Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana.
Identifieur interne : 000161 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000160; suivant : 000162Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana.
Auteurs : Adwoa Asante-Poku ; Isaac Darko Otchere ; Stephen Osei-Wusu ; Esther Sarpong ; Akosua Baddoo ; Audrey Forson ; Clement Laryea ; Sonia Borrell ; Frank Bonsu ; Jan Hattendorf ; Collins Ahorlu ; Kwadwo A. Koram ; Sebastien Gagneux ; Dorothy Yeboah-ManuSource :
- BMC infectious diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2016.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (epidemiology), AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (microbiology), Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Bacterial (drug effects), Drug Resistance, Bacterial (genetics), Female, Ghana (epidemiology), HIV Infections (epidemiology), HIV Infections (microbiology), Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Molecular Epidemiology (methods), Mycobacterium (drug effects), Mycobacterium (genetics), Mycobacterium (isolation & purification), Mycobacterium Infections (epidemiology), Mycobacterium bovis (genetics), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (drug effects), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (genetics), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification), Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prospective Studies, Tuberculosis (epidemiology), Tuberculosis (microbiology), Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (epidemiology), Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (microbiology), Young Adult.
- MESH :
- drug effects : Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- epidemiology : AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Ghana, HIV Infections, Mycobacterium Infections, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary.
- genetics : Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- isolation & purification : Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- methods : Molecular Epidemiology.
- microbiology : AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, HIV Infections, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prospective Studies, Young Adult.
Abstract
Mycobacterium africanum comprises two phylogenetic lineages within the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and is an important cause of human tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa. The reasons for this geographic restriction of M. africanum remain unclear. Here, we performed a prospective study to explore associations between the characteristics of TB patients and the MTBC lineages circulating in Ghana.
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6
PubMed: 27506391
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:27506391Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana.</title><author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otchere, Isaac Darko" sort="Otchere, Isaac Darko" uniqKey="Otchere I" first="Isaac Darko" last="Otchere">Isaac Darko Otchere</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osei Wusu, Stephen" sort="Osei Wusu, Stephen" uniqKey="Osei Wusu S" first="Stephen" last="Osei-Wusu">Stephen Osei-Wusu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarpong, Esther" sort="Sarpong, Esther" uniqKey="Sarpong E" first="Esther" last="Sarpong">Esther Sarpong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baddoo, Akosua" sort="Baddoo, Akosua" uniqKey="Baddoo A" first="Akosua" last="Baddoo">Akosua Baddoo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laryea, Clement" sort="Laryea, Clement" uniqKey="Laryea C" first="Clement" last="Laryea">Clement Laryea</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borrell, Sonia" sort="Borrell, Sonia" uniqKey="Borrell S" first="Sonia" last="Borrell">Sonia Borrell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonsu, Frank" sort="Bonsu, Frank" uniqKey="Bonsu F" first="Frank" last="Bonsu">Frank Bonsu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis Programme, Ghana health Service, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hattendorf, Jan" sort="Hattendorf, Jan" uniqKey="Hattendorf J" first="Jan" last="Hattendorf">Jan Hattendorf</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahorlu, Collins" sort="Ahorlu, Collins" uniqKey="Ahorlu C" first="Collins" last="Ahorlu">Collins Ahorlu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo A" sort="Koram, Kwadwo A" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo A" last="Koram">Kwadwo A. Koram</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Dyeboah-Manu@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27506391</idno><idno type="pmid">27506391</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000161</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000161</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana.</title><author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otchere, Isaac Darko" sort="Otchere, Isaac Darko" uniqKey="Otchere I" first="Isaac Darko" last="Otchere">Isaac Darko Otchere</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osei Wusu, Stephen" sort="Osei Wusu, Stephen" uniqKey="Osei Wusu S" first="Stephen" last="Osei-Wusu">Stephen Osei-Wusu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarpong, Esther" sort="Sarpong, Esther" uniqKey="Sarpong E" first="Esther" last="Sarpong">Esther Sarpong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baddoo, Akosua" sort="Baddoo, Akosua" uniqKey="Baddoo A" first="Akosua" last="Baddoo">Akosua Baddoo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laryea, Clement" sort="Laryea, Clement" uniqKey="Laryea C" first="Clement" last="Laryea">Clement Laryea</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borrell, Sonia" sort="Borrell, Sonia" uniqKey="Borrell S" first="Sonia" last="Borrell">Sonia Borrell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonsu, Frank" sort="Bonsu, Frank" uniqKey="Bonsu F" first="Frank" last="Bonsu">Frank Bonsu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis Programme, Ghana health Service, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hattendorf, Jan" sort="Hattendorf, Jan" uniqKey="Hattendorf J" first="Jan" last="Hattendorf">Jan Hattendorf</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahorlu, Collins" sort="Ahorlu, Collins" uniqKey="Ahorlu C" first="Collins" last="Ahorlu">Collins Ahorlu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo A" sort="Koram, Kwadwo A" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo A" last="Koram">Kwadwo A. Koram</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Dyeboah-Manu@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC infectious diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (microbiology)</term><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Drug Resistance, Bacterial (drug effects)</term><term>Drug Resistance, Bacterial (genetics)</term><term>Female</term><term>Ghana (epidemiology)</term><term>HIV Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>HIV Infections (microbiology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology (methods)</term><term>Mycobacterium (drug effects)</term><term>Mycobacterium (genetics)</term><term>Mycobacterium (isolation & purification)</term><term>Mycobacterium Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>Mycobacterium bovis (genetics)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (drug effects)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (genetics)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification)</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term><term>Prospective Studies</term><term>Tuberculosis (epidemiology)</term><term>Tuberculosis (microbiology)</term><term>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (epidemiology)</term><term>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (microbiology)</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Resistance, Bacterial</term><term>Mycobacterium</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections</term><term>Ghana</term><term>HIV Infections</term><term>Mycobacterium Infections</term><term>Tuberculosis</term><term>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Resistance, Bacterial</term><term>Mycobacterium</term><term>Mycobacterium bovis</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections</term><term>HIV Infections</term><term>Tuberculosis</term><term>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term><term>Prospective Studies</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium africanum comprises two phylogenetic lineages within the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and is an important cause of human tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa. The reasons for this geographic restriction of M. africanum remain unclear. Here, we performed a prospective study to explore associations between the characteristics of TB patients and the MTBC lineages circulating in Ghana.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27506391</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>10</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>04</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>04</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1471-2334</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>16</Volume><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Aug</Month><Day>09</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMC infectious diseases</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMC Infect. Dis.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>385</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Mycobacterium africanum comprises two phylogenetic lineages within the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and is an important cause of human tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa. The reasons for this geographic restriction of M. africanum remain unclear. Here, we performed a prospective study to explore associations between the characteristics of TB patients and the MTBC lineages circulating in Ghana.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHOD" NlmCategory="METHODS">We genotyped 1,211 MTBC isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients recruited between 2012 and 2014 using single nucleotide polymorphism typing and spoligotyping. Associations between patient and pathogen variables were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Of the 1,211 MTBC isolates analysed, 71.9 % (871) belonged to Lineage 4; 12.6 % (152) to Lineage 5 (also known as M. africanum West-Africa 1), 9.2 % (112) to Lineage 6 (also known as M. africanum West-Africa 2) and 0.6 % (7) to Mycobacterium bovis. Univariate analysis revealed that Lineage 6 strains were less likely to be isoniazid resistant compared to other strains (odds ratio = 0.25, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.05-0.77, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that Lineage 5 was significantly more common in patients from the Ewe ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR): 2.79; 95 % CI: 1.47-5.29, P < 0.001) and Lineage 6 more likely to be found among HIV-co-infected TB patients (adjOR = 2.2; 95 % confidence interval (CI: 1.32-3.7, P < 0.001).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Our findings confirm the importance of M. africanum in Ghana and highlight the need to differentiate between Lineage 5 and Lineage 6, as these lineages differ in associated patient variables.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Asante-Poku</LastName><ForeName>Adwoa</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Otchere</LastName><ForeName>Isaac Darko</ForeName><Initials>ID</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Osei-Wusu</LastName><ForeName>Stephen</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sarpong</LastName><ForeName>Esther</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baddoo</LastName><ForeName>Akosua</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Forson</LastName><ForeName>Audrey</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Laryea</LastName><ForeName>Clement</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Borrell</LastName><ForeName>Sonia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bonsu</LastName><ForeName>Frank</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Tuberculosis Programme, Ghana health Service, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hattendorf</LastName><ForeName>Jan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ahorlu</LastName><ForeName>Collins</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koram</LastName><ForeName>Kwadwo A</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gagneux</LastName><ForeName>Sebastien</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yeboah-Manu</LastName><ForeName>Dorothy</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-6287</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Dyeboah-Manu@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>WT097134</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>09</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>BMC Infect Dis</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100968551</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1471-2334</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS Pathog. 2008 Mar 28;4(3):e1000034</RefSource><PMID Version="1">18369480</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS Genet. 2013;9(3):e1003318</RefSource><PMID 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Version="1">25453224</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20908</RefSource><PMID Version="1">21695215</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>J Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 15;209(2):216-23</RefSource><PMID Version="1">23945374</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jun;41(6):2547-53</RefSource><PMID Version="1">12791879</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Jan 08;9(1):e3370</RefSource><PMID Version="1">25569290</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009 Dec;13(12):1456-66</RefSource><PMID Version="1">19919762</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017088" MajorTopicYN="N">AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" 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