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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Virological Characterization of Dual HIV-1/HIV-2 Seropositivity and Infections in Southern Ghana</title><author><name sortKey="Sagoe, Kwc" sort="Sagoe, Kwc" uniqKey="Sagoe K" first="Kwc" last="Sagoe">Kwc Sagoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Microbiology University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mingle, Jaa" sort="Mingle, Jaa" uniqKey="Mingle J" first="Jaa" last="Mingle">Jaa Mingle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Microbiology University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Affram, Rk" sort="Affram, Rk" uniqKey="Affram R" first="Rk" last="Affram">Rk Affram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Britton, S" sort="Britton, S" uniqKey="Britton S" first="S" last="Britton">S. Britton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of St. Martins de Porres Clinic, Agomanya, Ghana</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dzokoto, A" sort="Dzokoto, A" uniqKey="Dzokoto A" first="A" last="Dzokoto">A. Dzokoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonnerborg, A" sort="Sonnerborg, A" uniqKey="Sonnerborg A" first="A" last="Sonnerborg">A. Sonnerborg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Infectious Diseases Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology & Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Divisions of Clinical Virology, Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology & Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">18560550</idno><idno type="pmc">2423332</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2423332</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2423332</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000232</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000232</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Virological Characterization of Dual HIV-1/HIV-2 Seropositivity and Infections in Southern Ghana</title><author><name sortKey="Sagoe, Kwc" sort="Sagoe, Kwc" uniqKey="Sagoe K" first="Kwc" last="Sagoe">Kwc Sagoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Microbiology University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mingle, Jaa" sort="Mingle, Jaa" uniqKey="Mingle J" first="Jaa" last="Mingle">Jaa Mingle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Microbiology University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Affram, Rk" sort="Affram, Rk" uniqKey="Affram R" first="Rk" last="Affram">Rk Affram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Britton, S" sort="Britton, S" uniqKey="Britton S" first="S" last="Britton">S. Britton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of St. Martins de Porres Clinic, Agomanya, Ghana</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dzokoto, A" sort="Dzokoto, A" uniqKey="Dzokoto A" first="A" last="Dzokoto">A. Dzokoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonnerborg, A" sort="Sonnerborg, A" uniqKey="Sonnerborg A" first="A" last="Sonnerborg">A. Sonnerborg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Infectious Diseases Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology & Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Divisions of Clinical Virology, Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology & Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Ghana Medical Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">0016-9560</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>Dual HIV-1/HIV-2 seropositivity (dual seropositivity) is common in West African countries including Ghana. The diagnosis of dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infections is however complicated as HIV-2 DNA is more often not detected in dual seropositive individuals.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>To detect the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 pro-viral DNA in dual seropositives and to determine the correlation between HIV-2 antibody titers and presence of HIV-2 DNA. The growth kinetics of HIV-1 and HIV-2 <italic>in vitro</italic> were also determined using plasma and lymphocyte cultures.</p></sec><sec><title>Design</title><p>Cross-sectional study</p></sec><sec><title>Setting</title><p>Urban and semi-rural HIV/AIDS clinics</p></sec><sec sec-type="subjects"><title>Participants</title><p>13 dual HIV-1/HIV-2 seropositives from Agomanya and Accra</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>HIV-1 DNA was detected in uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all 13 patients but HIV-2 DNA in 4 (30.8%). HIV-2 antibody titres were not useful in determining the presence or absence of HIV-2 DNA (P=0.28, Mann-Whitney U test). HIV-2 specific antibody was detected in 12 of the 13 dual seropositives by peptide-inhibition, the only patient with an Innolia gp36 band rating of 1+ was shown not to be reactive. HIV-2 grew efficiently in the presence or HIV-1 <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>HIV-2 DNA may not be detected in all dual seropositives thus not all of such patients may need drugs effective against HIV-2. Peptide based assays will be useful for correctly diagnosing dual seropositivity. Since HIV-2 may grow efficiently in the presence of HIV-1 and no commercial HIV-2 HIV RNA tests are available, dual seropositives on HAART need to be monitored to determine if a lack of immune restoration may correspond to an efficient suppression of HIV-1 RNA levels.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Ghana Med J</journal-id><journal-title>Ghana Medical Journal</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9560</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ghana Medical Association</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">18560550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2423332</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jGMJ.v42.i1.pg16</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Virological Characterization of Dual HIV-1/HIV-2 Seropositivity and Infections in Southern Ghana</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sagoe</surname><given-names>KWC</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mingle</surname><given-names>JAA</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Affram</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Britton</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dzokoto</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sonnerborg</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">4</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Microbiology University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of St. Martins de Porres Clinic, Agomanya, Ghana</aff><aff id="A4"><label>3</label>Infectious Diseases Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology & Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden</aff><aff id="A5"><label>4</label>Divisions of Clinical Virology, Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology & Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden</aff><author-notes><corresp>Author for correspondence: Kwamena Sagoe, <italic>E-mail:</italic><email>kwamenas@hotmail.com</email>, <email>kwamenewcs@yahoo.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conflict of Interest: None</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>3</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>42</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><copyright-statement>Copyright © Ghana Medical Association 2008</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Summary</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>Dual HIV-1/HIV-2 seropositivity (dual seropositivity) is common in West African countries including Ghana. The diagnosis of dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infections is however complicated as HIV-2 DNA is more often not detected in dual seropositive individuals.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>To detect the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 pro-viral DNA in dual seropositives and to determine the correlation between HIV-2 antibody titers and presence of HIV-2 DNA. The growth kinetics of HIV-1 and HIV-2 <italic>in vitro</italic> were also determined using plasma and lymphocyte cultures.</p></sec><sec><title>Design</title><p>Cross-sectional study</p></sec><sec><title>Setting</title><p>Urban and semi-rural HIV/AIDS clinics</p></sec><sec sec-type="subjects"><title>Participants</title><p>13 dual HIV-1/HIV-2 seropositives from Agomanya and Accra</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>HIV-1 DNA was detected in uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all 13 patients but HIV-2 DNA in 4 (30.8%). HIV-2 antibody titres were not useful in determining the presence or absence of HIV-2 DNA (P=0.28, Mann-Whitney U test). HIV-2 specific antibody was detected in 12 of the 13 dual seropositives by peptide-inhibition, the only patient with an Innolia gp36 band rating of 1+ was shown not to be reactive. HIV-2 grew efficiently in the presence or HIV-1 <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>HIV-2 DNA may not be detected in all dual seropositives thus not all of such patients may need drugs effective against HIV-2. Peptide based assays will be useful for correctly diagnosing dual seropositivity. Since HIV-2 may grow efficiently in the presence of HIV-1 and no commercial HIV-2 HIV RNA tests are available, dual seropositives on HAART need to be monitored to determine if a lack of immune restoration may correspond to an efficient suppression of HIV-1 RNA levels.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>HIV-1</kwd><kwd>HIV-2</kwd><kwd>dual</kwd><kwd>seropositivity</kwd><kwd>infection</kwd><kwd>Ghana</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-wrap><fig id="F1" fig-type="illustration" position="float"><label>Annex 1</label><caption><p>Levels of HIV-1 and HIV-2 DNA from lymphocyte and plasma cultures of patient 3 (1a, 1b) and lymphocyte culture of patient 6 (1c). HIV-1 and HIV-2 DNA titers were detected using PCR for the <italic>gag</italic> regions. 1 corresponds to a genomic DNA of 10ng/µl, 2 is a tenfold dilution of 1, 3 is a tenfold dilution of 2.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="GMJ4201-0016Fig1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Analysis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody reactivity and the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 DNA in uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 13 dual seropositive individuals</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age/Sex</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD4</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Antibody Reactivity<xref rid="TF1" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-2 Ab</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">PCR using <italic>gag</italic> primers</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">titre<xref rid="TF2" ref-type="table-fn">γ</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-2</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">447</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>2+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56/M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38/M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39/M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">218700</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">656100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">432</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>2+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">384</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9<xref rid="TF3" ref-type="table-fn">ч</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">297</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72900</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2700</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">555</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>2+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33/F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TF1"><label>*</label><p>Intensity of the antibody reactivity on the Innolia bands was scored: 1+, 2+, and 3+. Minimum requirements for dual seropositivity were 1+ -for both gp41 (HIV-1) and gp36 (HIV-2). > preceding integers means rating was greater than number, but less than the next successive integerr.</p></fn><fn id="TF2"><label>γ</label><p>HIV-2 antibody titres were determined with a peptide ELISA employing gp36 peptides. + and − indicate positive and negative results, respectively, NA means not available.</p></fn><fn id="TF3"><label>ч</label><p>An HIV-2 peptide inhibition assay showed that all except this patient mark were positive for HIV-22 antibodies. All patients were positive for HIV-1 gag PCR. HIV-2 antibody titers may not be useful in determining the presence of absence off HIV-2 DNA (p=0.28, Mann-Whitney U test).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-wrap></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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