Exposure to multiple parasites is associated with the prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa.
Identifieur interne : 000925 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000924; suivant : 000926Exposure to multiple parasites is associated with the prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa.
Auteurs : Gathoni Kamuyu ; Christian Bottomley ; James Mageto ; Brett Lowe ; Patricia P. Wilkins ; John C. Noh ; Thomas B. Nutman ; Anthony K. Ngugi ; Rachael Odhiambo ; Ryan G. Wagner ; Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige ; Seth Owusu-Agyei ; Kenneth Ae-Ngibise ; Honorati Masanja ; Faith H A. Osier ; Peter Odermatt ; Charles R. NewtonSource :
- PLoS neglected tropical diseases [ 1935-2735 ] ; 2014.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent, Adult, Africa South of the Sahara (epidemiology), Antibodies, Helminth (blood), Antibodies, Protozoan (blood), Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Epilepsy (complications), Epilepsy (epidemiology), Epilepsy (parasitology), Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Parasitic Diseases (complications), Parasitic Diseases (epidemiology), Parasitic Diseases (parasitology), Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Young Adult.
- MESH :
- chemical , blood : Antibodies, Helminth, Antibodies, Protozoan.
- geographic , epidemiology : Africa South of the Sahara.
- complications : Epilepsy, Parasitic Diseases.
- epidemiology : Epilepsy, Parasitic Diseases.
- parasitology : Epilepsy, Parasitic Diseases.
- Adolescent, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Young Adult.
Abstract
Epilepsy is common in developing countries, and it is often associated with parasitic infections. We investigated the relationship between exposure to parasitic infections, particularly multiple infections and active convulsive epilepsy (ACE), in five sites across sub-Saharan Africa.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002908
PubMed: 24875312
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:24875312Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Exposure to multiple parasites is associated with the prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa.</title><author><name sortKey="Kamuyu, Gathoni" sort="Kamuyu, Gathoni" uniqKey="Kamuyu G" first="Gathoni" last="Kamuyu">Gathoni Kamuyu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bottomley, Christian" sort="Bottomley, Christian" uniqKey="Bottomley C" first="Christian" last="Bottomley">Christian Bottomley</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mageto, James" sort="Mageto, James" uniqKey="Mageto J" first="James" last="Mageto">James Mageto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lowe, Brett" sort="Lowe, Brett" uniqKey="Lowe B" first="Brett" last="Lowe">Brett Lowe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkins, Patricia P" sort="Wilkins, Patricia P" uniqKey="Wilkins P" first="Patricia P" last="Wilkins">Patricia P. Wilkins</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noh, John C" sort="Noh, John C" uniqKey="Noh J" first="John C" last="Noh">John C. Noh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nutman, Thomas B" sort="Nutman, Thomas B" uniqKey="Nutman T" first="Thomas B" last="Nutman">Thomas B. Nutman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngugi, Anthony K" sort="Ngugi, Anthony K" uniqKey="Ngugi A" first="Anthony K" last="Ngugi">Anthony K. Ngugi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Research Support Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (East Africa), Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Odhiambo, Rachael" sort="Odhiambo, Rachael" uniqKey="Odhiambo R" first="Rachael" last="Odhiambo">Rachael Odhiambo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Ryan G" sort="Wagner, Ryan G" uniqKey="Wagner R" first="Ryan G" last="Wagner">Ryan G. Wagner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kakooza Mwesige, Angelina" sort="Kakooza Mwesige, Angelina" uniqKey="Kakooza Mwesige A" first="Angelina" last="Kakooza-Mwesige">Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Iganga, Uganda; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu Agyei, Seth" sort="Owusu Agyei, Seth" uniqKey="Owusu Agyei S" first="Seth" last="Owusu-Agyei">Seth Owusu-Agyei</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ae Ngibise, Kenneth" sort="Ae Ngibise, Kenneth" uniqKey="Ae Ngibise K" first="Kenneth" last="Ae-Ngibise">Kenneth Ae-Ngibise</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masanja, Honorati" sort="Masanja, Honorati" uniqKey="Masanja H" first="Honorati" last="Masanja">Honorati Masanja</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osier, Faith H A" sort="Osier, Faith H A" uniqKey="Osier F" first="Faith H A" last="Osier">Faith H A. Osier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Odermatt, Peter" sort="Odermatt, Peter" uniqKey="Odermatt P" first="Peter" last="Odermatt">Peter Odermatt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Unversity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newton, Charles R" sort="Newton, Charles R" uniqKey="Newton C" first="Charles R" last="Newton">Charles R. Newton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:24875312</idno><idno type="pmid">24875312</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002908</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000925</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000925</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Exposure to multiple parasites is associated with the prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa.</title><author><name sortKey="Kamuyu, Gathoni" sort="Kamuyu, Gathoni" uniqKey="Kamuyu G" first="Gathoni" last="Kamuyu">Gathoni Kamuyu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bottomley, Christian" sort="Bottomley, Christian" uniqKey="Bottomley C" first="Christian" last="Bottomley">Christian Bottomley</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mageto, James" sort="Mageto, James" uniqKey="Mageto J" first="James" last="Mageto">James Mageto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lowe, Brett" sort="Lowe, Brett" uniqKey="Lowe B" first="Brett" last="Lowe">Brett Lowe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkins, Patricia P" sort="Wilkins, Patricia P" uniqKey="Wilkins P" first="Patricia P" last="Wilkins">Patricia P. Wilkins</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noh, John C" sort="Noh, John C" uniqKey="Noh J" first="John C" last="Noh">John C. Noh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nutman, Thomas B" sort="Nutman, Thomas B" uniqKey="Nutman T" first="Thomas B" last="Nutman">Thomas B. Nutman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngugi, Anthony K" sort="Ngugi, Anthony K" uniqKey="Ngugi A" first="Anthony K" last="Ngugi">Anthony K. Ngugi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Research Support Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (East Africa), Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Odhiambo, Rachael" sort="Odhiambo, Rachael" uniqKey="Odhiambo R" first="Rachael" last="Odhiambo">Rachael Odhiambo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Ryan G" sort="Wagner, Ryan G" uniqKey="Wagner R" first="Ryan G" last="Wagner">Ryan G. Wagner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kakooza Mwesige, Angelina" sort="Kakooza Mwesige, Angelina" uniqKey="Kakooza Mwesige A" first="Angelina" last="Kakooza-Mwesige">Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Iganga, Uganda; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu Agyei, Seth" sort="Owusu Agyei, Seth" uniqKey="Owusu Agyei S" first="Seth" last="Owusu-Agyei">Seth Owusu-Agyei</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ae Ngibise, Kenneth" sort="Ae Ngibise, Kenneth" uniqKey="Ae Ngibise K" first="Kenneth" last="Ae-Ngibise">Kenneth Ae-Ngibise</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masanja, Honorati" sort="Masanja, Honorati" uniqKey="Masanja H" first="Honorati" last="Masanja">Honorati Masanja</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osier, Faith H A" sort="Osier, Faith H A" uniqKey="Osier F" first="Faith H A" last="Osier">Faith H A. Osier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Odermatt, Peter" sort="Odermatt, Peter" uniqKey="Odermatt P" first="Peter" last="Odermatt">Peter Odermatt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Unversity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newton, Charles R" sort="Newton, Charles R" uniqKey="Newton C" first="Charles R" last="Newton">Charles R. Newton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Africa South of the Sahara (epidemiology)</term><term>Antibodies, Helminth (blood)</term><term>Antibodies, Protozoan (blood)</term><term>Case-Control Studies</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Epilepsy (complications)</term><term>Epilepsy (epidemiology)</term><term>Epilepsy (parasitology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Infant</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Parasitic Diseases (complications)</term><term>Parasitic Diseases (epidemiology)</term><term>Parasitic Diseases (parasitology)</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Seroepidemiologic Studies</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Antibodies, Helminth</term><term>Antibodies, Protozoan</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa South of the Sahara</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term><term>Parasitic Diseases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term><term>Parasitic Diseases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="parasitology" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term><term>Parasitic Diseases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Case-Control Studies</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Infant</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Seroepidemiologic Studies</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Epilepsy is common in developing countries, and it is often associated with parasitic infections. We investigated the relationship between exposure to parasitic infections, particularly multiple infections and active convulsive epilepsy (ACE), in five sites across sub-Saharan Africa.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24875312</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2014</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>30</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1935-2735</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><PubDate><Year>2014</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Exposure to multiple parasites is associated with the prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e2908</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002908</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Epilepsy is common in developing countries, and it is often associated with parasitic infections. We investigated the relationship between exposure to parasitic infections, particularly multiple infections and active convulsive epilepsy (ACE), in five sites across sub-Saharan Africa.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS AND FINDINGS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">A case-control design that matched on age and location was used. Blood samples were collected from 986 prevalent cases and 1,313 age-matched community controls and tested for presence of antibodies to Onchocerca volvulus, Toxocara canis, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Taenia solium and HIV. Exposure (seropositivity) to Onchocerca volvulus (OR = 1.98; 95%CI: 1.52-2.58, p<0.001), Toxocara canis (OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.23-1.87, p<0.001), Toxoplasma gondii (OR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.04-1.56, p = 0.018) and higher antibody levels (top tertile) to Toxocara canis (OR = 1.70; 95%CI: 1.30-2.24, p<0.001) were associated with an increased prevalence of ACE. Exposure to multiple infections was common (73.8% of cases and 65.5% of controls had been exposed to two or more infections), and for T. gondii and O. volvulus co-infection, their combined effect on the prevalence of ACE, as determined by the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), was more than additive (T. gondii and O. volvulus, RERI = 1.19). The prevalence of T. solium antibodies was low (2.8% of cases and 2.2% of controls) and was not associated with ACE in the study areas.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">This study investigates how the degree of exposure to parasites and multiple parasitic infections are associated with ACE and may explain conflicting results obtained when only seropositivity is considered. The findings from this study should be further validated.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kamuyu</LastName><ForeName>Gathoni</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bottomley</LastName><ForeName>Christian</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mageto</LastName><ForeName>James</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lowe</LastName><ForeName>Brett</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wilkins</LastName><ForeName>Patricia P</ForeName><Initials>PP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Noh</LastName><ForeName>John C</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nutman</LastName><ForeName>Thomas B</ForeName><Initials>TB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ngugi</LastName><ForeName>Anthony K</ForeName><Initials>AK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Research Support Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (East Africa), Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Odhiambo</LastName><ForeName>Rachael</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wagner</LastName><ForeName>Ryan G</ForeName><Initials>RG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kakooza-Mwesige</LastName><ForeName>Angelina</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Iganga, Uganda; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Owusu-Agyei</LastName><ForeName>Seth</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ae-Ngibise</LastName><ForeName>Kenneth</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Masanja</LastName><ForeName>Honorati</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Osier</LastName><ForeName>Faith H A</ForeName><Initials>FH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Odermatt</LastName><ForeName>Peter</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Unversity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Newton</LastName><ForeName>Charles R</ForeName><Initials>CR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, The Centre of Geographical Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems (SEEDS)-INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><CollectiveName>Study of Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Sites (SEEDS) group</CollectiveName></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>WT092654</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>096392</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>083744</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>084538</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>WT095009</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>MRC_MR/K012126/1</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2014</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>29</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101291488</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1935-2727</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000909">Antibodies, Helminth</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000913">Antibodies, Protozoan</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Parasite Immunol. 2009 Nov;31(11):697-705</RefSource><PMID Version="1">19825109</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2005;181:4-7</RefSource><PMID Version="1">16238700</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Epilepsia. 2009 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