timothy D. Mchugh ; Aziz Sheikh ; Giuseppe Ippolito ; Gita Ramjee ; Stefan H E. Kaufmann ; Gavin Churchyard ; Andrie Steyn ; Martin Grobusch ; Ian Sanne ; Neil Martinson ; Rajhmun Madansein ; Robert J. Wilkinson ; Bongani Mayosi ; Marco Schito ; Robert S. Wallis

Source :

Nature reviews. Drug discovery [ 1474-1784 ] ; 2015.

RBID : pubmed:26184493

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Antitubercular Agents (administration & dosage), Antitubercular Agents (pharmacology), Antitubercular Agents (therapeutic use), Drug Design, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (drug effects), Tuberculosis (drug therapy).
MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Antitubercular Agents.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antitubercular Agents.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antitubercular Agents.
- drug effects : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- drug therapy : Tuberculosis.
- Drug Design, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Molecular Targeted Therapy.

Abstract

The treatment of tuberculosis is based on combinations of drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A new global initiative is now focusing on a complementary approach of developing adjunct host-directed therapies.

DOI: 10.1038/nrd4696
PubMed: 26184493

Links to Exploration step

pubmed:26184493

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maeurer, Markus" sort="Maeurer, Markus" uniqKey="Maeurer M" first="Markus" last="Maeurer">Markus Maeurer</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chakaya, Jeremiah" sort="Chakaya, Jeremiah" uniqKey="Chakaya J" first="Jeremiah" last="Chakaya">Jeremiah Chakaya</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoelscher, Michael" sort="Hoelscher, Michael" uniqKey="Hoelscher M" first="Michael" last="Hoelscher">Michael Hoelscher</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), and DZIF German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ntoumi, Francine" sort="Ntoumi, Francine" uniqKey="Ntoumi F" first="Francine" last="Ntoumi">Francine Ntoumi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo and Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rustomjee, Roxana" sort="Rustomjee, Roxana" uniqKey="Rustomjee R" first="Roxana" last="Rustomjee">Roxana Rustomjee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vilaplana, Cristina" sort="Vilaplana, Cristina" uniqKey="Vilaplana C" first="Cristina" last="Vilaplana">Cristina Vilaplana</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasolof, Voahangy" sort="Rasolof, Voahangy" uniqKey="Rasolof V" first="Voahangy" last="Rasolof">Voahangy Rasolof</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Munderi, Paula" sort="Munderi, Paula" uniqKey="Munderi P" first="Paula" last="Munderi">Paula Munderi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Singh, Nalini" sort="Singh, Nalini" uniqKey="Singh N" first="Nalini" last="Singh">Nalini Singh</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aklillu, Eleni" sort="Aklillu, Eleni" uniqKey="Aklillu E" first="Eleni" last="Aklillu">Eleni Aklillu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Padayatchi, Nesri" sort="Padayatchi, Nesri" uniqKey="Padayatchi N" first="Nesri" last="Padayatchi">Nesri Padayatchi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for AIDS Prevention Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), SAMRC CAPRISA HIV -TB pathogenesis and treatment research unit, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macete, Eusebio" sort="Macete, Eusebio" uniqKey="Macete E" first="Eusebio" last="Macete">Eusebio Macete</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kapata, Nathan" sort="Kapata, Nathan" uniqKey="Kapata N" first="Nathan" last="Kapata">Nathan Kapata</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mulenga, Modest" sort="Mulenga, Modest" uniqKey="Mulenga M" first="Modest" last="Mulenga">Modest Mulenga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kibiki, Gibson" sort="Kibiki, Gibson" uniqKey="Kibiki G" first="Gibson" last="Kibiki">Gibson Kibiki</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Sayoki" sort="Mfinanga, Sayoki" uniqKey="Mfinanga S" first="Sayoki" last="Mfinanga">Sayoki Mfinanga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nyirenda, Thomas" sort="Nyirenda, Thomas" uniqKey="Nyirenda T" first="Thomas" last="Nyirenda">Thomas Nyirenda</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Cape Town, South Africa; not officially a partner of this consortium but participated in the HDT-NET Cape Town launch.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maboko, Leonard" sort="Maboko, Leonard" uniqKey="Maboko L" first="Leonard" last="Maboko">Leonard Maboko</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia Basteiro, Alberto" sort="Garcia Basteiro, Alberto" uniqKey="Garcia Basteiro A" first="Alberto" last="Garcia-Basteiro">Alberto Garcia-Basteiro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rakotosamimanana, Niaina" sort="Rakotosamimanana, Niaina" uniqKey="Rakotosamimanana N" first="Niaina" last="Rakotosamimanana">Niaina Rakotosamimanana</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bates, Matthew" sort="Bates, Matthew" uniqKey="Bates M" first="Matthew" last="Bates">Matthew Bates</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mwaba, Peter" sort="Mwaba, Peter" uniqKey="Mwaba P" first="Peter" last="Mwaba">Peter Mwaba</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reither, Klaus" sort="Reither, Klaus" uniqKey="Reither K" first="Klaus" last="Reither">Klaus Reither</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, Sarah" sort="Edwards, Sarah" uniqKey="Edwards S" first="Sarah" last="Edwards">Sarah Edwards</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ethics and Governance, NIHR BRC at University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Elirehema" sort="Mfinanga, Elirehema" uniqKey="Mfinanga E" first="Elirehema" last="Mfinanga">Elirehema Mfinanga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abdulla, Salim" sort="Abdulla, Salim" uniqKey="Abdulla S" first="Salim" last="Abdulla">Salim Abdulla</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cardona, Pere Joan" sort="Cardona, Pere Joan" uniqKey="Cardona P" first="Pere-Joan" last="Cardona">Pere-Joan Cardona</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Russell, James B W" sort="Russell, James B W" uniqKey="Russell J" first="James B W" last="Russell">James B W. Russell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Connaught Hospital, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gant, Vanya" sort="Gant, Vanya" uniqKey="Gant V" first="Vanya" last="Gant">Vanya Gant</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" sort="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" uniqKey="Noursadeghi M" first="Mahdad" last="Noursadeghi">Mahdad Noursadeghi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elkington, Paul" sort="Elkington, Paul" uniqKey="Elkington P" first="Paul" last="Elkington">Paul Elkington</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Respiratory Medicine department, Southampton University, Southampton, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, IRD, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menendez, Clara" sort="Menendez, Clara" uniqKey="Menendez C" first="Clara" last="Menendez">Clara Menendez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global health, Barcelona, Spain. Immunology Unit-Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie, Le Dantec.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dieye, Tandakha N" sort="Dieye, Tandakha N" uniqKey="Dieye T" first="Tandakha N" last="Dieye">Tandakha N. Dieye</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hospital, Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diarra, Bassirou" sort="Diarra, Bassirou" uniqKey="Diarra B" first="Bassirou" last="Diarra">Bassirou Diarra</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maiga, Almoustapha" sort="Maiga, Almoustapha" uniqKey="Maiga A" first="Almoustapha" last="Maiga">Almoustapha Maiga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Armaeur Hansen Resrach Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parida, Shreemanta" sort="Parida, Shreemanta" uniqKey="Parida S" first="Shreemanta" last="Parida">Shreemanta Parida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wejse, Christian" sort="Wejse, Christian" uniqKey="Wejse C" first="Christian" last="Wejse">Christian Wejse</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaleebu, Pontiano" sort="Kaleebu, Pontiano" uniqKey="Kaleebu P" first="Pontiano" last="Kaleebu">Pontiano Kaleebu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oliver, Matt" sort="Oliver, Matt" uniqKey="Oliver M" first="Matt" last="Oliver">Matt Oliver</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Results UK, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Craig, Gill" sort="Craig, Gill" uniqKey="Craig G" first="Gill" last="Craig">Gill Craig</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Health Sciences, City University London, City University, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumena" sort="Corrah, Tumena" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumena" last="Corrah">Tumena Corrah</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold" last="Tientcheu">Leopold Tientcheu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rao, Martin" sort="Rao, Martin" uniqKey="Rao M" first="Martin" last="Rao">Martin Rao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mchugh, Timothy D" sort="Mchugh, Timothy D" uniqKey="Mchugh T" first="Timothy D" last="Mchugh">Timothy D. Mchugh</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sheikh, Aziz" sort="Sheikh, Aziz" uniqKey="Sheikh A" first="Aziz" last="Sheikh">Aziz Sheikh</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramjee, Gita" sort="Ramjee, Gita" uniqKey="Ramjee G" first="Gita" last="Ramjee">Gita Ramjee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HIV prevention Research Unit, MRC, Durban South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaufmann, Stefan H E" sort="Kaufmann, Stefan H E" uniqKey="Kaufmann S" first="Stefan H E" last="Kaufmann">Stefan H E. Kaufmann</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Churchyard, Gavin" sort="Churchyard, Gavin" uniqKey="Churchyard G" first="Gavin" last="Churchyard">Gavin Churchyard</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Steyn, Andrie" sort="Steyn, Andrie" uniqKey="Steyn A" first="Andrie" last="Steyn">Andrie Steyn</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis &HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grobusch, Martin" sort="Grobusch, Martin" uniqKey="Grobusch M" first="Martin" last="Grobusch">Martin Grobusch</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanne, Ian" sort="Sanne, Ian" uniqKey="Sanne I" first="Ian" last="Sanne">Ian Sanne</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Right to care, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinson, Neil" sort="Martinson, Neil" uniqKey="Martinson N" first="Neil" last="Martinson">Neil Martinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Public Health research Unit, Soweto, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Madansein, Rajhmun" sort="Madansein, Rajhmun" uniqKey="Madansein R" first="Rajhmun" last="Madansein">Rajhmun Madansein</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Robert J" sort="Wilkinson, Robert J" uniqKey="Wilkinson R" first="Robert J" last="Wilkinson">Robert J. Wilkinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mayosi, Bongani" sort="Mayosi, Bongani" uniqKey="Mayosi B" first="Bongani" last="Mayosi">Bongani Mayosi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schito, Marco" sort="Schito, Marco" uniqKey="Schito M" first="Marco" last="Schito">Marco Schito</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wallis, Robert S" sort="Wallis, Robert S" uniqKey="Wallis R" first="Robert S" last="Wallis">Robert S. Wallis</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
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<idno type="doi">10.1038/nrd4696</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maeurer, Markus" sort="Maeurer, Markus" uniqKey="Maeurer M" first="Markus" last="Maeurer">Markus Maeurer</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chakaya, Jeremiah" sort="Chakaya, Jeremiah" uniqKey="Chakaya J" first="Jeremiah" last="Chakaya">Jeremiah Chakaya</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoelscher, Michael" sort="Hoelscher, Michael" uniqKey="Hoelscher M" first="Michael" last="Hoelscher">Michael Hoelscher</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), and DZIF German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ntoumi, Francine" sort="Ntoumi, Francine" uniqKey="Ntoumi F" first="Francine" last="Ntoumi">Francine Ntoumi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo and Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rustomjee, Roxana" sort="Rustomjee, Roxana" uniqKey="Rustomjee R" first="Roxana" last="Rustomjee">Roxana Rustomjee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vilaplana, Cristina" sort="Vilaplana, Cristina" uniqKey="Vilaplana C" first="Cristina" last="Vilaplana">Cristina Vilaplana</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasolof, Voahangy" sort="Rasolof, Voahangy" uniqKey="Rasolof V" first="Voahangy" last="Rasolof">Voahangy Rasolof</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Munderi, Paula" sort="Munderi, Paula" uniqKey="Munderi P" first="Paula" last="Munderi">Paula Munderi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Singh, Nalini" sort="Singh, Nalini" uniqKey="Singh N" first="Nalini" last="Singh">Nalini Singh</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aklillu, Eleni" sort="Aklillu, Eleni" uniqKey="Aklillu E" first="Eleni" last="Aklillu">Eleni Aklillu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Padayatchi, Nesri" sort="Padayatchi, Nesri" uniqKey="Padayatchi N" first="Nesri" last="Padayatchi">Nesri Padayatchi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for AIDS Prevention Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), SAMRC CAPRISA HIV -TB pathogenesis and treatment research unit, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macete, Eusebio" sort="Macete, Eusebio" uniqKey="Macete E" first="Eusebio" last="Macete">Eusebio Macete</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kapata, Nathan" sort="Kapata, Nathan" uniqKey="Kapata N" first="Nathan" last="Kapata">Nathan Kapata</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mulenga, Modest" sort="Mulenga, Modest" uniqKey="Mulenga M" first="Modest" last="Mulenga">Modest Mulenga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kibiki, Gibson" sort="Kibiki, Gibson" uniqKey="Kibiki G" first="Gibson" last="Kibiki">Gibson Kibiki</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Sayoki" sort="Mfinanga, Sayoki" uniqKey="Mfinanga S" first="Sayoki" last="Mfinanga">Sayoki Mfinanga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nyirenda, Thomas" sort="Nyirenda, Thomas" uniqKey="Nyirenda T" first="Thomas" last="Nyirenda">Thomas Nyirenda</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Cape Town, South Africa; not officially a partner of this consortium but participated in the HDT-NET Cape Town launch.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maboko, Leonard" sort="Maboko, Leonard" uniqKey="Maboko L" first="Leonard" last="Maboko">Leonard Maboko</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia Basteiro, Alberto" sort="Garcia Basteiro, Alberto" uniqKey="Garcia Basteiro A" first="Alberto" last="Garcia-Basteiro">Alberto Garcia-Basteiro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rakotosamimanana, Niaina" sort="Rakotosamimanana, Niaina" uniqKey="Rakotosamimanana N" first="Niaina" last="Rakotosamimanana">Niaina Rakotosamimanana</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bates, Matthew" sort="Bates, Matthew" uniqKey="Bates M" first="Matthew" last="Bates">Matthew Bates</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mwaba, Peter" sort="Mwaba, Peter" uniqKey="Mwaba P" first="Peter" last="Mwaba">Peter Mwaba</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reither, Klaus" sort="Reither, Klaus" uniqKey="Reither K" first="Klaus" last="Reither">Klaus Reither</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, Sarah" sort="Edwards, Sarah" uniqKey="Edwards S" first="Sarah" last="Edwards">Sarah Edwards</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ethics and Governance, NIHR BRC at University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Elirehema" sort="Mfinanga, Elirehema" uniqKey="Mfinanga E" first="Elirehema" last="Mfinanga">Elirehema Mfinanga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abdulla, Salim" sort="Abdulla, Salim" uniqKey="Abdulla S" first="Salim" last="Abdulla">Salim Abdulla</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cardona, Pere Joan" sort="Cardona, Pere Joan" uniqKey="Cardona P" first="Pere-Joan" last="Cardona">Pere-Joan Cardona</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Russell, James B W" sort="Russell, James B W" uniqKey="Russell J" first="James B W" last="Russell">James B W. Russell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Connaught Hospital, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gant, Vanya" sort="Gant, Vanya" uniqKey="Gant V" first="Vanya" last="Gant">Vanya Gant</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" sort="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" uniqKey="Noursadeghi M" first="Mahdad" last="Noursadeghi">Mahdad Noursadeghi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elkington, Paul" sort="Elkington, Paul" uniqKey="Elkington P" first="Paul" last="Elkington">Paul Elkington</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Respiratory Medicine department, Southampton University, Southampton, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, IRD, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menendez, Clara" sort="Menendez, Clara" uniqKey="Menendez C" first="Clara" last="Menendez">Clara Menendez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global health, Barcelona, Spain. Immunology Unit-Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie, Le Dantec.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dieye, Tandakha N" sort="Dieye, Tandakha N" uniqKey="Dieye T" first="Tandakha N" last="Dieye">Tandakha N. Dieye</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hospital, Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diarra, Bassirou" sort="Diarra, Bassirou" uniqKey="Diarra B" first="Bassirou" last="Diarra">Bassirou Diarra</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maiga, Almoustapha" sort="Maiga, Almoustapha" uniqKey="Maiga A" first="Almoustapha" last="Maiga">Almoustapha Maiga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Armaeur Hansen Resrach Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parida, Shreemanta" sort="Parida, Shreemanta" uniqKey="Parida S" first="Shreemanta" last="Parida">Shreemanta Parida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wejse, Christian" sort="Wejse, Christian" uniqKey="Wejse C" first="Christian" last="Wejse">Christian Wejse</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaleebu, Pontiano" sort="Kaleebu, Pontiano" uniqKey="Kaleebu P" first="Pontiano" last="Kaleebu">Pontiano Kaleebu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oliver, Matt" sort="Oliver, Matt" uniqKey="Oliver M" first="Matt" last="Oliver">Matt Oliver</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Results UK, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Craig, Gill" sort="Craig, Gill" uniqKey="Craig G" first="Gill" last="Craig">Gill Craig</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Health Sciences, City University London, City University, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumena" sort="Corrah, Tumena" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumena" last="Corrah">Tumena Corrah</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold" last="Tientcheu">Leopold Tientcheu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rao, Martin" sort="Rao, Martin" uniqKey="Rao M" first="Martin" last="Rao">Martin Rao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mchugh, Timothy D" sort="Mchugh, Timothy D" uniqKey="Mchugh T" first="Timothy D" last="Mchugh">Timothy D. Mchugh</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sheikh, Aziz" sort="Sheikh, Aziz" uniqKey="Sheikh A" first="Aziz" last="Sheikh">Aziz Sheikh</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramjee, Gita" sort="Ramjee, Gita" uniqKey="Ramjee G" first="Gita" last="Ramjee">Gita Ramjee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HIV prevention Research Unit, MRC, Durban South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaufmann, Stefan H E" sort="Kaufmann, Stefan H E" uniqKey="Kaufmann S" first="Stefan H E" last="Kaufmann">Stefan H E. Kaufmann</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Churchyard, Gavin" sort="Churchyard, Gavin" uniqKey="Churchyard G" first="Gavin" last="Churchyard">Gavin Churchyard</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Steyn, Andrie" sort="Steyn, Andrie" uniqKey="Steyn A" first="Andrie" last="Steyn">Andrie Steyn</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis &HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grobusch, Martin" sort="Grobusch, Martin" uniqKey="Grobusch M" first="Martin" last="Grobusch">Martin Grobusch</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanne, Ian" sort="Sanne, Ian" uniqKey="Sanne I" first="Ian" last="Sanne">Ian Sanne</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Right to care, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinson, Neil" sort="Martinson, Neil" uniqKey="Martinson N" first="Neil" last="Martinson">Neil Martinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Public Health research Unit, Soweto, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Madansein, Rajhmun" sort="Madansein, Rajhmun" uniqKey="Madansein R" first="Rajhmun" last="Madansein">Rajhmun Madansein</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Robert J" sort="Wilkinson, Robert J" uniqKey="Wilkinson R" first="Robert J" last="Wilkinson">Robert J. Wilkinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mayosi, Bongani" sort="Mayosi, Bongani" uniqKey="Mayosi B" first="Bongani" last="Mayosi">Bongani Mayosi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schito, Marco" sort="Schito, Marco" uniqKey="Schito M" first="Marco" last="Schito">Marco Schito</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wallis, Robert S" sort="Wallis, Robert S" uniqKey="Wallis R" first="Robert S" last="Wallis">Robert S. Wallis</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Nature reviews. Drug discovery</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1474-1784</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date>
</imprint>
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<term>Antitubercular Agents (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Drug Design</term>
<term>Drug Therapy, Combination</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Molecular Targeted Therapy</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (drug effects)</term>
<term>Tuberculosis (drug therapy)</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antitubercular Agents</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Tuberculosis</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Design</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The treatment of tuberculosis is based on combinations of drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A new global initiative is now focusing on a complementary approach of developing adjunct host-directed therapies.</div>
</front>
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<DateCreated><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>08</Month>
<Day>03</Day>
</DateCreated>
<DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
<Day>02</Day>
</DateRevised>
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<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>14</Volume>
<Issue>8</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>Aug</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Nature reviews. Drug discovery</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Nat Rev Drug Discov</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>511-2</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nrd4696</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>The treatment of tuberculosis is based on combinations of drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A new global initiative is now focusing on a complementary approach of developing adjunct host-directed therapies.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zumla</LastName>
<ForeName>Alimuddin</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maeurer</LastName>
<ForeName>Markus</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><CollectiveName>Host-Directed Therapies Network</CollectiveName>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chakaya</LastName>
<ForeName>Jeremiah</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoelscher</LastName>
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	Le SIDA au Ghana (serveur d'exploration)
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Le SIDA au Ghana (serveur d'exploration)

Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.

Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.

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