Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease
Identifieur interne : 002393 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 002392; suivant : 002394Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease
Auteurs : L. Wang ; Y. Kuroiwa ; T. KamitaniSource :
- Journal of the Neurological Sciences [ 0022-510X ] ; 1999.
Abstract
A visual oddball paradigm and an S1–S2 paradigm were employed to evoke event-related potentials (ERPs) in 38 nondemented Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and 24 healthy elderly subjects. Delayed N200 and reduced P300 amplitude in the whole PD sample were only found in the S1–S2 paradigm. Delayed N200 and reaction time in PD with short duration of illness were found only after the S1–S2 paradigm, which might be an early sign of cognitive changes in PD. This is the first study to apply an S1–S2 paradigm for a visual P300 test in PD and proved the value of this paradigm for detecting minor cognitive abnormalities. ERP changes were correlated with clinical features. Reduced P300 amplitude for the S1–S2 paradigm was significantly correlated with WAIS-R scores and gait disturbance. The correlation between P300 amplitude and clinical scores has rarely been discussed before. P300 latency during the oddball paradigm in PD was influenced by age at test, age at onset, and duration of illness. This may explain why P300 results in nondemented PD have varied among previous authors.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00060-X
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" sort="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L" first="L." last="Wang">L. Wang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuroiwa, Y" sort="Kuroiwa, Y" uniqKey="Kuroiwa Y" first="Y." last="Kuroiwa">Y. Kuroiwa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamitani, T" sort="Kamitani, T" uniqKey="Kamitani T" first="T." last="Kamitani">T. 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Wang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuroiwa, Y" sort="Kuroiwa, Y" uniqKey="Kuroiwa Y" first="Y." last="Kuroiwa">Y. Kuroiwa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamitani, T" sort="Kamitani, T" uniqKey="Kamitani T" first="T." last="Kamitani">T. Kamitani</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JNS</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1999">1999</date><biblScope unit="volume">164</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="139">139</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="147">147</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno></series><idno type="istex">3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00060-X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-510X(99)00060-X</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A visual oddball paradigm and an S1–S2 paradigm were employed to evoke event-related potentials (ERPs) in 38 nondemented Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and 24 healthy elderly subjects. Delayed N200 and reduced P300 amplitude in the whole PD sample were only found in the S1–S2 paradigm. Delayed N200 and reaction time in PD with short duration of illness were found only after the S1–S2 paradigm, which might be an early sign of cognitive changes in PD. This is the first study to apply an S1–S2 paradigm for a visual P300 test in PD and proved the value of this paradigm for detecting minor cognitive abnormalities. ERP changes were correlated with clinical features. Reduced P300 amplitude for the S1–S2 paradigm was significantly correlated with WAIS-R scores and gait disturbance. The correlation between P300 amplitude and clinical scores has rarely been discussed before. P300 latency during the oddball paradigm in PD was influenced by age at test, age at onset, and duration of illness. This may explain why P300 results in nondemented PD have varied among previous authors.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>L. Wang</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Y. Kuroiwa</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>T. Kamitani</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>P300</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>N200</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Parkinson’s disease</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>WAIS-R</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Oddball paradigm</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>S1–S2 paradigm</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Motor disability</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Event-related potential</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>A visual oddball paradigm and an S1–S2 paradigm were employed to evoke event-related potentials (ERPs) in 38 nondemented Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and 24 healthy elderly subjects. Delayed N200 and reduced P300 amplitude in the whole PD sample were only found in the S1–S2 paradigm. Delayed N200 and reaction time in PD with short duration of illness were found only after the S1–S2 paradigm, which might be an early sign of cognitive changes in PD. This is the first study to apply an S1–S2 paradigm for a visual P300 test in PD and proved the value of this paradigm for detecting minor cognitive abnormalities. ERP changes were correlated with clinical features. Reduced P300 amplitude for the S1–S2 paradigm was significantly correlated with WAIS-R scores and gait disturbance. The correlation between P300 amplitude and clinical scores has rarely been discussed before. P300 latency during the oddball paradigm in PD was influenced by age at test, age at onset, and duration of illness. This may explain why P300 results in nondemented PD have varied among previous authors.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>6.827</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>598 x 798 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>8</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1085</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>4727</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>31000</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>9</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>175</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease</title><pii><json:string>S0022-510X(99)00060-X</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>164</volume><pii><json:string>S0022-510X(00)X0070-6</json:string></pii><pages><last>147</last><first>139</first></pages><issn><json:string>0022-510X</json:string></issn><issue>2</issue><genre><json:string>Journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title><publicationDate>1999</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>CLINICAL NEUROLOGY</json:string><json:string>NEUROIMAGING</json:string><json:string>NEUROSCIENCES</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>1999</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1999</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00060-X</json:string></doi><id>3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>1999</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: A sketch representing the time course and the task for the oddball and S1–S2 paradigms. For further explanation see text.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Average ERPs in patients (upper panel: oddball paradigm; lower panel: S1–S2 paradigm). Left: PD(short) and its normal control group, N3; Right: PD(long) and its normal control group, N4. Obviously prolonged P300 latency and reduced P300 amplitude were found in the PD(long) group during the S1–S2 paradigm.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: The correlation of P300 amplitude at Pz with gait disturbance score in patients during the S1–S2 paradigm.</note><note type="content">Table 1: PD patient backgrounds</note><note type="content">Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of ERPs and RT to the oddball and S1–S2 paradigms in the whole PD group and the whole normal control groupa</note><note type="content">Table 3: Comparison of ERPs at Cz and RT to the oddball paradigm between PD subgroups and their corresponding normal control subgroups (numbers are mean±standard deviation)</note><note type="content">Table 4: Comparison of ERPs at Cz and RT to the S1–S2 paradigm between PD subgroups and their corresponding normal control subgroups (numbers are means±standard deviation)</note><note type="content">Table 5: Summary of effects of age at test, age at onset, and duration of illness on ERPs and RT during the oddball and S1–S2 paradigms</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease</title><author><persName><forename type="first">L.</forename><surname>Wang</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Y.</forename><surname>Kuroiwa</surname></persName><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-45-787-2800; fax: +81-45-788-6041</p></note><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">T.</forename><surname>Kamitani</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JNS</title><idno type="pISSN">0022-510X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-510X(00)X0070-6</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1999"></date><biblScope unit="volume">164</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="139">139</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="147">147</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00060-X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-510X(99)00060-X</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1999</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A visual oddball paradigm and an S1–S2 paradigm were employed to evoke event-related potentials (ERPs) in 38 nondemented Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and 24 healthy elderly subjects. Delayed N200 and reduced P300 amplitude in the whole PD sample were only found in the S1–S2 paradigm. Delayed N200 and reaction time in PD with short duration of illness were found only after the S1–S2 paradigm, which might be an early sign of cognitive changes in PD. This is the first study to apply an S1–S2 paradigm for a visual P300 test in PD and proved the value of this paradigm for detecting minor cognitive abnormalities. ERP changes were correlated with clinical features. Reduced P300 amplitude for the S1–S2 paradigm was significantly correlated with WAIS-R scores and gait disturbance. The correlation between P300 amplitude and clinical scores has rarely been discussed before. P300 latency during the oddball paradigm in PD was influenced by age at test, age at onset, and duration of illness. This may explain why P300 results in nondemented PD have varied among previous authors.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>P300</term></item><item><term>N200</term></item><item><term>Parkinson’s disease</term></item><item><term>WAIS-R</term></item><item><term>Oddball paradigm</term></item><item><term>S1–S2 paradigm</term></item><item><term>Motor disability</term></item><item><term>Event-related potential</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1999-02-10">Registration</change><change when="1999-02-04">Modified</change><change when="1999">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>JNS</jid><aid>6044</aid><ce:pii>S0022-510X(99)00060-X</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00060-X</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="1999">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wang</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Y.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kuroiwa</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kamitani</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-45-787-2800; fax: +81-45-788-6041</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="23" month="7" year="1998"></ce:date-received><ce:date-revised day="4" month="2" year="1999"></ce:date-revised><ce:date-accepted day="10" month="2" year="1999"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>A visual oddball paradigm and an S1–S2 paradigm were employed to evoke event-related potentials (ERPs) in 38 nondemented Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and 24 healthy elderly subjects. Delayed N200 and reduced P300 amplitude in the whole PD sample were only found in the S1–S2 paradigm. Delayed N200 and reaction time in PD with short duration of illness were found only after the S1–S2 paradigm, which might be an early sign of cognitive changes in PD. This is the first study to apply an S1–S2 paradigm for a visual P300 test in PD and proved the value of this paradigm for detecting minor cognitive abnormalities. ERP changes were correlated with clinical features. Reduced P300 amplitude for the S1–S2 paradigm was significantly correlated with WAIS-R scores and gait disturbance. The correlation between P300 amplitude and clinical scores has rarely been discussed before. P300 latency during the oddball paradigm in PD was influenced by age at test, age at onset, and duration of illness. This may explain why P300 results in nondemented PD have varied among previous authors.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>P300</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>N200</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Parkinson’s disease</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>WAIS-R</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Oddball paradigm</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>S1–S2 paradigm</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Motor disability</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Event-related potential</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Visual event-related potential changes at two different tasks in nondemented Parkinson’s disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Wang</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kuroiwa</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</affiliation><description>Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-45-787-2800; fax: +81-45-788-6041</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kamitani</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1999</dateIssued><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">1999-02-10</dateValid><dateModified encoding="w3cdtf">1999-02-04</dateModified><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1999</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">A visual oddball paradigm and an S1–S2 paradigm were employed to evoke event-related potentials (ERPs) in 38 nondemented Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and 24 healthy elderly subjects. Delayed N200 and reduced P300 amplitude in the whole PD sample were only found in the S1–S2 paradigm. Delayed N200 and reaction time in PD with short duration of illness were found only after the S1–S2 paradigm, which might be an early sign of cognitive changes in PD. This is the first study to apply an S1–S2 paradigm for a visual P300 test in PD and proved the value of this paradigm for detecting minor cognitive abnormalities. ERP changes were correlated with clinical features. Reduced P300 amplitude for the S1–S2 paradigm was significantly correlated with WAIS-R scores and gait disturbance. The correlation between P300 amplitude and clinical scores has rarely been discussed before. P300 latency during the oddball paradigm in PD was influenced by age at test, age at onset, and duration of illness. This may explain why P300 results in nondemented PD have varied among previous authors.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: A sketch representing the time course and the task for the oddball and S1–S2 paradigms. For further explanation see text.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Average ERPs in patients (upper panel: oddball paradigm; lower panel: S1–S2 paradigm). Left: PD(short) and its normal control group, N3; Right: PD(long) and its normal control group, N4. Obviously prolonged P300 latency and reduced P300 amplitude were found in the PD(long) group during the S1–S2 paradigm.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: The correlation of P300 amplitude at Pz with gait disturbance score in patients during the S1–S2 paradigm.</note><note type="content">Table 1: PD patient backgrounds</note><note type="content">Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of ERPs and RT to the oddball and S1–S2 paradigms in the whole PD group and the whole normal control groupa</note><note type="content">Table 3: Comparison of ERPs at Cz and RT to the oddball paradigm between PD subgroups and their corresponding normal control subgroups (numbers are mean±standard deviation)</note><note type="content">Table 4: Comparison of ERPs at Cz and RT to the S1–S2 paradigm between PD subgroups and their corresponding normal control subgroups (numbers are means±standard deviation)</note><note type="content">Table 5: Summary of effects of age at test, age at onset, and duration of illness on ERPs and RT during the oddball and S1–S2 paradigms</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>P300</topic><topic>N200</topic><topic>Parkinson’s disease</topic><topic>WAIS-R</topic><topic>Oddball paradigm</topic><topic>S1–S2 paradigm</topic><topic>Motor disability</topic><topic>Event-related potential</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>JNS</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">19990401</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0022-510X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-510X(00)X0070-6</identifier><part><date>19990401</date><detail type="volume"><number>164</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>2</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>103</start><end>204</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>139</start><end>147</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00060-X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-510X(99)00060-X</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="">© 1999Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©1999</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><istex:catWosTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/3F6CCB1D99BC8C0CB6CBC443593D7B9D15266E84/enrichments/catWos"><teiHeader><profileDesc><textClass><classCode scheme="WOS">CLINICAL NEUROLOGY</classCode><classCode scheme="WOS">NEUROIMAGING</classCode><classCode scheme="WOS">NEUROSCIENCES</classCode></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:catWosTEI></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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