Overweight and Obesity and Associated Factors among School-Aged Adolescents in Ghana and Uganda
Identifieur interne : 000443 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000442; suivant : 000444Overweight and Obesity and Associated Factors among School-Aged Adolescents in Ghana and Uganda
Auteurs : Karl Peltzer [Afrique du Sud] ; Supa PengpidSource :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess overweight and obesity and associated factors in school-going adolescents in low income African countries (Ghana, Uganda). The total sample included 5,613 school children aged 13 to 15 years from nationally representative samples from two African countries. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between dietary behavior, substance use, physical activity, psychosocial factors and overweight or obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined based on self-reported height and weight and the international child body mass index standards. Results indicate a prevalence of overweight or obesity of 10.4% among girls and 3.2% among boys, and 0.9% and 0.5% obesity only among girls and boys, respectively. Among girls smoking cigarettes and loneliness and among boys smoking cigarettes were found to be associated with overweight or obesity in multivariable analysis. Overweight status was not associated with the intake of fruits, vegetables, and sedentary behavior. Low prevalence rates of overweight or obesity were found in Ghana and Uganda. Smoking cessation and social programs could be integrated into strategies to prevent and treat overweight and obesity in youth.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8103859
PubMed: 22073017
PubMed Central: 3210586
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Overweight and Obesity and Associated Factors among School-Aged Adolescents in Ghana and Uganda</title><author><name sortKey="Peltzer, Karl" sort="Peltzer, Karl" uniqKey="Peltzer K" first="Karl" last="Peltzer">Karl Peltzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-08-03859">HIV/AIDS/STI/and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, 134 Pretorius Street, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>HIV/AIDS/STI/and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, 134 Pretorius Street, Pretoria 0002</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-08-03859">Department of Psychology, University of Limpopo, P/B X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, University of Limpopo, P/B X1106, Sovenga 0727</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pengpid, Supa" sort="Pengpid, Supa" uniqKey="Pengpid S" first="Supa" last="Pengpid">Supa Pengpid</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-08-03859">Department of Health System Management and Policy, University of Limpopo, PO Box 197, Medunsa 0204, South Africa; E-Mail:<email>supa_pengpid@embanet.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22073017</idno><idno type="pmc">3210586</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210586</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3210586</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph8103859</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000444</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000444</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000443</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000443</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Overweight and Obesity and Associated Factors among School-Aged Adolescents in Ghana and Uganda</title><author><name sortKey="Peltzer, Karl" sort="Peltzer, Karl" uniqKey="Peltzer K" first="Karl" last="Peltzer">Karl Peltzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-08-03859">HIV/AIDS/STI/and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, 134 Pretorius Street, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>HIV/AIDS/STI/and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, 134 Pretorius Street, Pretoria 0002</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-08-03859">Department of Psychology, University of Limpopo, P/B X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, University of Limpopo, P/B X1106, Sovenga 0727</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pengpid, Supa" sort="Pengpid, Supa" uniqKey="Pengpid S" first="Supa" last="Pengpid">Supa Pengpid</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-08-03859">Department of Health System Management and Policy, University of Limpopo, PO Box 197, Medunsa 0204, South Africa; E-Mail:<email>supa_pengpid@embanet.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this study was to assess overweight and obesity and associated factors in school-going adolescents in low income African countries (Ghana, Uganda). The total sample included 5,613 school children aged 13 to 15 years from nationally representative samples from two African countries. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between dietary behavior, substance use, physical activity, psychosocial factors and overweight or obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined based on self-reported height and weight and the international child body mass index standards. Results indicate a prevalence of overweight or obesity of 10.4% among girls and 3.2% among boys, and 0.9% and 0.5% obesity only among girls and boys, respectively. Among girls smoking cigarettes and loneliness and among boys smoking cigarettes were found to be associated with overweight or obesity in multivariable analysis. Overweight status was not associated with the intake of fruits, vegetables, and sedentary behavior. Low prevalence rates of overweight or obesity were found in Ghana and Uganda. Smoking cessation and social programs could be integrated into strategies to prevent and treat overweight and obesity in youth.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Onis, M" uniqKey="De Onis M">M De Onis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lobstein, T" uniqKey="Lobstein T">T Lobstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reilly, Jj" uniqKey="Reilly J">JJ Reilly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly, J" uniqKey="Kelly J">J Kelly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kelishadi, R" uniqKey="Kelishadi R">R Kelishadi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Me" uniqKey="Armstrong M">ME Armstrong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lambert, Mi" uniqKey="Lambert M">MI Lambert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharwood, Ka" uniqKey="Sharwood K">KA 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">101238455</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22073017</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3210586</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph8103859</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-08-03859</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Overweight and Obesity and Associated Factors among School-Aged Adolescents in Ghana and Uganda</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peltzer</surname><given-names>Karl</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-08-03859">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-08-03859">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijerph-08-03859">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pengpid</surname><given-names>Supa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-08-03859">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-08-03859"><label>1</label>HIV/AIDS/STI/and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, 134 Pretorius Street, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-08-03859"><label>2</label>Department of Psychology, University of Limpopo, P/B X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa</aff><aff id="af3-ijerph-08-03859"><label>3</label>Department of Health System Management and Policy, University of Limpopo, PO Box 197, Medunsa 0204, South Africa; E-Mail:<email>supa_pengpid@embanet.com</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-08-03859"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>Kpeltzer@hsrc.ac.za</email>; Tel.: +27-12-302-2000; Fax: +27-12-302-2601.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>9</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>3859</fpage><lpage>3870</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>9</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>23</day><month>9</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>9</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The aim of this study was to assess overweight and obesity and associated factors in school-going adolescents in low income African countries (Ghana, Uganda). The total sample included 5,613 school children aged 13 to 15 years from nationally representative samples from two African countries. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between dietary behavior, substance use, physical activity, psychosocial factors and overweight or obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined based on self-reported height and weight and the international child body mass index standards. Results indicate a prevalence of overweight or obesity of 10.4% among girls and 3.2% among boys, and 0.9% and 0.5% obesity only among girls and boys, respectively. Among girls smoking cigarettes and loneliness and among boys smoking cigarettes were found to be associated with overweight or obesity in multivariable analysis. Overweight status was not associated with the intake of fruits, vegetables, and sedentary behavior. Low prevalence rates of overweight or obesity were found in Ghana and Uganda. Smoking cessation and social programs could be integrated into strategies to prevent and treat overweight and obesity in youth.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>overweight</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>global school-based health survey</kwd><kwd>dietary behavior</kwd><kwd>physical activity</kwd><kwd>sedentary behavior</kwd><kwd>psychosocial factors</kwd><kwd>Ghana</kwd><kwd>Uganda</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-ijerph-08-03859" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Descriptive data of school-going adolescents aged 13–15 years (N = 5,613).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male (n = 2,738) %<break></break>[95% CI]</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female (n = 2,875) %<break></break>[95% CI]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Weight</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overweight or Obese</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2 [2.4–4.1]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.4 [8.8–12.1]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obese</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 [0.2–0.9]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 [0.4–1.4]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Dietary behaviour and substance use</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits less than once a day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.9 [26.7–31.2]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.4 [70.5–76.4]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vegetables less than once a day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.9 [25.5–32.2]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.6 [68.4–74.9]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Most of the time or always hunger</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.4 [15.7–21.1]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4 [14.9–18.0]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Days of alcohol use in past month</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 or 2 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.4 [8.5–12.3]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.8 [9.9–13.7]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 to 5 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 [3.8–6.2]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 [3.6–6.4]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 to 9 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4 [1.5–3.3]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 [1.1–3.0]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 to 19 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 [1.1–2.2]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 [0.8–2.1]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 to 29 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 [0.2–1.5]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 [0.4–1.1]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All 30 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2 [1.4–3.0]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 [1.1–2.9]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Days of smoking in past month</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 or 2 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7 [2.4–5.0]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 [0.4–1.8]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 to 5 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 [0.3–1.9]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 [0.2–1.6]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 to 9 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 [0.0–0.9]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 [0.0–0.6]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 to 19 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 [0.1–1.2]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 [0.0–0.8]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 to 29 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 [0.0–0.7]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">---</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All 30 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 [0.0–0.9]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 [0.0–0.6]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Physical activity</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical activity less than 60 min per day on at least five days per week</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.5 [73.7–83.0]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.9 [82.8–87.1]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not walk or bike to school at least once a week</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.1 [45.1–53.0]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3 [39.8–46.8]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sedentary behavior (3 hours of more per day)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.1 [23.6–30.5]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.9 [24.3–29.6]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Psychosocial factors</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loneliness</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.5 [6.3–10.7]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2 [9.3–13.0]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anxiety or worried</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5 [4.6–8.4]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0 [8.7–13.3]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sadness</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.9 [33.1–40.6]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.9 [36.9–44.9]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suicide plan</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.7 [11.9–17.5]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.3 [19.6–29.0]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No close friends</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8 [5.7–9.8]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.1 [15.5–22.6]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Being bullied</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.7 [41.8–49.6]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.5 [47.9–55.1]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijerph-08-03859" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Overweight or obesity regression model.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1">Female</th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1">Male</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijerph-08-03859">1</xref></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AOR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijerph-08-03859">2</xref></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AOR</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dietary behaviour and substance use</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits less than once a day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91 (0.66–1.26)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53 (1.02–2.28)<sup>*</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34 (0.46–3.86)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vegetables less than once a day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02 (0.78–1.35)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 (0.86–1.67)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Most of the time or always hunger</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91 (0.65–1.26)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84 (0.37–1.91)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Days of alcohol use in past month</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (0.80–1.05)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.83–1.15)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Days of smoking in past month</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.68 (1.22–2.30)<sup>**</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52 (1.17–1.98)<sup>**</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76 (1.12–2.73)<sup>*</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75 (1.11–2.76)<sup>*</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Physical activity</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical activity less than 60 min per day on at least five days per week</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 (0.53–1.19)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59 (0.35–1.02)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not walk or bike to school at least once a week</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02 (0.76–1.25)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43 (0.84–2.45)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sedentary behavior (3 hours of more per day)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.67–1.51)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33 (0.75–2.35)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psychosocial factors</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loneliness</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24 (1.23–4.07)<sup>**</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26 (1.23–4.15)<sup>*</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 (0.10–6.55)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anxiety or worried</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15 (0.63–2.12)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.96 (0.55–7.01)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sadness</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13 (0.78–1.64)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.38 (0.89–6.39)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suicide plan</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.41 (0.73–2.72)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.56 (0.83–15.32)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No close friends</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25 (0.74–2.12)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36 (0.04–3.46)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Being bullied</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (0.65–1.24)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.66–1.64)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijerph-08-03859"><label>1</label><p>OR = Odds Ratio;</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ijerph-08-03859"><label>2</label><p>AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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