Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana
Identifieur interne : 000088 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000087; suivant : 000089Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana
Auteurs : Adwoa Asante-Poku [Ghana, Suisse] ; Isaac Darko Otchere [Ghana] ; Stephen Osei-Wusu [Ghana] ; Esther Sarpong [Ghana] ; Akosua Baddoo [Ghana] ; Audrey Forson [Ghana] ; Clement Laryea [Ghana] ; Sonia Borrell [Suisse] ; Frank Bonsu [Ghana] ; Jan Hattendorf [Suisse] ; Collins Ahorlu [Ghana] ; Kwadwo A. Koram [Ghana] ; Sebastien Gagneux [Suisse] ; Dorothy Yeboah-Manu [Ghana]Source :
- BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
We genotyped 1,211 MTBC isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients recruited between 2012 and 2014 using single nucleotide polymorphism typing and spoligotyping. Associations between patient and pathogen variables were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.
Of the 1,211 MTBC isolates analysed, 71.9 % (871) belonged to Lineage 4; 12.6 % (152) to Lineage 5 (also known as
Our findings confirm the importance of
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6
PubMed: 27506391
PubMed Central: 4977717
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :000089
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4977717Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Molecular epidemiology of <italic>Mycobacterium africanum</italic> in Ghana</title><author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otchere, Isaac Darko" sort="Otchere, Isaac Darko" uniqKey="Otchere I" first="Isaac Darko" last="Otchere">Isaac Darko Otchere</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osei Wusu, Stephen" sort="Osei Wusu, Stephen" uniqKey="Osei Wusu S" first="Stephen" last="Osei-Wusu">Stephen Osei-Wusu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarpong, Esther" sort="Sarpong, Esther" uniqKey="Sarpong E" first="Esther" last="Sarpong">Esther Sarpong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baddoo, Akosua" sort="Baddoo, Akosua" uniqKey="Baddoo A" first="Akosua" last="Baddoo">Akosua Baddoo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laryea, Clement" sort="Laryea, Clement" uniqKey="Laryea C" first="Clement" last="Laryea">Clement Laryea</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>37 Military Hospital, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borrell, Sonia" sort="Borrell, Sonia" uniqKey="Borrell S" first="Sonia" last="Borrell">Sonia Borrell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonsu, Frank" sort="Bonsu, Frank" uniqKey="Bonsu F" first="Frank" last="Bonsu">Frank Bonsu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">National Tuberculosis Programme, Ghana health Service, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>National Tuberculosis Programme, Ghana health Service, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hattendorf, Jan" sort="Hattendorf, Jan" uniqKey="Hattendorf J" first="Jan" last="Hattendorf">Jan Hattendorf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahorlu, Collins" sort="Ahorlu, Collins" uniqKey="Ahorlu C" first="Collins" last="Ahorlu">Collins Ahorlu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo A" sort="Koram, Kwadwo A" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo A." last="Koram">Kwadwo A. Koram</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27506391</idno><idno type="pmc">4977717</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4977717</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4977717</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000089</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000089</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000088</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000088</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Molecular epidemiology of <italic>Mycobacterium africanum</italic> in Ghana</title><author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otchere, Isaac Darko" sort="Otchere, Isaac Darko" uniqKey="Otchere I" first="Isaac Darko" last="Otchere">Isaac Darko Otchere</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osei Wusu, Stephen" sort="Osei Wusu, Stephen" uniqKey="Osei Wusu S" first="Stephen" last="Osei-Wusu">Stephen Osei-Wusu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarpong, Esther" sort="Sarpong, Esther" uniqKey="Sarpong E" first="Esther" last="Sarpong">Esther Sarpong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baddoo, Akosua" sort="Baddoo, Akosua" uniqKey="Baddoo A" first="Akosua" last="Baddoo">Akosua Baddoo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laryea, Clement" sort="Laryea, Clement" uniqKey="Laryea C" first="Clement" last="Laryea">Clement Laryea</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>37 Military Hospital, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borrell, Sonia" sort="Borrell, Sonia" uniqKey="Borrell S" first="Sonia" last="Borrell">Sonia Borrell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonsu, Frank" sort="Bonsu, Frank" uniqKey="Bonsu F" first="Frank" last="Bonsu">Frank Bonsu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">National Tuberculosis Programme, Ghana health Service, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>National Tuberculosis Programme, Ghana health Service, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hattendorf, Jan" sort="Hattendorf, Jan" uniqKey="Hattendorf J" first="Jan" last="Hattendorf">Jan Hattendorf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahorlu, Collins" sort="Ahorlu, Collins" uniqKey="Ahorlu C" first="Collins" last="Ahorlu">Collins Ahorlu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo A" sort="Koram, Kwadwo A" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo A." last="Koram">Kwadwo A. Koram</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p><italic>Mycobacterium africanum</italic> comprises two phylogenetic lineages within the <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> complex (MTBC) and is an important cause of human tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa. The reasons for this geographic restriction of <italic>M. africanum</italic> remain unclear. Here, we performed a prospective study to explore associations between the characteristics of TB patients and the MTBC lineages circulating in Ghana.</p></sec><sec><title>Method</title><p>We genotyped 1,211 MTBC isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients recruited between 2012 and 2014 using single nucleotide polymorphism typing and spoligotyping. Associations between patient and pathogen variables were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of the 1,211 MTBC isolates analysed, 71.9 % (871) belonged to Lineage 4; 12.6 % (152) to Lineage 5 (also known as <italic>M. africanum</italic> West-Africa 1), 9.2 % (112) to Lineage 6 (also known as <italic>M. africanum</italic> West-Africa 2) and 0.6 % (7) to <italic>Mycobacterium bovis</italic>. Univariate analysis revealed that Lineage 6 strains were less likely to be isoniazid resistant compared to other strains (odds ratio = 0.25, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.05–0.77, <italic>P</italic> < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that Lineage 5 was significantly more common in patients from the Ewe ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR): 2.79; 95 % CI: 1.47–5.29, <italic>P</italic> < 0.001) and Lineage 6 more likely to be found among HIV-co-infected TB patients (adjOR = 2.2; 95 % confidence interval (CI: 1.32–3.7, <italic>P</italic> < 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our findings confirm the importance of <italic>M. africanum</italic> in Ghana and highlight the need to differentiate between Lineage 5 and Lineage 6, as these lineages differ in associated patient variables.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brosch, R" uniqKey="Brosch R">R Brosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gordon, Sv" uniqKey="Gordon S">SV Gordon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marmiesse, M" uniqKey="Marmiesse M">M Marmiesse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brodin, P" uniqKey="Brodin P">P Brodin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buchrieser, C" uniqKey="Buchrieser C">C Buchrieser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eiglmeier, K" uniqKey="Eiglmeier K">K Eiglmeier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Small, Pm" uniqKey="Small P">PM Small</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Castets, M" uniqKey="Castets M">M Castets</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boisvert, H" uniqKey="Boisvert H">H Boisvert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grumbach, F" uniqKey="Grumbach F">F Grumbach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunel, M" uniqKey="Brunel M">M Brunel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rist, N" uniqKey="Rist N">N Rist</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pattyn, Sr" uniqKey="Pattyn S">SR Pattyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Portaels, F" uniqKey="Portaels F">F Portaels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spanoghe, L" uniqKey="Spanoghe L">L Spanoghe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magos, J" uniqKey="Magos J">J Magos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keating, La" uniqKey="Keating L">LA Keating</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wheeler, Pr" uniqKey="Wheeler P">PR Wheeler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mansoor, H" uniqKey="Mansoor H">H Mansoor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inwald, Jk" uniqKey="Inwald J">JK Inwald</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="David, Hl" uniqKey="David H">HL David</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jahan, Mt" uniqKey="Jahan M">MT Jahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jumin, A" uniqKey="Jumin A">A Jumin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grandry, J" uniqKey="Grandry J">J Grandry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lehman, Eh" uniqKey="Lehman E">EH Lehman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mostowy, S" uniqKey="Mostowy S">S Mostowy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Onipede, A" uniqKey="Onipede A">A Onipede</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niemann, S" uniqKey="Niemann S">S Niemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kremer, K" uniqKey="Kremer K">K Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desmond, Ea" uniqKey="Desmond E">EA Desmond</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bc" uniqKey="De Jong B">BC De Jong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antonio, M" uniqKey="Antonio M">M Antonio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wampande, Em" uniqKey="Wampande E">EM Wampande</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mupere, E" uniqKey="Mupere E">E Mupere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Debanne, Sm" uniqKey="Debanne S">SM Debanne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asiimwe, Bb" uniqKey="Asiimwe B">BB Asiimwe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nsereko, M" uniqKey="Nsereko M">M Nsereko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayanja, H" uniqKey="Mayanja H">H Mayanja</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, D" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D">D Yeboah-Manu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, A" uniqKey="Asante Poku A">A Asante-Poku</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bodmer, T" uniqKey="Bodmer T">T Bodmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stucki, D" uniqKey="Stucki D">D Stucki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koram, K" uniqKey="Koram K">K Koram</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonsu, F" uniqKey="Bonsu F">F Bonsu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, A" uniqKey="Asante Poku A">A Asante-Poku</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, D" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D">D Yeboah-Manu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otchere, Id" uniqKey="Otchere I">ID Otchere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aboagye, Sy" uniqKey="Aboagye S">SY Aboagye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stucki, D" uniqKey="Stucki D">D Stucki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hattendorf, J" uniqKey="Hattendorf J">J Hattendorf</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Soolingen, D" uniqKey="Van Soolingen D">D Van Soolingen</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Hass, Ew" uniqKey="De Hass E">EW De Hass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hermans, Pw" uniqKey="Hermans P">PW Hermans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Groenen, Pm" uniqKey="Groenen P">PM Groenen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Embden, Jd" uniqKey="Van Embden J">JD Van Embden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stucki, D" uniqKey="Stucki D">D Stucki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malla, B" uniqKey="Malla B">B Malla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hostettler, S" uniqKey="Hostettler S">S Hostettler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huna, T" uniqKey="Huna T">T Huna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feldmann, J" uniqKey="Feldmann J">J Feldmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, D" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D">D Yeboah-Manu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kamerbeek, J" uniqKey="Kamerbeek J">J Kamerbeek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schouls, L" uniqKey="Schouls L">L Schouls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolk, A" uniqKey="Kolk A">A Kolk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Agterveld, M" uniqKey="Van Agterveld M">M Van Agterveld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Soolingen, D" uniqKey="Van Soolingen D">D Van Soolingen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuijper, S" uniqKey="Kuijper S">S Kuijper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Demay, C" uniqKey="Demay C">C Demay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liens, B" uniqKey="Liens B">B Liens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burguiere, T" uniqKey="Burguiere T">T Burguiere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, V" uniqKey="Hill V">V Hill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Couvin, D" uniqKey="Couvin D">D Couvin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Millet, J" uniqKey="Millet J">J Millet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marinus, B" uniqKey="Marinus B">B Marinus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heidi, A" uniqKey="Heidi A">A Heidi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerrit, C" uniqKey="Gerrit C">C Gerrit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Obrien, R" uniqKey="Obrien R">R Obrien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosman, Me" uniqKey="Bosman M">ME Bosman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Niobe Eyangoh, Sn" uniqKey="Niobe Eyangoh S">SN Niobe-Eyangoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuaban, C" uniqKey="Kuaban C">C Kuaban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sorlin, P" uniqKey="Sorlin P">P Sorlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cunin, P" uniqKey="Cunin P">P Cunin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thonnon, J" uniqKey="Thonnon J">J Thonnon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sola, C" uniqKey="Sola C">C Sola</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fenner, L" uniqKey="Fenner L">L Fenner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egger, M" uniqKey="Egger M">M Egger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bodmer, T" uniqKey="Bodmer T">T Bodmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Furrer, H" uniqKey="Furrer H">H Furrer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ballif, M" uniqKey="Ballif M">M Ballif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Helbling, P" uniqKey="Helbling P">P Helbling</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pasipanodya, Jg" uniqKey="Pasipanodya J">JG Pasipanodya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moonan, Pk" uniqKey="Moonan P">PK Moonan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veino, E" uniqKey="Veino E">E Veino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Tl" uniqKey="Miller T">TL Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, M" uniqKey="Fernandez M">M Fernandez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slocum, P" uniqKey="Slocum P">P Slocum</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brites, D" uniqKey="Brites D">D Brites</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coscolla, M" uniqKey="Coscolla M">M Coscolla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caws, M" uniqKey="Caws M">M Caws</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thwaites, G" uniqKey="Thwaites G">G Thwaites</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dustan, S" uniqKey="Dustan S">S Dustan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hawn, Tr" uniqKey="Hawn T">TR Hawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, Tnl" uniqKey="Nguyen T">TNL Nguyen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, Ttt" uniqKey="Nguyen T">TTT Nguyen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herb, F" uniqKey="Herb F">F Herb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thye, T" uniqKey="Thye T">T Thye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niemann, S" uniqKey="Niemann S">S Niemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Browne, Enl" uniqKey="Browne E">ENL Browne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chinbuah, Ma" uniqKey="Chinbuah M">MA Chinbuah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gyapong, J" uniqKey="Gyapong J">J Gyapong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thye, T" uniqKey="Thye T">T Thye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niemann, S" uniqKey="Niemann S">S Niemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walter, K" uniqKey="Walter K">K Walter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Homolka, S" uniqKey="Homolka S">S Homolka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Intemann, Cd" uniqKey="Intemann C">CD Intemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Intemann, Cd" uniqKey="Intemann C">CD Intemann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salie, M" uniqKey="Salie M">M Salie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Merwe, L" uniqKey="Van Der Merwe L">L van der Merwe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moller, M" uniqKey="Moller M">M Moller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daya, M" uniqKey="Daya M">M Daya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Spuy, Gd" uniqKey="Van Der Spuy G">GD van der Spuy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Helden, Pd" uniqKey="Van Helden P">PD Van Helden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coscolla, M" uniqKey="Coscolla M">M Coscolla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Traore, B" uniqKey="Traore B">B Traore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diarra, B" uniqKey="Diarra B">B Diarra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dembele, Bpp" uniqKey="Dembele B">BPP Dembele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Somboro, Am" uniqKey="Somboro A">AM Somboro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, As" uniqKey="Hammond A">AS Hammond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siddiqui, S" uniqKey="Siddiqui S">S Siddiqui</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borrell, S" uniqKey="Borrell S">S Borrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bentley, Sd" uniqKey="Bentley S">SD Bentley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, I" uniqKey="Comas I">I Comas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryant, Jm" uniqKey="Bryant J">JM Bryant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, D" uniqKey="Walker D">D Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Nh" uniqKey="Smith N">NH Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Sr" uniqKey="Harris S">SR Harris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Homolka, S" uniqKey="Homolka S">S Homolka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Cg" uniqKey="Meyer C">CG Meyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilleman, D" uniqKey="Hilleman D">D Hilleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu Dabo, E" uniqKey="Owusu Dabo E">E Owusu-Dabo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adjei, O" uniqKey="Adjei O">O Adjei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horstmann, Rd" uniqKey="Horstmann R">RD Horstmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fenner, L" uniqKey="Fenner L">L Fenner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egger, M" uniqKey="Egger M">M Egger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bodmer, T" uniqKey="Bodmer T">T Bodmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Altpeter, E" uniqKey="Altpeter E">E Altpeter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zwahlen, M" uniqKey="Zwahlen M">M Zwahlen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaton, K" uniqKey="Jaton K">K Jaton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bc" uniqKey="De Jong B">BC De Jong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Pc" uniqKey="Hill P">PC Hill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brookes, Rh" uniqKey="Brookes R">RH Brookes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otu, Jk" uniqKey="Otu J">JK Otu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, Kl" uniqKey="Peterson K">KL Peterson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Small, Pm" uniqKey="Small P">PM Small</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Cg" uniqKey="Meyer C">CG Meyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scarisbrick, S" uniqKey="Scarisbrick S">S Scarisbrick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niemann, S" uniqKey="Niemann S">S Niemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Browne, En" uniqKey="Browne E">EN Browne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chinbuah, Ma" uniqKey="Chinbuah M">MA Chinbuah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gyapang, J" uniqKey="Gyapang J">J Gyapang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bc" uniqKey="De Jong B">BC De Jong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Pc" uniqKey="Hill P">PC Hill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aiken, A" uniqKey="Aiken A">A Aiken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awine, T" uniqKey="Awine T">T Awine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antonio, M" uniqKey="Antonio M">M Antonio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adetifa, Im" uniqKey="Adetifa I">IM Adetifa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coscolla, M" uniqKey="Coscolla M">M Coscolla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewin, A" uniqKey="Lewin A">A Lewin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Metzger, S" uniqKey="Metzger S">S Metzger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calvignac Spencer, S" uniqKey="Calvignac Spencer S">S Calvignac-Spencer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nitsche, A" uniqKey="Nitsche A">A Nitsche</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parsons, Sdc" uniqKey="Parsons S">SDC Parsons</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drewe, Ja" uniqKey="Drewe J">JA Drewe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gey Van Pittius, Nc" uniqKey="Gey Van Pittius N">NC Gey van Pittius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warren, Rm" uniqKey="Warren R">RM Warren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Helden, Pd" uniqKey="Van Helden P">PD Van Helden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berg, S" uniqKey="Berg S">S Berg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schelling, E" uniqKey="Schelling E">E Schelling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, E" uniqKey="Hailu E">E Hailu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Firedessa, R" uniqKey="Firedessa R">R Firedessa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gumi, B" uniqKey="Gumi B">B Gumi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erenso, G" uniqKey="Erenso G">G Erenso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Infect. Dis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2334</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27506391</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4977717</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1725</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Molecular epidemiology of <italic>Mycobacterium africanum</italic> in Ghana</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Asante-Poku</surname><given-names>Adwoa</given-names></name><address><email>Aasante-poku@noguchi.ug.edu.gh</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Otchere</surname><given-names>Isaac Darko</given-names></name><address><email>idotchere@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Osei-Wusu</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name><address><email>stephenbd128@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sarpong</surname><given-names>Esther</given-names></name><address><email>espaponge@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baddoo</surname><given-names>Akosua</given-names></name><address><email>akosuafianu@yahoo.co.uk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Forson</surname><given-names>Audrey</given-names></name><address><email>agforson@chs.edu.gh</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laryea</surname><given-names>Clement</given-names></name><address><email>drclement@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Borrell</surname><given-names>Sonia</given-names></name><address><email>Sonia.Borrell@unibas.ch</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bonsu</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><address><email>Fabonsu@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hattendorf</surname><given-names>Jan</given-names></name><address><email>Jan.hattendorf@unibas.ch</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahorlu</surname><given-names>Collins</given-names></name><address><email>cahorlu@noguchi.ug.edu.gh</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koram</surname><given-names>Kwadwo A.</given-names></name><address><email>kkoram@noguchi.ug.edu.gh</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gagneux</surname><given-names>Sebastien</given-names></name><address><email>Sebastien.Gagneux@unibas.gh</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-6287</contrib-id><name><surname>Yeboah-Manu</surname><given-names>Dorothy</given-names></name><address><email>Dyeboah-Manu@noguchi.ug.edu.gh</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-bu, Accra, Ghana</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label>National Tuberculosis Programme, Ghana health Service, Accra, Ghana</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>9</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><elocation-id>385</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>1</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p><italic>Mycobacterium africanum</italic> comprises two phylogenetic lineages within the <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> complex (MTBC) and is an important cause of human tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa. The reasons for this geographic restriction of <italic>M. africanum</italic> remain unclear. Here, we performed a prospective study to explore associations between the characteristics of TB patients and the MTBC lineages circulating in Ghana.</p></sec><sec><title>Method</title><p>We genotyped 1,211 MTBC isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients recruited between 2012 and 2014 using single nucleotide polymorphism typing and spoligotyping. Associations between patient and pathogen variables were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of the 1,211 MTBC isolates analysed, 71.9 % (871) belonged to Lineage 4; 12.6 % (152) to Lineage 5 (also known as <italic>M. africanum</italic> West-Africa 1), 9.2 % (112) to Lineage 6 (also known as <italic>M. africanum</italic> West-Africa 2) and 0.6 % (7) to <italic>Mycobacterium bovis</italic>. Univariate analysis revealed that Lineage 6 strains were less likely to be isoniazid resistant compared to other strains (odds ratio = 0.25, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.05–0.77, <italic>P</italic> < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that Lineage 5 was significantly more common in patients from the Ewe ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR): 2.79; 95 % CI: 1.47–5.29, <italic>P</italic> < 0.001) and Lineage 6 more likely to be found among HIV-co-infected TB patients (adjOR = 2.2; 95 % confidence interval (CI: 1.32–3.7, <italic>P</italic> < 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our findings confirm the importance of <italic>M. africanum</italic> in Ghana and highlight the need to differentiate between Lineage 5 and Lineage 6, as these lineages differ in associated patient variables.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440</institution-id><institution>Wellcome Trust</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>097134/Z/11</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Yeboah-Manu</surname><given-names>Dorothy</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaGhanaV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000088 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 000088 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaGhanaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Curation
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4977717
|texte= Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27506391" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaGhanaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. |  |