Association between high aflatoxin B1 levels and high viral load in HIV-positive people
Identifieur interne :
000007 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus );
précédent :
000006;
suivant :
000008
Association between high aflatoxin B1 levels and high viral load in HIV-positive people
Auteurs : P. E. Jolly ;
S. Inusah ;
B. Lu ;
W. O. Ellis ;
A. Nyarko ;
T. D. Phillips ;
J. H. WilliamsSource :
-
World mycotoxin journal : (Print) [ 1875-0710 ] ; 2013.
RBID : Pascal:13-0349936
Descripteurs français
English descriptors
Abstract
Since both aflatoxin and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immune suppression, chronic exposure to aflatoxin in HIV-positive people could lead to higher levels of virus replication. This study was conducted to examine the association between aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct (AF-ALB) levels and HIV viral load. Antiretroviral naive HIV-positive people (314) with median CD4 count of 574 cells/μl blood (mean ± standard deviation = 630±277) were recruited in Kumasi, Ghana. Sociodemographic and health data, and blood samples were collected from participants. The plasma samples were tested for AF-ALB and HIV viral load. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted using viral load (high/low) as the outcome and AF-ALB quartiles as exposure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed between quartile AF-ALB, viral load and CD4 adjusting for sex, age, and year of HIV diagnosis. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression showed that viral load increased as AF-ALB levels increased. By univariate analysis, high viral load was 2.3 times more likely among persons in the third AF-ALB quartile (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 4.51), and 2.9 times more likely among persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile (CI: 1.41, 5.88), compared to persons in the first quartile. In the multivariable model, persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile were about 2.6 times more likely to have high viral loads than persons in the first quartile (CI: 1.19-5.69). When AF-ALB and viral load were log transformed and linear regression analysis conducted, the univariate linear regression analysis showed that for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, viral load increased by approximately 1.6 copies/ml (P=0.0006). The association was marginally significant in the adjusted linear regression model (i.e. for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, the mean viral load increased by approximately 1.3 copies/ml, P=0.073). These data show strong and consistent increases in HIV viral load with increasing AF-ALB levels. Since the median and mean CD4 were greater than 500 cells for participants in each AF-ALB quartile, the results indicate that the immune modulating and virus transcription effects of aflatoxin may occur quite early in HIV infection, even while the CD4 count is still above 500, resulting in higher viral loads.
Notice en format standard (ISO 2709)
Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.
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| A09 | 01 | 1 | ENG | @1 WMF meets IUPAC Conference: 7th Conference of The World Mycotoxin Forum® and the XIIIth IUPAC International Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 5-9 November 2012 |
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| C01 | 01 | | ENG | @0 Since both aflatoxin and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immune suppression, chronic exposure to aflatoxin in HIV-positive people could lead to higher levels of virus replication. This study was conducted to examine the association between aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct (AF-ALB) levels and HIV viral load. Antiretroviral naive HIV-positive people (314) with median CD4 count of 574 cells/μl blood (mean ± standard deviation = 630±277) were recruited in Kumasi, Ghana. Sociodemographic and health data, and blood samples were collected from participants. The plasma samples were tested for AF-ALB and HIV viral load. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted using viral load (high/low) as the outcome and AF-ALB quartiles as exposure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed between quartile AF-ALB, viral load and CD4 adjusting for sex, age, and year of HIV diagnosis. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression showed that viral load increased as AF-ALB levels increased. By univariate analysis, high viral load was 2.3 times more likely among persons in the third AF-ALB quartile (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 4.51), and 2.9 times more likely among persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile (CI: 1.41, 5.88), compared to persons in the first quartile. In the multivariable model, persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile were about 2.6 times more likely to have high viral loads than persons in the first quartile (CI: 1.19-5.69). When AF-ALB and viral load were log transformed and linear regression analysis conducted, the univariate linear regression analysis showed that for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, viral load increased by approximately 1.6 copies/ml (P=0.0006). The association was marginally significant in the adjusted linear regression model (i.e. for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, the mean viral load increased by approximately 1.3 copies/ml, P=0.073). These data show strong and consistent increases in HIV viral load with increasing AF-ALB levels. Since the median and mean CD4 were greater than 500 cells for participants in each AF-ALB quartile, the results indicate that the immune modulating and virus transcription effects of aflatoxin may occur quite early in HIV infection, even while the CD4 count is still above 500, resulting in higher viral loads. |
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| pR |
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Format Inist (serveur)
| NO : | PASCAL 13-0349936 INIST |
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| ET : | Association between high aflatoxin B1 levels and high viral load in HIV-positive people |
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| AU : | JOLLY (P. E.); INUSAH (S.); LU (B.); ELLIS (W. O.); NYARKO (A.); PHILLIPS (T. D.); WILLIAMS (J. H.) |
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| AF : | University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, 1665 University Boulevard, RPHB 217/Birmingham, AL 35294-0022/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut.); Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Kumasi/Ghana (4 aut.); Kumasi South Regional Hospital/Kumasi/Ghana (5 aut.); Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 4458/College Station, TX 77843/Etats-Unis (6 aut.); College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St/Griffin, GA 30223/Etats-Unis (7 aut.) |
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| DT : | Publication en série; Congrès; Niveau analytique |
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| SO : | World mycotoxin journal : (Print); ISSN 1875-0710; Pays-Bas; Da. 2013; Vol. 6; No. 3; Pp. 255-261; Bibl. 1 p.1/4 |
|---|
| LA : | Anglais |
|---|
| EA : | Since both aflatoxin and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immune suppression, chronic exposure to aflatoxin in HIV-positive people could lead to higher levels of virus replication. This study was conducted to examine the association between aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct (AF-ALB) levels and HIV viral load. Antiretroviral naive HIV-positive people (314) with median CD4 count of 574 cells/μl blood (mean ± standard deviation = 630±277) were recruited in Kumasi, Ghana. Sociodemographic and health data, and blood samples were collected from participants. The plasma samples were tested for AF-ALB and HIV viral load. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted using viral load (high/low) as the outcome and AF-ALB quartiles as exposure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed between quartile AF-ALB, viral load and CD4 adjusting for sex, age, and year of HIV diagnosis. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression showed that viral load increased as AF-ALB levels increased. By univariate analysis, high viral load was 2.3 times more likely among persons in the third AF-ALB quartile (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 4.51), and 2.9 times more likely among persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile (CI: 1.41, 5.88), compared to persons in the first quartile. In the multivariable model, persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile were about 2.6 times more likely to have high viral loads than persons in the first quartile (CI: 1.19-5.69). When AF-ALB and viral load were log transformed and linear regression analysis conducted, the univariate linear regression analysis showed that for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, viral load increased by approximately 1.6 copies/ml (P=0.0006). The association was marginally significant in the adjusted linear regression model (i.e. for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, the mean viral load increased by approximately 1.3 copies/ml, P=0.073). These data show strong and consistent increases in HIV viral load with increasing AF-ALB levels. Since the median and mean CD4 were greater than 500 cells for participants in each AF-ALB quartile, the results indicate that the immune modulating and virus transcription effects of aflatoxin may occur quite early in HIV infection, even while the CD4 count is still above 500, resulting in higher viral loads. |
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| CC : | 002B03J |
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| FD : | Association; Aflatoxine B1; Albumine; Ghana; Virus immunodéficience humaine; Mycotoxine |
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| FG : | Toxine; Afrique; Lentivirus; Retroviridae; Virus |
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| ED : | Association; Aflatoxin B1; Albumin; Ghana; Human immunodeficiency virus; Mycotoxin |
|---|
| EG : | Toxin; Africa; Lentivirus; Retroviridae; Virus |
|---|
| SD : | Asociación; Aflatoxina B1; Albúmina; Ghana; Human immunodeficiency virus; Micotoxina |
|---|
| LO : | INIST-28127.354000503683990050 |
|---|
| ID : | 13-0349936 |
|---|
Links to Exploration step
Pascal:13-0349936
Le document en format XML
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<s2>Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
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<s3>GHA</s3>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14><author><name sortKey="Phillips, T D" sort="Phillips, T D" uniqKey="Phillips T" first="T. D." last="Phillips">T. D. Phillips</name>
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</inist:fA14><series><title level="j" type="main">World mycotoxin journal : (Print)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1875-0710</idno>
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</seriesStmt><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aflatoxin B1</term>
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</keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Association</term>
<term>Aflatoxine B1</term>
<term>Albumine</term>
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</keywords><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Since both aflatoxin and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immune suppression, chronic exposure to aflatoxin in HIV-positive people could lead to higher levels of virus replication. This study was conducted to examine the association between aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>
albumin adduct (AF-ALB) levels and HIV viral load. Antiretroviral naive HIV-positive people (314) with median CD4 count of 574 cells/μl blood (mean ± standard deviation = 630±277) were recruited in Kumasi, Ghana. Sociodemographic and health data, and blood samples were collected from participants. The plasma samples were tested for AF-ALB and HIV viral load. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted using viral load (high/low) as the outcome and AF-ALB quartiles as exposure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed between quartile AF-ALB, viral load and CD4 adjusting for sex, age, and year of HIV diagnosis. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression showed that viral load increased as AF-ALB levels increased. By univariate analysis, high viral load was 2.3 times more likely among persons in the third AF-ALB quartile (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 4.51), and 2.9 times more likely among persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile (CI: 1.41, 5.88), compared to persons in the first quartile. In the multivariable model, persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile were about 2.6 times more likely to have high viral loads than persons in the first quartile (CI: 1.19-5.69). When AF-ALB and viral load were log transformed and linear regression analysis conducted, the univariate linear regression analysis showed that for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, viral load increased by approximately 1.6 copies/ml (P=0.0006). The association was marginally significant in the adjusted linear regression model (i.e. for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, the mean viral load increased by approximately 1.3 copies/ml, P=0.073). These data show strong and consistent increases in HIV viral load with increasing AF-ALB levels. Since the median and mean CD4 were greater than 500 cells for participants in each AF-ALB quartile, the results indicate that the immune modulating and virus transcription effects of aflatoxin may occur quite early in HIV infection, even while the CD4 count is still above 500, resulting in higher viral loads.</div><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>1875-0710</s0>
</fA01><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Association between high aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>
levels and high viral load in HIV-positive people</s1><fA09 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>WMF meets IUPAC Conference: 7th Conference of The World Mycotoxin Forum® and the XIIIth IUPAC International Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 5-9 November 2012</s1>
</fA09><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>JOLLY (P. E.)</s1>
</fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>INUSAH (S.)</s1>
</fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>LU (B.)</s1>
</fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>ELLIS (W. O.)</s1>
</fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>NYARKO (A.)</s1>
</fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>PHILLIPS (T. D.)</s1>
</fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>WILLIAMS (J. H.)</s1>
</fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, 1665 University Boulevard, RPHB 217</s1>
<s2>Birmingham, AL 35294-0022</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</s1>
<s2>Kumasi</s2>
<s3>GHA</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
</fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Kumasi South Regional Hospital</s1>
<s2>Kumasi</s2>
<s3>GHA</s3>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 4458</s1>
<s2>College Station, TX 77843</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</fA14><fA14 i1="05"><s1>College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St</s1>
<s2>Griffin, GA 30223</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
</fA14><fA18 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)</s1>
<s2>Research Triangle Park, NC</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<s9>org-cong.</s9>
</fA18><fA20><s1>255-261</s1>
</fA20><fA21><s1>2013</s1>
</fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0>
</fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1>
<s2>28127</s2>
<s5>354000503683990050</s5>
</fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0>
<s1>© 2013 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1>
</fA44><fA45><s0>1 p.1/4</s0>
</fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>13-0349936</s0>
</fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1>
<s2>C</s2>
</fA60><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>World mycotoxin journal : (Print)</s0>
</fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>NLD</s0>
</fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Since both aflatoxin and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immune suppression, chronic exposure to aflatoxin in HIV-positive people could lead to higher levels of virus replication. This study was conducted to examine the association between aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>
albumin adduct (AF-ALB) levels and HIV viral load. Antiretroviral naive HIV-positive people (314) with median CD4 count of 574 cells/μl blood (mean ± standard deviation = 630±277) were recruited in Kumasi, Ghana. Sociodemographic and health data, and blood samples were collected from participants. The plasma samples were tested for AF-ALB and HIV viral load. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted using viral load (high/low) as the outcome and AF-ALB quartiles as exposure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed between quartile AF-ALB, viral load and CD4 adjusting for sex, age, and year of HIV diagnosis. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression showed that viral load increased as AF-ALB levels increased. By univariate analysis, high viral load was 2.3 times more likely among persons in the third AF-ALB quartile (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 4.51), and 2.9 times more likely among persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile (CI: 1.41, 5.88), compared to persons in the first quartile. In the multivariable model, persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile were about 2.6 times more likely to have high viral loads than persons in the first quartile (CI: 1.19-5.69). When AF-ALB and viral load were log transformed and linear regression analysis conducted, the univariate linear regression analysis showed that for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, viral load increased by approximately 1.6 copies/ml (P=0.0006). The association was marginally significant in the adjusted linear regression model (i.e. for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, the mean viral load increased by approximately 1.3 copies/ml, P=0.073). These data show strong and consistent increases in HIV viral load with increasing AF-ALB levels. Since the median and mean CD4 were greater than 500 cells for participants in each AF-ALB quartile, the results indicate that the immune modulating and virus transcription effects of aflatoxin may occur quite early in HIV infection, even while the CD4 count is still above 500, resulting in higher viral loads.</s0><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002B03J</s0>
</fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Association</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Association</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Asociación</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Aflatoxine B1</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Aflatoxin B1</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Aflatoxina B1</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Albumine</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Albumin</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Albúmina</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Ghana</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Ghana</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Ghana</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virus immunodéficience humaine</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Human immunodeficiency virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Human immunodeficiency virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Mycotoxine</s0>
<s5>28</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Mycotoxin</s0>
<s5>28</s5>
</fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Micotoxina</s0>
<s5>28</s5>
</fC03><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Toxine</s0>
</fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Toxin</s0>
</fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Toxina</s0>
</fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Afrique</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Africa</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Africa</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Lentivirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Lentivirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Lentivirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Retroviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Retroviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Retroviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07><fN21><s1>329</s1>
</fN21><pR><fA30 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>WMF meets IUPAC Conference</s1>
<s3>Rotterdam NLD</s3>
<s4>2012-11-05</s4>
</fA30><fA30 i1="02" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Conference of The World Mycotoxin Forum</s1>
<s2>7</s2>
<s3>Rotterdam NLD</s3>
<s4>2012-11-05</s4>
</fA30><fA30 i1="03" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>IUPAC International Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins</s1>
<s2>13</s2>
<s3>Rotterdam NLD</s3>
<s4>2012-11-05</s4>
</fA30><server><NO>PASCAL 13-0349936 INIST</NO>
<ET>Association between high aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>
levels and high viral load in HIV-positive people</ET><AU>JOLLY (P. E.); INUSAH (S.); LU (B.); ELLIS (W. O.); NYARKO (A.); PHILLIPS (T. D.); WILLIAMS (J. H.)</AU>
<AF>University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, 1665 University Boulevard, RPHB 217/Birmingham, AL 35294-0022/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut.); Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Kumasi/Ghana (4 aut.); Kumasi South Regional Hospital/Kumasi/Ghana (5 aut.); Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 4458/College Station, TX 77843/Etats-Unis (6 aut.); College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St/Griffin, GA 30223/Etats-Unis (7 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Congrès; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>World mycotoxin journal : (Print); ISSN 1875-0710; Pays-Bas; Da. 2013; Vol. 6; No. 3; Pp. 255-261; Bibl. 1 p.1/4</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>Since both aflatoxin and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immune suppression, chronic exposure to aflatoxin in HIV-positive people could lead to higher levels of virus replication. This study was conducted to examine the association between aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>
albumin adduct (AF-ALB) levels and HIV viral load. Antiretroviral naive HIV-positive people (314) with median CD4 count of 574 cells/μl blood (mean ± standard deviation = 630±277) were recruited in Kumasi, Ghana. Sociodemographic and health data, and blood samples were collected from participants. The plasma samples were tested for AF-ALB and HIV viral load. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted using viral load (high/low) as the outcome and AF-ALB quartiles as exposure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed between quartile AF-ALB, viral load and CD4 adjusting for sex, age, and year of HIV diagnosis. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression showed that viral load increased as AF-ALB levels increased. By univariate analysis, high viral load was 2.3 times more likely among persons in the third AF-ALB quartile (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 4.51), and 2.9 times more likely among persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile (CI: 1.41, 5.88), compared to persons in the first quartile. In the multivariable model, persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile were about 2.6 times more likely to have high viral loads than persons in the first quartile (CI: 1.19-5.69). When AF-ALB and viral load were log transformed and linear regression analysis conducted, the univariate linear regression analysis showed that for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, viral load increased by approximately 1.6 copies/ml (P=0.0006). The association was marginally significant in the adjusted linear regression model (i.e. for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, the mean viral load increased by approximately 1.3 copies/ml, P=0.073). These data show strong and consistent increases in HIV viral load with increasing AF-ALB levels. Since the median and mean CD4 were greater than 500 cells for participants in each AF-ALB quartile, the results indicate that the immune modulating and virus transcription effects of aflatoxin may occur quite early in HIV infection, even while the CD4 count is still above 500, resulting in higher viral loads.</EA><CC>002B03J</CC>
<FD>Association; Aflatoxine B1; Albumine; Ghana; Virus immunodéficience humaine; Mycotoxine</FD>
<FG>Toxine; Afrique; Lentivirus; Retroviridae; Virus</FG>
<ED>Association; Aflatoxin B1; Albumin; Ghana; Human immunodeficiency virus; Mycotoxin</ED>
<EG>Toxin; Africa; Lentivirus; Retroviridae; Virus</EG>
<SD>Asociación; Aflatoxina B1; Albúmina; Ghana; Human immunodeficiency virus; Micotoxina</SD>
<LO>INIST-28127.354000503683990050</LO>
<ID>13-0349936</ID>
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