Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Identifieur interne : 002343 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 002342; suivant : 002344Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Auteurs : Hal H. Atkinson ; Caterina Rosano ; Eleanor M. Simonsick ; Jeff D. Williamson ; Cralen Davis ; Walter T. Ambrosius ; Stephen R. Rapp ; Matteo Cesari ; Anne B. Newman ; Tamara B. Harris ; Susan M. Rubin ; Kristine Yaffe ; Suzanne Satterfield ; Stephen B. KritchevskySource :
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences [ 1079-5006 ] ; 2007-08.
Abstract
Background. Emerging evidence indicates an association between cognitive function and physical performance in late life. This study examines the relationship between cognitive function and subsequent gait speed decline among high-functioning older adults. Methods. Measures of global cognitive function (Modified Mini Mental State Examination [3MS]) and executive control function (ECF) (a clock drawing task [CLOX 1] and the 15-item Executive Interview [EXIT 15]) were obtained in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study in 1999–2000. Gait-speed (meters/second) was assessed over 20 meters at usual pace. Using a mixed model, we assessed the relationship between baseline cognitive function and gait-speed change over 3 years. Results. Two thousand, three hundred forty-nine older adults (mean age 75.6 ± 2.9 years) completed the assessments. After adjustment for baseline gait speed, a 1-standard-deviation (SD) lower performance on each cognitive test was associated with greater gait-speed decline over 3 years: 0.016 m/s for the 3MS (SD = 8.1), 0.009 m/s for CLOX 1 (SD = 2.4), and 0.012 m/s for EXIT 15 (SD = 4.1) (p <.0005 for all). After adjustment for comorbidities, the effect size was attenuated for 3MS and CLOX 1, and the association for EXIT 15 was no longer significant. Depression score was most strongly associated with the EXIT 15 effect reduction. Conclusion. Global and executive cognitive functions predict declines in gait speed. The association of ECF with gait speed decline is attenuated by comorbid conditions, particularly depression. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these associations may point to new pathways for the treatment of physical decline associated with diminished cognitive function.
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DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.8.844
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Atkinson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosano, Caterina" sort="Rosano, Caterina" uniqKey="Rosano C" first="Caterina" last="Rosano">Caterina Rosano</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simonsick, Eleanor M" sort="Simonsick, Eleanor M" uniqKey="Simonsick E" first="Eleanor M." last="Simonsick">Eleanor M. Simonsick</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williamson, Jeff D" sort="Williamson, Jeff D" uniqKey="Williamson J" first="Jeff D." last="Williamson">Jeff D. Williamson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Cralen" sort="Davis, Cralen" uniqKey="Davis C" first="Cralen" last="Davis">Cralen Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ambrosius, Walter T" sort="Ambrosius, Walter T" uniqKey="Ambrosius W" first="Walter T." last="Ambrosius">Walter T. Ambrosius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rapp, Stephen R" sort="Rapp, Stephen R" uniqKey="Rapp S" first="Stephen R." last="Rapp">Stephen R. Rapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cesari, Matteo" sort="Cesari, Matteo" uniqKey="Cesari M" first="Matteo" last="Cesari">Matteo Cesari</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University of Florida, Gainesville.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newman, Anne B" sort="Newman, Anne B" uniqKey="Newman A" first="Anne B." last="Newman">Anne B. Newman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Tamara B" sort="Harris, Tamara B" uniqKey="Harris T" first="Tamara B." last="Harris">Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubin, Susan M" sort="Rubin, Susan M" uniqKey="Rubin S" first="Susan M." last="Rubin">Susan M. Rubin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yaffe, Kristine" sort="Yaffe, Kristine" uniqKey="Yaffe K" first="Kristine" last="Yaffe">Kristine Yaffe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Satterfield, Suzanne" sort="Satterfield, Suzanne" uniqKey="Satterfield S" first="Suzanne" last="Satterfield">Suzanne Satterfield</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kritchevsky, Stephen B" sort="Kritchevsky, Stephen B" uniqKey="Kritchevsky S" first="Stephen B." last="Kritchevsky">Stephen B. Kritchevsky</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2</idno><date when="2007" year="2007">2007</date><idno type="doi">10.1093/gerona/62.8.844</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">002343</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study</title><author><name sortKey="Atkinson, Hal H" sort="Atkinson, Hal H" uniqKey="Atkinson H" first="Hal H." last="Atkinson">Hal H. Atkinson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Address correspondence to Hal H. Atkinson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosano, Caterina" sort="Rosano, Caterina" uniqKey="Rosano C" first="Caterina" last="Rosano">Caterina Rosano</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simonsick, Eleanor M" sort="Simonsick, Eleanor M" uniqKey="Simonsick E" first="Eleanor M." last="Simonsick">Eleanor M. Simonsick</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williamson, Jeff D" sort="Williamson, Jeff D" uniqKey="Williamson J" first="Jeff D." last="Williamson">Jeff D. Williamson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Cralen" sort="Davis, Cralen" uniqKey="Davis C" first="Cralen" last="Davis">Cralen Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ambrosius, Walter T" sort="Ambrosius, Walter T" uniqKey="Ambrosius W" first="Walter T." last="Ambrosius">Walter T. Ambrosius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rapp, Stephen R" sort="Rapp, Stephen R" uniqKey="Rapp S" first="Stephen R." last="Rapp">Stephen R. Rapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cesari, Matteo" sort="Cesari, Matteo" uniqKey="Cesari M" first="Matteo" last="Cesari">Matteo Cesari</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University of Florida, Gainesville.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newman, Anne B" sort="Newman, Anne B" uniqKey="Newman A" first="Anne B." last="Newman">Anne B. Newman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Tamara B" sort="Harris, Tamara B" uniqKey="Harris T" first="Tamara B." last="Harris">Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubin, Susan M" sort="Rubin, Susan M" uniqKey="Rubin S" first="Susan M." last="Rubin">Susan M. Rubin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yaffe, Kristine" sort="Yaffe, Kristine" uniqKey="Yaffe K" first="Kristine" last="Yaffe">Kristine Yaffe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Satterfield, Suzanne" sort="Satterfield, Suzanne" uniqKey="Satterfield S" first="Suzanne" last="Satterfield">Suzanne Satterfield</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kritchevsky, Stephen B" sort="Kritchevsky, Stephen B" uniqKey="Kritchevsky S" first="Stephen B." last="Kritchevsky">Stephen B. Kritchevsky</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci</title><idno type="ISSN">1079-5006</idno><idno type="eISSN">1758-535X</idno><imprint><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><date type="published" when="2007-08">2007-08</date><biblScope unit="volume">62</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="844">844</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="850">850</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1079-5006</idno></series><idno type="istex">6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1093/gerona/62.8.844</idno><idno type="href">844</idno><idno type="local">844</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1079-5006</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background. Emerging evidence indicates an association between cognitive function and physical performance in late life. This study examines the relationship between cognitive function and subsequent gait speed decline among high-functioning older adults. Methods. Measures of global cognitive function (Modified Mini Mental State Examination [3MS]) and executive control function (ECF) (a clock drawing task [CLOX 1] and the 15-item Executive Interview [EXIT 15]) were obtained in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study in 1999–2000. Gait-speed (meters/second) was assessed over 20 meters at usual pace. Using a mixed model, we assessed the relationship between baseline cognitive function and gait-speed change over 3 years. Results. Two thousand, three hundred forty-nine older adults (mean age 75.6 ± 2.9 years) completed the assessments. After adjustment for baseline gait speed, a 1-standard-deviation (SD) lower performance on each cognitive test was associated with greater gait-speed decline over 3 years: 0.016 m/s for the 3MS (SD = 8.1), 0.009 m/s for CLOX 1 (SD = 2.4), and 0.012 m/s for EXIT 15 (SD = 4.1) (p <.0005 for all). After adjustment for comorbidities, the effect size was attenuated for 3MS and CLOX 1, and the association for EXIT 15 was no longer significant. Depression score was most strongly associated with the EXIT 15 effect reduction. Conclusion. Global and executive cognitive functions predict declines in gait speed. The association of ECF with gait speed decline is attenuated by comorbid conditions, particularly depression. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these associations may point to new pathways for the treatment of physical decline associated with diminished cognitive function.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>oup</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Hal H. Atkinson</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</json:string><json:string>Address correspondence to Hal H. Atkinson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Caterina Rosano</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Eleanor M. Simonsick</name><affiliations><json:string>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jeff D. Williamson</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Cralen Davis</name></json:item><json:item><name>Walter T. Ambrosius</name></json:item><json:item><name>Stephen R. Rapp</name></json:item><json:item><name>Matteo Cesari</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University of Florida, Gainesville.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Anne B. Newman</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliations><json:string>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Susan M. Rubin</name></json:item><json:item><name>Kristine Yaffe</name></json:item><json:item><name>Suzanne Satterfield</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Stephen B. Kritchevsky</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Background. Emerging evidence indicates an association between cognitive function and physical performance in late life. This study examines the relationship between cognitive function and subsequent gait speed decline among high-functioning older adults. Methods. Measures of global cognitive function (Modified Mini Mental State Examination [3MS]) and executive control function (ECF) (a clock drawing task [CLOX 1] and the 15-item Executive Interview [EXIT 15]) were obtained in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study in 1999–2000. Gait-speed (meters/second) was assessed over 20 meters at usual pace. Using a mixed model, we assessed the relationship between baseline cognitive function and gait-speed change over 3 years. Results. Two thousand, three hundred forty-nine older adults (mean age 75.6 ± 2.9 years) completed the assessments. After adjustment for baseline gait speed, a 1-standard-deviation (SD) lower performance on each cognitive test was associated with greater gait-speed decline over 3 years: 0.016 m/s for the 3MS (SD = 8.1), 0.009 m/s for CLOX 1 (SD = 2.4), and 0.012 m/s for EXIT 15 (SD = 4.1) (p >.0005 for all). After adjustment for comorbidities, the effect size was attenuated for 3MS and CLOX 1, and the association for EXIT 15 was no longer significant. Depression score was most strongly associated with the EXIT 15 effect reduction. Conclusion. Global and executive cognitive functions predict declines in gait speed. The association of ECF with gait speed decline is attenuated by comorbid conditions, particularly depression. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these associations may point to new pathways for the treatment of physical decline associated with diminished cognitive function.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.471</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>602.986 x 773.972 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>1</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1738</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>4471</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>29607</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>7</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>254</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study</title><corporate><json:item><name>for the Health ABC study</name></json:item></corporate><genre><json:string>other</json:string></genre><host><volume>62</volume><pages><last>850</last><first>844</first></pages><issn><json:string>1079-5006</json:string></issn><issue>8</issue><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1758-535X</json:string></eissn><title>The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</title></host><categories><wos><json:string>GERONTOLOGY</json:string><json:string>GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>2007</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2007</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1093/gerona/62.8.844</json:string></doi><id>6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><availability><p>OUP</p></availability><date>2007</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Address correspondence to Hal H. Atkinson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. E-mail: hatkinso@wfubmc.edu</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study</title><author><orgName>for the Health ABC study</orgName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Hal H.</forename><surname>Atkinson</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</affiliation><affiliation>Address correspondence to Hal H. Atkinson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Caterina</forename><surname>Rosano</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Eleanor M.</forename><surname>Simonsick</surname></persName><affiliation>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Jeff D.</forename><surname>Williamson</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Cralen</forename><surname>Davis</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Walter T.</forename><surname>Ambrosius</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Stephen R.</forename><surname>Rapp</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Matteo</forename><surname>Cesari</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University of Florida, Gainesville.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Anne B.</forename><surname>Newman</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Tamara B.</forename><surname>Harris</surname></persName><affiliation>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Susan M.</forename><surname>Rubin</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Kristine</forename><surname>Yaffe</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Suzanne</forename><surname>Satterfield</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Stephen B.</forename><surname>Kritchevsky</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci</title><idno type="pISSN">1079-5006</idno><idno type="eISSN">1758-535X</idno><imprint><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><date type="published" when="2007-08"></date><biblScope unit="volume">62</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="844">844</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="850">850</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1093/gerona/62.8.844</idno><idno type="href">844</idno><idno type="local">844</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2007</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Emerging evidence indicates an association between cognitive function and physical performance in late life. This study examines the relationship between cognitive function and subsequent gait speed decline among high-functioning older adults. Methods. Measures of global cognitive function (Modified Mini Mental State Examination [3MS]) and executive control function (ECF) (a clock drawing task [CLOX 1] and the 15-item Executive Interview [EXIT 15]) were obtained in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study in 1999–2000. Gait-speed (meters/second) was assessed over 20 meters at usual pace. Using a mixed model, we assessed the relationship between baseline cognitive function and gait-speed change over 3 years. Results. Two thousand, three hundred forty-nine older adults (mean age 75.6 ± 2.9 years) completed the assessments. After adjustment for baseline gait speed, a 1-standard-deviation (SD) lower performance on each cognitive test was associated with greater gait-speed decline over 3 years: 0.016 m/s for the 3MS (SD = 8.1), 0.009 m/s for CLOX 1 (SD = 2.4), and 0.012 m/s for EXIT 15 (SD = 4.1) (p <.0005 for all). After adjustment for comorbidities, the effect size was attenuated for 3MS and CLOX 1, and the association for EXIT 15 was no longer significant. Depression score was most strongly associated with the EXIT 15 effect reduction. Conclusion. Global and executive cognitive functions predict declines in gait speed. The association of ECF with gait speed decline is attenuated by comorbid conditions, particularly depression. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these associations may point to new pathways for the treatment of physical decline associated with diminished cognitive function.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2007-08">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/6194D16518EA16C6D2F85E7B696D498D0097DDD2/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus oup" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article xml:lang="en" article-type="other"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">gerona</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gerona</journal-id><journal-title>The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">1079-5006</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1758-535X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="other">844</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/gerona/62.8.844</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Atkinson</surname><given-names>Hal H.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1"></xref><xref rid="COR1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosano</surname><given-names>Caterina</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simonsick</surname><given-names>Eleanor M.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williamson</surname><given-names>Jeff D.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>Cralen</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ambrosius</surname><given-names>Walter T.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rapp</surname><given-names>Stephen R.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF5"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cesari</surname><given-names>Matteo</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF6"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Newman</surname><given-names>Anne B.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harris</surname><given-names>Tamara B.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rubin</surname><given-names>Susan M.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF7"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yaffe</surname><given-names>Kristine</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF8"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Satterfield</surname><given-names>Suzanne</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF9"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kritchevsky</surname><given-names>Stephen B.</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="author">for the Health ABC study</collab></contrib><aff id="AFF1"><label>1</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</aff><aff id="AFF2"><label>2</label>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</aff><aff id="AFF3"><label>3</label>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</aff><aff><target target-type="aff" id="AFF4"></target><label>4</label>Division of Public Health Sciences and <target target-type="aff" id="AFF5"></target><label>5</label>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</aff><aff id="AFF6"><label>6</label>Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University of Florida, Gainesville.</aff><aff><target target-type="aff" id="AFF7"></target>Departments of <label>7</label>Epidemiology and Biostatistics and <target target-type="aff" id="AFF8"></target><label>8</label>Psychiatry, Neurology and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco.</aff><aff id="AFF9"><label>9</label>Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="COR1">Address correspondence to Hal H. Atkinson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. E-mail: <ext-link xlink:href="hatkinso@wfubmc.edu" ext-link-type="email">hatkinso@wfubmc.edu</ext-link></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>844</fpage><lpage>850</lpage><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>11</month><year>2006</year></date><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>6</month><year>2006</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright 2007 by The Gerontological Society of America</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2007</copyright-year></permissions><self-uri content-type="arthw-pdf" xlink:href="844"></self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Background.</italic></bold> Emerging evidence indicates an association between cognitive function and physical performance in late life. This study examines the relationship between cognitive function and subsequent gait speed decline among high-functioning older adults.</p><p><bold><italic>Methods.</italic></bold> Measures of global cognitive function (Modified Mini Mental State Examination [3MS]) and executive control function (ECF) (a clock drawing task [CLOX 1] and the 15-item Executive Interview [EXIT 15]) were obtained in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study in 1999–2000. Gait-speed (meters/second) was assessed over 20 meters at usual pace. Using a mixed model, we assessed the relationship between baseline cognitive function and gait-speed change over 3 years.</p><p><bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> Two thousand, three hundred forty-nine older adults (mean age 75.6 ± 2.9 years) completed the assessments. After adjustment for baseline gait speed, a 1-standard-deviation (<italic>SD</italic>) lower performance on each cognitive test was associated with greater gait-speed decline over 3 years: 0.016 m/s for the 3MS (<italic>SD</italic> = 8.1), 0.009 m/s for CLOX 1 (<italic>SD</italic> = 2.4), and 0.012 m/s for EXIT 15 (<italic>SD</italic> = 4.1) (<italic>p</italic> <.0005 for all). After adjustment for comorbidities, the effect size was attenuated for 3MS and CLOX 1, and the association for EXIT 15 was no longer significant. Depression score was most strongly associated with the EXIT 15 effect reduction.</p><p><bold><italic>Conclusion.</italic></bold> Global and executive cognitive functions predict declines in gait speed. The association of ECF with gait speed decline is attenuated by comorbid conditions, particularly depression. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these associations may point to new pathways for the treatment of physical decline associated with diminished cognitive function.</p></abstract><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>hwp-legacy-fpage</meta-name><meta-value>844</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>hwp-legacy-dochead</meta-name><meta-value>RESEARCH ARTICLE</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study</title></titleInfo><name type="corporate"><namePart>for the Health ABC study</namePart></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Hal H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Atkinson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</affiliation><affiliation>Address correspondence to Hal H. Atkinson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Caterina</namePart><namePart type="family">Rosano</namePart><affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Eleanor M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Simonsick</namePart><affiliation>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jeff D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Williamson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Cralen</namePart><namePart type="family">Davis</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Walter T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Ambrosius</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephen R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rapp</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Matteo</namePart><namePart type="family">Cesari</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University of Florida, Gainesville.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anne B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Newman</namePart><affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Pittsburgh Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Tamara B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Harris</namePart><affiliation>Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Susan M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rubin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kristine</namePart><namePart type="family">Yaffe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Suzanne</namePart><namePart type="family">Satterfield</namePart><affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephen B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kritchevsky</namePart><affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center and Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="other" displayLabel="other"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-08</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Background. Emerging evidence indicates an association between cognitive function and physical performance in late life. This study examines the relationship between cognitive function and subsequent gait speed decline among high-functioning older adults. Methods. Measures of global cognitive function (Modified Mini Mental State Examination [3MS]) and executive control function (ECF) (a clock drawing task [CLOX 1] and the 15-item Executive Interview [EXIT 15]) were obtained in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study in 1999–2000. Gait-speed (meters/second) was assessed over 20 meters at usual pace. Using a mixed model, we assessed the relationship between baseline cognitive function and gait-speed change over 3 years. Results. Two thousand, three hundred forty-nine older adults (mean age 75.6 ± 2.9 years) completed the assessments. After adjustment for baseline gait speed, a 1-standard-deviation (SD) lower performance on each cognitive test was associated with greater gait-speed decline over 3 years: 0.016 m/s for the 3MS (SD = 8.1), 0.009 m/s for CLOX 1 (SD = 2.4), and 0.012 m/s for EXIT 15 (SD = 4.1) (p <.0005 for all). After adjustment for comorbidities, the effect size was attenuated for 3MS and CLOX 1, and the association for EXIT 15 was no longer significant. Depression score was most strongly associated with the EXIT 15 effect reduction. Conclusion. Global and executive cognitive functions predict declines in gait speed. The association of ECF with gait speed decline is attenuated by comorbid conditions, particularly depression. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these associations may point to new pathways for the treatment of physical decline associated with diminished cognitive function.</abstract><note type="author-notes">Address correspondence to Hal H. Atkinson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. 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