D1 and D2-type dopamine receptors in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy
Identifieur interne : 001C71 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 001C70; suivant : 001C72D1 and D2-type dopamine receptors in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy
Auteurs : Laurent Pierot ; Claire Desnos ; Jerome Blin ; Rita Raisman ; Daniel Scherman ; France Javoy-Agid ; Merle Ruberg ; Yves AgidSource :
- Journal of the Neurological Sciences [ 0022-510X ] ; 1988.
Abstract
The densities of D1- and D2-type dopamine receptors were measured with [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]spiperone, in the caudate nucleus and putamen of a large series of patients with Parkinson's disease or progressive supranuclear palsy, in relation to markers of dopaminergic and cholinergic innervation of the striatum ([3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding and choline acetyltransferase activity). Correlations were sought between these parameters and clinical characteristics of the patients (abnormal involuntary movements, dementia, confusional syndrome or treatment).In Parkinson's disease, the densities of both types of receptors were unchanged, whereas in PSP, the density of D2, but not D1-type dopamine receptors, was decreased in the caudate nucleus and the putamen. No correlations between the biochemical and clinical data were found.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/0022-510X(88)90106-2
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Curie, F-75005 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blin, Jerome" sort="Blin, Jerome" uniqKey="Blin J" first="Jerome" last="Blin">Jerome Blin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raisman, Rita" sort="Raisman, Rita" uniqKey="Raisman R" first="Rita" last="Raisman">Rita Raisman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scherman, Daniel" sort="Scherman, Daniel" uniqKey="Scherman D" first="Daniel" last="Scherman">Daniel Scherman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unité CNRS de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13, rue P.M. 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Curie, F-75005 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blin, Jerome" sort="Blin, Jerome" uniqKey="Blin J" first="Jerome" last="Blin">Jerome Blin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raisman, Rita" sort="Raisman, Rita" uniqKey="Raisman R" first="Rita" last="Raisman">Rita Raisman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scherman, Daniel" sort="Scherman, Daniel" uniqKey="Scherman D" first="Daniel" last="Scherman">Daniel Scherman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unité CNRS de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13, rue P.M. Curie, F-75005 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Javoy Agid, France" sort="Javoy Agid, France" uniqKey="Javoy Agid F" first="France" last="Javoy-Agid">France Javoy-Agid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruberg, Merle" sort="Ruberg, Merle" uniqKey="Ruberg M" first="Merle" last="Ruberg">Merle Ruberg</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence to: Professor Y. Agid, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JNS</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1988">1988</date><biblScope unit="volume">86</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2–3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="291">291</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="306">306</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno></series><idno type="istex">FB890763DD020CDFE4B4FC9F1CFEEE904A0C53E3</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/0022-510X(88)90106-2</idno><idno type="PII">0022-510X(88)90106-2</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The densities of D1- and D2-type dopamine receptors were measured with [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]spiperone, in the caudate nucleus and putamen of a large series of patients with Parkinson's disease or progressive supranuclear palsy, in relation to markers of dopaminergic and cholinergic innervation of the striatum ([3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding and choline acetyltransferase activity). Correlations were sought between these parameters and clinical characteristics of the patients (abnormal involuntary movements, dementia, confusional syndrome or treatment).In Parkinson's disease, the densities of both types of receptors were unchanged, whereas in PSP, the density of D2, but not D1-type dopamine receptors, was decreased in the caudate nucleus and the putamen. No correlations between the biochemical and clinical data were found.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Laurent Pierot</name><affiliations><json:string>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Claire Desnos</name><affiliations><json:string>Unité CNRS de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13, rue P.M. Curie, F-75005 Paris France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jerome Blin</name><affiliations><json:string>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Rita Raisman</name><affiliations><json:string>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Daniel Scherman</name><affiliations><json:string>Unité CNRS de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13, rue P.M. Curie, F-75005 Paris France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>France Javoy-Agid</name><affiliations><json:string>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Merle Ruberg</name><affiliations><json:string>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Yves Agid</name><affiliations><json:string>Correspondence to: Professor Y. Agid, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.</json:string><json:string>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Parkinson's disease</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Supranuclear palsy</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Dopamine receptors</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Monoamine transporter</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>The densities of D1- and D2-type dopamine receptors were measured with [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]spiperone, in the caudate nucleus and putamen of a large series of patients with Parkinson's disease or progressive supranuclear palsy, in relation to markers of dopaminergic and cholinergic innervation of the striatum ([3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding and choline acetyltransferase activity). Correlations were sought between these parameters and clinical characteristics of the patients (abnormal involuntary movements, dementia, confusional syndrome or treatment).In Parkinson's disease, the densities of both types of receptors were unchanged, whereas in PSP, the density of D2, but not D1-type dopamine receptors, was decreased in the caudate nucleus and the putamen. 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Curie, F-75005 Paris France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Jerome</forename><surname>Blin</surname></persName><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Rita</forename><surname>Raisman</surname></persName><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Daniel</forename><surname>Scherman</surname></persName><affiliation>Unité CNRS de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13, rue P.M. Curie, F-75005 Paris France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">France</forename><surname>Javoy-Agid</surname></persName><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Merle</forename><surname>Ruberg</surname></persName><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Yves</forename><surname>Agid</surname></persName><affiliation>Correspondence to: Professor Y. Agid, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JNS</title><idno type="pISSN">0022-510X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-510X(00)X0332-2</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1988"></date><biblScope unit="volume">86</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2–3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="291">291</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="306">306</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">FB890763DD020CDFE4B4FC9F1CFEEE904A0C53E3</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/0022-510X(88)90106-2</idno><idno type="PII">0022-510X(88)90106-2</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1988</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The densities of D1- and D2-type dopamine receptors were measured with [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]spiperone, in the caudate nucleus and putamen of a large series of patients with Parkinson's disease or progressive supranuclear palsy, in relation to markers of dopaminergic and cholinergic innervation of the striatum ([3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding and choline acetyltransferase activity). Correlations were sought between these parameters and clinical characteristics of the patients (abnormal involuntary movements, dementia, confusional syndrome or treatment).In Parkinson's disease, the densities of both types of receptors were unchanged, whereas in PSP, the density of D2, but not D1-type dopamine receptors, was decreased in the caudate nucleus and the putamen. No correlations between the biochemical and clinical data were found.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Parkinson's disease</term></item><item><term>Supranuclear palsy</term></item><item><term>Dopamine receptors</term></item><item><term>Monoamine transporter</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1988-04-21">Registration</change><change when="1988-04-21">Modified</change><change when="1988">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>JNS</jid><aid>88901062</aid><ce:pii>0022-510X(88)90106-2</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/0022-510X(88)90106-2</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="1988"></ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>D1 and D2-type dopamine receptors in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Laurent</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pierot</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Claire</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Desnos</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Jerome</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Blin</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Rita</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Raisman</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Daniel</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Scherman</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>France</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Javoy-Agid</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Merle</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ruberg</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Yves</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Agid</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="COR1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Unité CNRS de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13, rue P.M. Curie, F-75005 Paris France</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="COR1"><ce:label>1</ce:label><ce:text>Correspondence to: Professor Y. Agid, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="5" month="2" year="1988"></ce:date-received><ce:date-revised day="21" month="4" year="1988"></ce:date-revised><ce:date-accepted day="21" month="4" year="1988"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>The densities of D1- and D2-type dopamine receptors were measured with [<ce:sup loc="pre">3</ce:sup>H]SCH23390 and [<ce:sup loc="pre">3</ce:sup>H]spiperone, in the caudate nucleus and putamen of a large series of patients with Parkinson's disease or progressive supranuclear palsy, in relation to markers of dopaminergic and cholinergic innervation of the striatum ([<ce:sup loc="pre">3</ce:sup>H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding and choline acetyltransferase activity). Correlations were sought between these parameters and clinical characteristics of the patients (abnormal involuntary movements, dementia, confusional syndrome or treatment).</ce:simple-para><ce:simple-para>In Parkinson's disease, the densities of both types of receptors were unchanged, whereas in PSP, the density of D2, but not D1-type dopamine receptors, was decreased in the caudate nucleus and the putamen. No correlations between the biochemical and clinical data were found.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Parkinson's disease</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Supranuclear palsy</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Dopamine receptors</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Monoamine transporter</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>D1 and D2-type dopamine receptors in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>D1 and D2-type dopamine receptors in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Laurent</namePart><namePart type="family">Pierot</namePart><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Claire</namePart><namePart type="family">Desnos</namePart><affiliation>Unité CNRS de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13, rue P.M. Curie, F-75005 Paris France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jerome</namePart><namePart type="family">Blin</namePart><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Rita</namePart><namePart type="family">Raisman</namePart><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Daniel</namePart><namePart type="family">Scherman</namePart><affiliation>Unité CNRS de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13, rue P.M. Curie, F-75005 Paris France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">France</namePart><namePart type="family">Javoy-Agid</namePart><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Merle</namePart><namePart type="family">Ruberg</namePart><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Yves</namePart><namePart type="family">Agid</namePart><affiliation>Correspondence to: Professor Y. Agid, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1988</dateIssued><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">1988-04-21</dateValid><dateModified encoding="w3cdtf">1988-04-21</dateModified><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1988</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The densities of D1- and D2-type dopamine receptors were measured with [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]spiperone, in the caudate nucleus and putamen of a large series of patients with Parkinson's disease or progressive supranuclear palsy, in relation to markers of dopaminergic and cholinergic innervation of the striatum ([3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding and choline acetyltransferase activity). Correlations were sought between these parameters and clinical characteristics of the patients (abnormal involuntary movements, dementia, confusional syndrome or treatment).In Parkinson's disease, the densities of both types of receptors were unchanged, whereas in PSP, the density of D2, but not D1-type dopamine receptors, was decreased in the caudate nucleus and the putamen. No correlations between the biochemical and clinical data were found.</abstract><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Parkinson's disease</topic><topic>Supranuclear palsy</topic><topic>Dopamine receptors</topic><topic>Monoamine transporter</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>JNS</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">198809</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0022-510X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-510X(00)X0332-2</identifier><part><date>198809</date><detail type="volume"><number>86</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>2–3</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>113</start><end>370</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>291</start><end>306</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">FB890763DD020CDFE4B4FC9F1CFEEE904A0C53E3</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/0022-510X(88)90106-2</identifier><identifier type="PII">0022-510X(88)90106-2</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><istex:catWosTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/FB890763DD020CDFE4B4FC9F1CFEEE904A0C53E3/enrichments/catWos"><teiHeader><profileDesc><textClass><classCode scheme="WOS">CLINICAL NEUROLOGY</classCode><classCode scheme="WOS">NEUROIMAGING</classCode><classCode scheme="WOS">NEUROSCIENCES</classCode></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:catWosTEI></enrichments></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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