The effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption, and apolipoprotein E genotype, on the age of onset in Alzheimer's disease
Identifieur interne : 002A30 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 002A29; suivant : 002A31The effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption, and apolipoprotein E genotype, on the age of onset in Alzheimer's disease
Auteurs : Dylan G. Harwood ; Ari Kalechstein ; Warren W. Barker ; Silvia Strauman ; Peter St. George-Hyslop ; Casandra Iglesias ; David Loewenstein ; Ranjan DuaraSource :
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry [ 0885-6230 ] ; 2010-05.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the association between a history of heavy alcohol use and smoking, presence of the apolipoprotein‐E epsilon 4 allele (APOE ε4), and age of disease onset in a community dwelling sample of 685 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients spanning three ethnic groups. Design: Cross‐sectional study of AD patients evaluated at a University‐affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic. Subjects: A clinic‐based cohort of white non‐Hispanic (WNH; n = 397), white Hispanic (WH; n = 264), and African‐American (AA; n = 24) patients diagnosed with possible or probable AD according to NINCDS‐ADRDA diagnostic criteria. Measurements: The age of onset of AD was obtained from a knowledgeable family member. All patients were assessed for APOE genotype. History of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to the onset of dementia was obtained via an interview with the patient and the primary caregiver. A history of heavy drinking was defined as >2 drinks per day and a history of heavy smoking was defined as ≥1 pack per day. Results: Presence of an APOE ε4 allele, a history of heavy drinking, or a history of heavy smoking were each associated with an earlier onset of AD by 2–3 years. Patients with all three risk factors were likely to be diagnosed with AD nearly 10 years earlier than those with none of the risk factors. Conclusion: The results suggest that APOE ε4 and heavy drinking and heavy smoking lower the age of onset for AD in an additive fashion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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DOI: 10.1002/gps.2372
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ISTEX:DF6DA58444B0950E1661D2A798DE34B4D7F36BD7Le document en format XML
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Harwood</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalechstein, Ari" sort="Kalechstein, Ari" uniqKey="Kalechstein A" first="Ari" last="Kalechstein">Ari Kalechstein</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, Warren W" sort="Barker, Warren W" uniqKey="Barker W" first="Warren W." last="Barker">Warren W. 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Psychiatry</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-6230</idno><idno type="eISSN">1099-1166</idno><imprint><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisher><pubPlace>Chichester, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2010-05">2010-05</date><biblScope unit="volume">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="511">511</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="518">518</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0885-6230</idno></series><idno type="istex">DF6DA58444B0950E1661D2A798DE34B4D7F36BD7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/gps.2372</idno><idno type="ArticleID">GPS2372</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0885-6230</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>APOE</term><term>Alzheimer's disease</term><term>age of onset</term><term>drinking</term><term>smoking</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Objective: This study examined the association between a history of heavy alcohol use and smoking, presence of the apolipoprotein‐E epsilon 4 allele (APOE ε4), and age of disease onset in a community dwelling sample of 685 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients spanning three ethnic groups. Design: Cross‐sectional study of AD patients evaluated at a University‐affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic. Subjects: A clinic‐based cohort of white non‐Hispanic (WNH; n = 397), white Hispanic (WH; n = 264), and African‐American (AA; n = 24) patients diagnosed with possible or probable AD according to NINCDS‐ADRDA diagnostic criteria. Measurements: The age of onset of AD was obtained from a knowledgeable family member. All patients were assessed for APOE genotype. History of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to the onset of dementia was obtained via an interview with the patient and the primary caregiver. A history of heavy drinking was defined as >2 drinks per day and a history of heavy smoking was defined as ≥1 pack per day. Results: Presence of an APOE ε4 allele, a history of heavy drinking, or a history of heavy smoking were each associated with an earlier onset of AD by 2–3 years. Patients with all three risk factors were likely to be diagnosed with AD nearly 10 years earlier than those with none of the risk factors. Conclusion: The results suggest that APOE ε4 and heavy drinking and heavy smoking lower the age of onset for AD in an additive fashion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Dylan G. Harwood</name><affiliations><json:string>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA</json:string><json:string>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ari Kalechstein</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Warren W. Barker</name><affiliations><json:string>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Silvia Strauman</name><affiliations><json:string>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Peter St. George‐Hyslop</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Casandra Iglesias</name><affiliations><json:string>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>David Loewenstein</name><affiliations><json:string>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</json:string><json:string>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ranjan Duara</name><affiliations><json:string>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</json:string><json:string>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</json:string><json:string>Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</json:string><json:string>Department of Neurology, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Alzheimer's disease</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>age of onset</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>APOE</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>smoking</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>drinking</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>GPS2372</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Objective: This study examined the association between a history of heavy alcohol use and smoking, presence of the apolipoprotein‐E epsilon 4 allele (APOE ε4), and age of disease onset in a community dwelling sample of 685 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients spanning three ethnic groups. Design: Cross‐sectional study of AD patients evaluated at a University‐affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic. Subjects: A clinic‐based cohort of white non‐Hispanic (WNH; n = 397), white Hispanic (WH; n = 264), and African‐American (AA; n = 24) patients diagnosed with possible or probable AD according to NINCDS‐ADRDA diagnostic criteria. Measurements: The age of onset of AD was obtained from a knowledgeable family member. All patients were assessed for APOE genotype. History of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to the onset of dementia was obtained via an interview with the patient and the primary caregiver. A history of heavy drinking was defined as >2 drinks per day and a history of heavy smoking was defined as ≥1 pack per day. Results: Presence of an APOE ε4 allele, a history of heavy drinking, or a history of heavy smoking were each associated with an earlier onset of AD by 2–3 years. Patients with all three risk factors were likely to be diagnosed with AD nearly 10 years earlier than those with none of the risk factors. Conclusion: The results suggest that APOE ε4 and heavy drinking and heavy smoking lower the age of onset for AD in an additive fashion. 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type="first">Peter</forename><surname>St. George‐Hyslop</surname></persName><affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Casandra</forename><surname>Iglesias</surname></persName><affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">David</forename><surname>Loewenstein</surname></persName><affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Ranjan</forename><surname>Duara</surname></persName><affiliation>The Wien Center for 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Psychiatry</title><idno type="pISSN">0885-6230</idno><idno type="eISSN">1099-1166</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1166</idno><imprint><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisher><pubPlace>Chichester, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2010-05"></date><biblScope unit="volume">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="511">511</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="518">518</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">DF6DA58444B0950E1661D2A798DE34B4D7F36BD7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/gps.2372</idno><idno type="ArticleID">GPS2372</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2010</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: This study examined the association between a history of heavy alcohol use and smoking, presence of the apolipoprotein‐E epsilon 4 allele (APOE ε4), and age of disease onset in a community dwelling sample of 685 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients spanning three ethnic groups. Design: Cross‐sectional study of AD patients evaluated at a University‐affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic. Subjects: A clinic‐based cohort of white non‐Hispanic (WNH; n = 397), white Hispanic (WH; n = 264), and African‐American (AA; n = 24) patients diagnosed with possible or probable AD according to NINCDS‐ADRDA diagnostic criteria. Measurements: The age of onset of AD was obtained from a knowledgeable family member. All patients were assessed for APOE genotype. History of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to the onset of dementia was obtained via an interview with the patient and the primary caregiver. A history of heavy drinking was defined as >2 drinks per day and a history of heavy smoking was defined as ≥1 pack per day. Results: Presence of an APOE ε4 allele, a history of heavy drinking, or a history of heavy smoking were each associated with an earlier onset of AD by 2–3 years. Patients with all three risk factors were likely to be diagnosed with AD nearly 10 years earlier than those with none of the risk factors. Conclusion: The results suggest that APOE ε4 and heavy drinking and heavy smoking lower the age of onset for AD in an additive fashion. 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Psychiatry</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="50"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/gps.v25:5</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="25">25</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">5</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2010-05">May 2010</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="110" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/gps.2372</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="GPS2372"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="8"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Research Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">Research Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2009-01-02"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2009-07-01"></event><event 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type="figureTotal" number="0"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="4"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="49"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en">The effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption, and apolipoprotein E genotype, on the age of onset in Alzheimer's disease</title><title type="short" xml:lang="en">Risk factors affecting the age of onset of Alzheimer's disease</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="au1" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1 #af2"><personName><givenNames>Dylan G.</givenNames><familyName>Harwood</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au2" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af3"><personName><givenNames>Ari</givenNames><familyName>Kalechstein</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au3" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Warren W.</givenNames><familyName>Barker</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email>billy@msmc.com</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="au4" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2"><personName><givenNames>Silvia</givenNames><familyName>Strauman</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au5" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af4"><personName><givenNames>Peter</givenNames><familyName>St. George‐Hyslop</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au6" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2"><personName><givenNames>Casandra</givenNames><familyName>Iglesias</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au7" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2 #af5"><personName><givenNames>David</givenNames><familyName>Loewenstein</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au8" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2 #af5 #af6 #af7"><personName><givenNames>Ranjan</givenNames><familyName>Duara</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af2" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af3" countryCode="CA" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af4" countryCode="CA" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af5" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af6" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af7" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Neurology, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">Alzheimer's disease</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">age of onset</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">APOE</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4">smoking</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd5">drinking</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><section xml:id="abs1-1"><title type="main">Objective</title><p>This study examined the association between a history of heavy alcohol use and smoking, presence of the apolipoprotein‐E epsilon 4 allele (<i>APOE</i> ε4), and age of disease onset in a community dwelling sample of 685 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients spanning three ethnic groups.</p></section><section xml:id="abs1-2"><title type="main">Design</title><p>Cross‐sectional study of AD patients evaluated at a University‐affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic.</p></section><section xml:id="abs1-3"><title type="main">Subjects</title><p>A clinic‐based cohort of white non‐Hispanic (WNH; <i>n</i> = 397), white Hispanic (WH; <i>n</i> = 264), and African‐American (AA; <i>n</i> = 24) patients diagnosed with possible or probable AD according to NINCDS‐ADRDA diagnostic criteria.</p></section><section xml:id="abs1-4"><title type="main">Measurements</title><p>The age of onset of AD was obtained from a knowledgeable family member. All patients were assessed for <i>APOE</i> genotype. History of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to the onset of dementia was obtained via an interview with the patient and the primary caregiver. A history of heavy drinking was defined as >2 drinks per day and a history of heavy smoking was defined as ≥1 pack per day.</p></section><section xml:id="abs1-5"><title type="main">Results</title><p>Presence of an <i>APOE</i> ε4 allele, a history of heavy drinking, or a history of heavy smoking were each associated with an earlier onset of AD by 2–3 years. Patients with all three risk factors were likely to be diagnosed with AD nearly 10 years earlier than those with none of the risk factors.</p></section><section xml:id="abs1-6"><title type="main">Conclusion</title><p>The results suggest that <i>APOE</i> ε4 and heavy drinking and heavy smoking lower the age of onset for AD in an additive fashion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></section></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption, and apolipoprotein E genotype, on the age of onset in Alzheimer's disease</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Risk factors affecting the age of onset of Alzheimer's disease</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>The effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption, and apolipoprotein E genotype, on the age of onset in Alzheimer's disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dylan G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Harwood</namePart><affiliation>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ari</namePart><namePart type="family">Kalechstein</namePart><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Warren W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Barker</namePart><affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</affiliation><description>Correspondence: The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Silvia</namePart><namePart type="family">Strauman</namePart><affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Peter</namePart><namePart type="family">St. George‐Hyslop</namePart><affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Casandra</namePart><namePart type="family">Iglesias</namePart><affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Loewenstein</namePart><affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ranjan</namePart><namePart type="family">Duara</namePart><affiliation>The Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Chichester, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-05</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2009-01-02</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2009-07-01</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="tables">4</extent><extent unit="references">49</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Objective: This study examined the association between a history of heavy alcohol use and smoking, presence of the apolipoprotein‐E epsilon 4 allele (APOE ε4), and age of disease onset in a community dwelling sample of 685 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients spanning three ethnic groups. Design: Cross‐sectional study of AD patients evaluated at a University‐affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic. Subjects: A clinic‐based cohort of white non‐Hispanic (WNH; n = 397), white Hispanic (WH; n = 264), and African‐American (AA; n = 24) patients diagnosed with possible or probable AD according to NINCDS‐ADRDA diagnostic criteria. Measurements: The age of onset of AD was obtained from a knowledgeable family member. All patients were assessed for APOE genotype. History of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to the onset of dementia was obtained via an interview with the patient and the primary caregiver. A history of heavy drinking was defined as >2 drinks per day and a history of heavy smoking was defined as ≥1 pack per day. Results: Presence of an APOE ε4 allele, a history of heavy drinking, or a history of heavy smoking were each associated with an earlier onset of AD by 2–3 years. Patients with all three risk factors were likely to be diagnosed with AD nearly 10 years earlier than those with none of the risk factors. Conclusion: The results suggest that APOE ε4 and heavy drinking and heavy smoking lower the age of onset for AD in an additive fashion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Alzheimer's disease</topic><topic>age of onset</topic><topic>APOE</topic><topic>smoking</topic><topic>drinking</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry</title><subTitle>A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>article category</genre><topic>Research Article</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0885-6230</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1099-1166</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1166</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">GPS</identifier><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>25</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>511</start><end>518</end><total>8</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">DF6DA58444B0950E1661D2A798DE34B4D7F36BD7</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/gps.2372</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">GPS2372</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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