Analysis of Gray Matter in AD Patients and MCI Subjects Based Voxel-Based Morphometry
Identifieur interne : 001D72 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 001D71; suivant : 001D73Analysis of Gray Matter in AD Patients and MCI Subjects Based Voxel-Based Morphometry
Auteurs : Zhijun Yao ; Bin Hu ; Lina Zhao ; Chuanjiang LiangSource :
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science [ 0302-9743 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
Abstract: In recent years, pathological researches of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients have gained a great deal of attention. In this study, we used the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method to analyze the Magnatic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data of gray matter volumes in 98 normal controls (NCs), 91 AD patients and 113 MCI subjects. The measurements of gray matter volumes were calculated for each of the three groups respectively. We found that compared with MCI subjects, AD patients had further atrophy in the following brain regions: right insula, left hippocampus, right fusiform and bilateral middle temporal gyrus. Compared with NCs, AD patients and MCI subjects shared some abnormal brain regions such as bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus, left amygdala and left fusiform. The results provided additional evidences to support the viewpoint that MCI is the transitional stage between normal aging and AD.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23605-1_22
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In this study, we used the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method to analyze the Magnatic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data of gray matter volumes in 98 normal controls (NCs), 91 AD patients and 113 MCI subjects. The measurements of gray matter volumes were calculated for each of the three groups respectively. We found that compared with MCI subjects, AD patients had further atrophy in the following brain regions: right insula, left hippocampus, right fusiform and bilateral middle temporal gyrus. Compared with NCs, AD patients and MCI subjects shared some abnormal brain regions such as bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus, left amygdala and left fusiform. The results provided additional evidences to support the viewpoint that MCI is the transitional stage between normal aging and AD.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Zhijun Yao</name><affiliations><json:string>The School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China</json:string><json:string>E-mail: yaozj@lzu.edu.cn</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Bin Hu</name><affiliations><json:string>The School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China</json:string><json:string>School of Computing, Telecomminications and Networks, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK</json:string><json:string>E-mail: bh@lzu.edu.cn</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Lina Zhao</name><affiliations><json:string>The School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China</json:string><json:string>E-mail: zhaoln10@lzu.edu.cn</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Chuanjiang Liang</name><affiliations><json:string>The School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China</json:string><json:string>E-mail: liangchj07@lzu.edu.cn</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Abstract: In recent years, pathological researches of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients have gained a great deal of attention. In this study, we used the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method to analyze the Magnatic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data of gray matter volumes in 98 normal controls (NCs), 91 AD patients and 113 MCI subjects. The measurements of gray matter volumes were calculated for each of the three groups respectively. We found that compared with MCI subjects, AD patients had further atrophy in the following brain regions: right insula, left hippocampus, right fusiform and bilateral middle temporal gyrus. Compared with NCs, AD patients and MCI subjects shared some abnormal brain regions such as bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus, left amygdala and left fusiform. 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type="first">David</forename><surname>Hutchison</surname></persName><affiliation>Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Takeo</forename><surname>Kanade</surname></persName><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Josef</forename><surname>Kittler</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Jon</forename><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Kleinberg</surname></persName><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Friedemann</forename><surname>Mattern</surname></persName><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">John</forename><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Mitchell</surname></persName><affiliation>Stanford 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type="first">Demetri</forename><surname>Terzopoulos</surname></persName><affiliation>University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Doug</forename><surname>Tygar</surname></persName><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Moshe</forename><forename type="first">Y.</forename><surname>Vardi</surname></persName><affiliation>Rice University, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Gerhard</forename><surname>Weikum</surname></persName><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Randy</forename><surname>Goebel</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Jörg</forename><surname>Siekmann</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Wolfgang</forename><surname>Wahlster</surname></persName><affiliation>DFKI and University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Bin</forename><surname>Hu</surname></persName><email>bh@lzu.edu.cn</email><affiliation>School of Information Science and Engineering, Feiyun Lou Building, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Jiming</forename><surname>Liu</surname></persName><email>jiming@comp.hkbu.edu.hk</email><affiliation>Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Lin</forename><surname>Chen</surname></persName><email>cl@cogsci.ibp.ac.cn</email><affiliation>Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyng District, 100101, Beijing, China</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Ning</forename><surname>Zhong</surname></persName><email>zhong@maebashi-it.ac.jp</email><affiliation>Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori-Cho, 371.0816, Maebashi-City, Japan</affiliation></editor><idno type="pISSN">0302-9743</idno><idno type="eISSN">1611-3349</idno><biblScope type="seriesId">1244</biblScope></series><idno type="istex">EB19AA18362F9BE83CEE8AB2A7B52EB3E9C51AE5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-642-23605-1_22</idno><idno type="ChapterID">Chap22</idno><idno type="ChapterID">22</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2011</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: In recent years, pathological researches of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients have gained a great deal of attention. In this study, we used the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method to analyze the Magnatic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data of gray matter volumes in 98 normal controls (NCs), 91 AD patients and 113 MCI subjects. The measurements of gray matter volumes were calculated for each of the three groups respectively. We found that compared with MCI subjects, AD patients had further atrophy in the following brain regions: right insula, left hippocampus, right fusiform and bilateral middle temporal gyrus. Compared with NCs, AD patients and MCI subjects shared some abnormal brain regions such as bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus, left amygdala and left fusiform. The results provided additional evidences to support the viewpoint that MCI is the transitional stage between normal aging and AD.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="Book Subject Collection"><list><label>SUCO11645</label><item><term>Computer Science</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Book Subject Group"><list><label>I</label><label>I21017</label><label>I18040</label><label>I16021</label><label>I18024</label><label>I22021</label><label>I18067</label><item><term>Computer Science</term></item><item><term>Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics)</term></item><item><term>Information Systems Applications (incl.Internet)</term></item><item><term>Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity</term></item><item><term>Database Management</term></item><item><term>Image Processing and Computer Vision</term></item><item><term>User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2011">Published</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2016-3-1">References added</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EB19AA18362F9BE83CEE8AB2A7B52EB3E9C51AE5/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Springer, Publisher found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//Springer-Verlag//DTD 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AffiliationIDS="Aff20"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Jiming</GivenName><FamilyName>Liu</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>jiming@comp.hkbu.edu.hk</Email></Contact></Editor><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff21"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Lin</GivenName><FamilyName>Chen</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>cl@cogsci.ibp.ac.cn</Email></Contact></Editor><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff22"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Ning</GivenName><FamilyName>Zhong</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>zhong@maebashi-it.ac.jp</Email></Contact></Editor><Affiliation ID="Aff19"><OrgDivision>School of Information Science and Engineering, Feiyun Lou Building</OrgDivision><OrgName>Lanzhou University</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Tianshui South Road 222</Street><Postcode>730000</Postcode><City>Lanzhou</City><State>Gansu</State><Country>China</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff20"><OrgDivision>Department of Computer Science</OrgDivision><OrgName>Hong Kong Baptist University</OrgName><OrgAddress><Postcode>Kowloon Tong</Postcode><Country>Hong Kong SAR</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff21"><OrgDivision>Chinese Academy of Sciences</OrgDivision><OrgName>Institute of Biophysics</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>15 Datun Road, Chaoyng District</Street><Postcode>100101</Postcode><City>Beijing</City><Country>China</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff22"><OrgDivision>Department of Life Science and Informatics</OrgDivision><OrgName>Maebashi Institute of Technology</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>460-1 Kamisadori-Cho</Street><Postcode>371.0816</Postcode><City>Maebashi-City</City><Country>Japan</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></EditorGroup></BookHeader><Part ID="Part4"><PartInfo TocLevels="0"><PartID>4</PartID><PartSequenceNumber>4</PartSequenceNumber><PartTitle>Cognition-Inspired Applications</PartTitle><PartChapterCount>6</PartChapterCount><PartContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID><BookTitle>Brain Informatics</BookTitle></PartContext></PartInfo><Chapter ID="Chap22" Language="En"><ChapterInfo ChapterType="OriginalPaper" ContainsESM="No" NumberingDepth="2" NumberingStyle="ContentOnly" TocLevels="0"><ChapterID>22</ChapterID><ChapterDOI>10.1007/978-3-642-23605-1_22</ChapterDOI><ChapterSequenceNumber>22</ChapterSequenceNumber><ChapterTitle Language="En">Analysis of Gray Matter in AD Patients and MCI Subjects Based Voxel-Based Morphometry</ChapterTitle><ChapterFirstPage>209</ChapterFirstPage><ChapterLastPage>217</ChapterLastPage><ChapterCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2011</CopyrightYear></ChapterCopyright><ChapterGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ChapterGrants><ChapterContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID><PartID>4</PartID><BookID>978-3-642-23605-1</BookID><BookTitle>Brain Informatics</BookTitle></ChapterContext></ChapterInfo><ChapterHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Zhijun</GivenName><FamilyName>Yao</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>yaozj@lzu.edu.cn</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23 Aff24"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Bin</GivenName><FamilyName>Hu</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>bh@lzu.edu.cn</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Lina</GivenName><FamilyName>Zhao</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>zhaoln10@lzu.edu.cn</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Chuanjiang</GivenName><FamilyName>Liang</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>liangchj07@lzu.edu.cn</Email></Contact></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff23"><OrgDivision>The School of Information Science and Engineering</OrgDivision><OrgName>Lanzhou University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Lanzhou</City><Country>China</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff24"><OrgDivision>School of Computing, Telecomminications and Networks</OrgDivision><OrgName>Birmingham City University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Birmingham</City><Country>UK</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><Para>In recent years, pathological researches of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients have gained a great deal of attention. In this study, we used the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method to analyze the Magnatic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data of gray matter volumes in 98 normal controls (NCs), 91 AD patients and 113 MCI subjects. The measurements of gray matter volumes were calculated for each of the three groups respectively. We found that compared with MCI subjects, AD patients had further atrophy in the following brain regions: right insula, left hippocampus, right fusiform and bilateral middle temporal gyrus. Compared with NCs, AD patients and MCI subjects shared some abnormal brain regions such as bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus, left amygdala and left fusiform. The results provided additional evidences to support the viewpoint that MCI is the transitional stage between normal aging and AD.</Para></Abstract><KeywordGroup Language="En"><Heading>Keywords</Heading><Keyword>Alzheimer’s disease</Keyword><Keyword>mild cognitive impairment</Keyword><Keyword>voxel-based morphometry</Keyword></KeywordGroup></ChapterHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Chapter></Part></Book></Series></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Analysis of Gray Matter in AD Patients and MCI Subjects Based Voxel-Based Morphometry</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Analysis of Gray Matter in AD Patients and MCI Subjects Based Voxel-Based Morphometry</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Zhijun</namePart><namePart type="family">Yao</namePart><affiliation>The School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: yaozj@lzu.edu.cn</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bin</namePart><namePart type="family">Hu</namePart><affiliation>The School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China</affiliation><affiliation>School of Computing, Telecomminications and Networks, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bh@lzu.edu.cn</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lina</namePart><namePart type="family">Zhao</namePart><affiliation>The School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: zhaoln10@lzu.edu.cn</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Chuanjiang</namePart><namePart type="family">Liang</namePart><affiliation>The School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: liangchj07@lzu.edu.cn</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="conference [research-article]" displayLabel="OriginalPaper"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Berlin, Heidelberg</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Abstract: In recent years, pathological researches of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients have gained a great deal of attention. In this study, we used the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method to analyze the Magnatic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data of gray matter volumes in 98 normal controls (NCs), 91 AD patients and 113 MCI subjects. The measurements of gray matter volumes were calculated for each of the three groups respectively. We found that compared with MCI subjects, AD patients had further atrophy in the following brain regions: right insula, left hippocampus, right fusiform and bilateral middle temporal gyrus. Compared with NCs, AD patients and MCI subjects shared some abnormal brain regions such as bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus, left amygdala and left fusiform. The results provided additional evidences to support the viewpoint that MCI is the transitional stage between normal aging and AD.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Brain Informatics</title><subTitle>International Conference, BI 2011, Lanzhou, China, September 7-9, 2011. Proceedings</subTitle></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bin</namePart><namePart type="family">Hu</namePart><affiliation>School of Information Science and Engineering, Feiyun Lou Building, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bh@lzu.edu.cn</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jiming</namePart><namePart type="family">Liu</namePart><affiliation>Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: jiming@comp.hkbu.edu.hk</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lin</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><affiliation>Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyng District, 100101, Beijing, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: cl@cogsci.ibp.ac.cn</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ning</namePart><namePart type="family">Zhong</namePart><affiliation>Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori-Cho, 371.0816, Maebashi-City, Japan</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: zhong@maebashi-it.ac.jp</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="Book Series" displayLabel="Proceedings"></genre><originInfo><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><subject><genre>Book Subject Collection</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="SUCO11645">Computer Science</topic></subject><subject><genre>Book Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I">Computer Science</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I21017">Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics)</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18040">Information Systems Applications (incl.Internet)</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I16021">Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18024">Database Management</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I22021">Image Processing and Computer Vision</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18067">User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction</topic></subject><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-642-23605-1</identifier><identifier type="ISBN">978-3-642-23604-4</identifier><identifier type="eISBN">978-3-642-23605-1</identifier><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier type="BookTitleID">272836</identifier><identifier type="BookID">978-3-642-23605-1</identifier><identifier type="BookChapterCount">33</identifier><identifier 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USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Josef</namePart><namePart type="family">Kittler</namePart><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jon</namePart><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kleinberg</namePart><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Friedemann</namePart><namePart type="family">Mattern</namePart><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Mitchell</namePart><affiliation>Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 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type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gerhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Weikum</namePart><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate><issuance>serial</issuance></originInfo><relatedItem type="constituent"><titleInfo><title>Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Hutchison</namePart><affiliation>Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Takeo</namePart><namePart type="family">Kanade</namePart><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name 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type="given">Moni</namePart><namePart type="family">Naor</namePart><affiliation>Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Oscar</namePart><namePart type="family">Nierstrasz</namePart><affiliation>University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Pandu Rangan</namePart><affiliation>Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bernhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Steffen</namePart><affiliation>University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Madhu</namePart><namePart type="family">Sudan</namePart><affiliation>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Demetri</namePart><namePart type="family">Terzopoulos</namePart><affiliation>University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Doug</namePart><namePart type="family">Tygar</namePart><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moshe</namePart><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vardi</namePart><affiliation>Rice University, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gerhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Weikum</namePart><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Randy</namePart><namePart type="family">Goebel</namePart><affiliation>University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jörg</namePart><namePart type="family">Siekmann</namePart><affiliation>University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Wolfgang</namePart><namePart type="family">Wahlster</namePart><affiliation>DFKI and University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bin</namePart><namePart type="family">Hu</namePart><affiliation>School of Information Science and Engineering, Feiyun Lou Building, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bh@lzu.edu.cn</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jiming</namePart><namePart type="family">Liu</namePart><affiliation>Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: jiming@comp.hkbu.edu.hk</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lin</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><affiliation>Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyng District, 100101, Beijing, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: cl@cogsci.ibp.ac.cn</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ning</namePart><namePart type="family">Zhong</namePart><affiliation>Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori-Cho, 371.0816, Maebashi-City, Japan</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: zhong@maebashi-it.ac.jp</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="Sub-Series"></genre><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier type="SubSeriesID">1244</identifier></relatedItem><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier type="SeriesID">558</identifier><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg, 2011</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">EB19AA18362F9BE83CEE8AB2A7B52EB3E9C51AE5</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-642-23605-1_22</identifier><identifier type="ChapterID">Chap22</identifier><identifier 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