Clonal types of Toxoplasma gondii among immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana.
Identifieur interne : 000343 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000342; suivant : 000344Clonal types of Toxoplasma gondii among immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana.
Auteurs : Irene Ayi ; Kofi Dadzie Kwofie ; Emmanuel Awusah Blay ; Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei ; Kwadwo Kyeremeh Frempong ; Roberta Koku ; Anita Ghansah ; Margaret Lartey ; Takashi Suzuki ; Daniel Adjei Boakye ; Kwadwo Ansah Koram ; Nobuo OhtaSource :
- Parasitology international [ 1873-0329 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
There are three major clonal lineages, types I, II, and III, of Toxoplasma gondii known to cause human toxoplasmosis worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii infections have, however, not been genotyped in Ghana. This study detected the clonal types infecting immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana. Blood samples were obtained from 148 HIV seropositive pre-antiretroviral therapy individuals (0 ≤ CD4(+) T-cell count/μl blood ≤ 200) at the Fevers Unit and 149 HIV seronegative apparently healthy blood donors at the blood bank, all of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted and multilocus genotyping conducted by nested PCR-RFLP analysis using GRA6, SAG3, and BTUB gene markers. Among the HIV seropositive participants, 54.7% (81/148) were T. gondii DNA positive for any of the markers. Out of the 81, 42.0% (34) were positive for SAG3 only, 30.9% (25) for GRA6 only, 24.7% (20) for both SAG3 and GRA6, and 2.5% (2) for SAG3, GRA6, and BTUB. Overall, 93.8% of the positives were of clonal type II, 1.2% type I, while 4.9% (4) were atypical or mixed types (I and II). In the healthy blood donors, prevalence of T. gondii DNA positivity was 3.4% (5/149) by SAG3 and/or GRA6; among them, 60.0% (3/5) were type I, and the remaining 40.0%, type II. This study showed a relatively high prevalence of active T. gondii infections in immune compromised patients and low prevalence in immune competent individuals in Accra. Type II was highly prevalent. Detection of T. gondii in blood donors raises public health concerns and screening for T. gondii should be considered.
DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.004
PubMed: 26775819
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Clonal types of Toxoplasma gondii among immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana.</title><author><name sortKey="Ayi, Irene" sort="Ayi, Irene" uniqKey="Ayi I" first="Irene" last="Ayi">Irene Ayi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: IAyi@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwofie, Kofi Dadzie" sort="Kwofie, Kofi Dadzie" uniqKey="Kwofie K" first="Kofi Dadzie" last="Kwofie">Kofi Dadzie Kwofie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blay, Emmanuel Awusah" sort="Blay, Emmanuel Awusah" uniqKey="Blay E" first="Emmanuel Awusah" last="Blay">Emmanuel Awusah Blay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osei, Joseph Harold Nyarko" sort="Osei, Joseph Harold Nyarko" uniqKey="Osei J" first="Joseph Harold Nyarko" last="Osei">Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frempong, Kwadwo Kyeremeh" sort="Frempong, Kwadwo Kyeremeh" uniqKey="Frempong K" first="Kwadwo Kyeremeh" last="Frempong">Kwadwo Kyeremeh Frempong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koku, Roberta" sort="Koku, Roberta" uniqKey="Koku R" first="Roberta" last="Koku">Roberta Koku</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghansah, Anita" sort="Ghansah, Anita" uniqKey="Ghansah A" first="Anita" last="Ghansah">Anita Ghansah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lartey, Margaret" sort="Lartey, Margaret" uniqKey="Lartey M" first="Margaret" last="Lartey">Margaret Lartey</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fevers Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Takashi" sort="Suzuki, Takashi" uniqKey="Suzuki T" first="Takashi" last="Suzuki">Takashi Suzuki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boakye, Daniel Adjei" sort="Boakye, Daniel Adjei" uniqKey="Boakye D" first="Daniel Adjei" last="Boakye">Daniel Adjei Boakye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo Ansah" sort="Koram, Kwadwo Ansah" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo Ansah" last="Koram">Kwadwo Ansah Koram</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohta, Nobuo" sort="Ohta, Nobuo" uniqKey="Ohta N" first="Nobuo" last="Ohta">Nobuo Ohta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26775819</idno><idno type="pmid">26775819</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.004</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000343</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000343</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Clonal types of Toxoplasma gondii among immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana.</title><author><name sortKey="Ayi, Irene" sort="Ayi, Irene" uniqKey="Ayi I" first="Irene" last="Ayi">Irene Ayi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: IAyi@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwofie, Kofi Dadzie" sort="Kwofie, Kofi Dadzie" uniqKey="Kwofie K" first="Kofi Dadzie" last="Kwofie">Kofi Dadzie Kwofie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blay, Emmanuel Awusah" sort="Blay, Emmanuel Awusah" uniqKey="Blay E" first="Emmanuel Awusah" last="Blay">Emmanuel Awusah Blay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osei, Joseph Harold Nyarko" sort="Osei, Joseph Harold Nyarko" uniqKey="Osei J" first="Joseph Harold Nyarko" last="Osei">Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frempong, Kwadwo Kyeremeh" sort="Frempong, Kwadwo Kyeremeh" uniqKey="Frempong K" first="Kwadwo Kyeremeh" last="Frempong">Kwadwo Kyeremeh Frempong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koku, Roberta" sort="Koku, Roberta" uniqKey="Koku R" first="Roberta" last="Koku">Roberta Koku</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghansah, Anita" sort="Ghansah, Anita" uniqKey="Ghansah A" first="Anita" last="Ghansah">Anita Ghansah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lartey, Margaret" sort="Lartey, Margaret" uniqKey="Lartey M" first="Margaret" last="Lartey">Margaret Lartey</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fevers Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Takashi" sort="Suzuki, Takashi" uniqKey="Suzuki T" first="Takashi" last="Suzuki">Takashi Suzuki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boakye, Daniel Adjei" sort="Boakye, Daniel Adjei" uniqKey="Boakye D" first="Daniel Adjei" last="Boakye">Daniel Adjei Boakye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo Ansah" sort="Koram, Kwadwo Ansah" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo Ansah" last="Koram">Kwadwo Ansah Koram</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohta, Nobuo" sort="Ohta, Nobuo" uniqKey="Ohta N" first="Nobuo" last="Ohta">Nobuo Ohta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Parasitology international</title><idno type="eISSN">1873-0329</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">There are three major clonal lineages, types I, II, and III, of Toxoplasma gondii known to cause human toxoplasmosis worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii infections have, however, not been genotyped in Ghana. This study detected the clonal types infecting immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana. Blood samples were obtained from 148 HIV seropositive pre-antiretroviral therapy individuals (0 ≤ CD4(+) T-cell count/μl blood ≤ 200) at the Fevers Unit and 149 HIV seronegative apparently healthy blood donors at the blood bank, all of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted and multilocus genotyping conducted by nested PCR-RFLP analysis using GRA6, SAG3, and BTUB gene markers. Among the HIV seropositive participants, 54.7% (81/148) were T. gondii DNA positive for any of the markers. Out of the 81, 42.0% (34) were positive for SAG3 only, 30.9% (25) for GRA6 only, 24.7% (20) for both SAG3 and GRA6, and 2.5% (2) for SAG3, GRA6, and BTUB. Overall, 93.8% of the positives were of clonal type II, 1.2% type I, while 4.9% (4) were atypical or mixed types (I and II). In the healthy blood donors, prevalence of T. gondii DNA positivity was 3.4% (5/149) by SAG3 and/or GRA6; among them, 60.0% (3/5) were type I, and the remaining 40.0%, type II. This study showed a relatively high prevalence of active T. gondii infections in immune compromised patients and low prevalence in immune competent individuals in Accra. Type II was highly prevalent. Detection of T. gondii in blood donors raises public health concerns and screening for T. gondii should be considered.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Process" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26775819</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>19</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>19</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1873-0329</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>65</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Jun</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Parasitology international</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Parasitol. Int.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Clonal types of Toxoplasma gondii among immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>238-44</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.004</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1383-5769(16)00005-2</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>There are three major clonal lineages, types I, II, and III, of Toxoplasma gondii known to cause human toxoplasmosis worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii infections have, however, not been genotyped in Ghana. This study detected the clonal types infecting immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana. Blood samples were obtained from 148 HIV seropositive pre-antiretroviral therapy individuals (0 ≤ CD4(+) T-cell count/μl blood ≤ 200) at the Fevers Unit and 149 HIV seronegative apparently healthy blood donors at the blood bank, all of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted and multilocus genotyping conducted by nested PCR-RFLP analysis using GRA6, SAG3, and BTUB gene markers. Among the HIV seropositive participants, 54.7% (81/148) were T. gondii DNA positive for any of the markers. Out of the 81, 42.0% (34) were positive for SAG3 only, 30.9% (25) for GRA6 only, 24.7% (20) for both SAG3 and GRA6, and 2.5% (2) for SAG3, GRA6, and BTUB. Overall, 93.8% of the positives were of clonal type II, 1.2% type I, while 4.9% (4) were atypical or mixed types (I and II). In the healthy blood donors, prevalence of T. gondii DNA positivity was 3.4% (5/149) by SAG3 and/or GRA6; among them, 60.0% (3/5) were type I, and the remaining 40.0%, type II. This study showed a relatively high prevalence of active T. gondii infections in immune compromised patients and low prevalence in immune competent individuals in Accra. Type II was highly prevalent. Detection of T. gondii in blood donors raises public health concerns and screening for T. gondii should be considered.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ayi</LastName><ForeName>Irene</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: IAyi@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kwofie</LastName><ForeName>Kofi Dadzie</ForeName><Initials>KD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Blay</LastName><ForeName>Emmanuel Awusah</ForeName><Initials>EA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Osei</LastName><ForeName>Joseph Harold Nyarko</ForeName><Initials>JH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Frempong</LastName><ForeName>Kwadwo Kyeremeh</ForeName><Initials>KK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koku</LastName><ForeName>Roberta</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ghansah</LastName><ForeName>Anita</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lartey</LastName><ForeName>Margaret</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fevers Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Suzuki</LastName><ForeName>Takashi</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boakye</LastName><ForeName>Daniel Adjei</ForeName><Initials>DA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koram</LastName><ForeName>Kwadwo Ansah</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ohta</LastName><ForeName>Nobuo</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>08</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Parasitol Int</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9708549</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1383-5769</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Clonal types</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ghana</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Immune competent</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Immune compromised</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Nested PCR-RFLP</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Toxoplasma gondii</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>24</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2015</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26775819</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S1383-5769(16)00005-2</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.004</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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