Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease
Identifieur interne : 000966 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000965; suivant : 000967Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease
Auteurs : Peter Redgrave ; Manuel Rodriguez ; Yoland Smith ; Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz ; Stephane Lehericy ; Hagai Bergman ; Yves Agid ; Mahlon R. Delong ; Jose A. ObesoSource :
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience [ 1471-003X ] ; 2010-11.
Abstract
Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Studies in animals and humans have identified spatially segregated functional territories in the basal ganglia for the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. In patients with Parkinson's disease the loss of dopamine is predominantly in the posterior putamen, a region of the basal ganglia associated with the control of habitual behaviour. These patients may therefore be forced into a progressive reliance on the goal-directed mode of action control that is mediated by comparatively preserved processing in the rostromedial striatum. Thus, many of their behavioural difficulties may reflect a loss of normal automatic control owing to distorting output signals from habitual control circuits, which impede the expression of goal-directed action.
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DOI: 10.1038/nrn2915
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease</title><author><name sortKey="Redgrave, Peter" sort="Redgrave, Peter" uniqKey="Redgrave P" first="Peter" last="Redgrave">Peter Redgrave</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: P.Redgrave@sheffield.ac.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, Manuel" sort="Rodriguez, Manuel" uniqKey="Rodriguez M" first="Manuel" last="Rodriguez">Manuel Rodriguez</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, 38201, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Yoland" sort="Smith, Yoland" uniqKey="Smith Y" first="Yoland" last="Smith">Yoland Smith</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Oroz, Maria C" sort="Rodriguez Oroz, Maria C" uniqKey="Rodriguez Oroz M" first="Maria C." last="Rodriguez-Oroz">Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehericy, Stephane" sort="Lehericy, Stephane" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="Stephane" last="Lehericy">Stephane Lehericy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Inserm U975, CNRS 7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergman, Hagai" sort="Bergman, Hagai" uniqKey="Bergman H" first="Hagai" last="Bergman">Hagai Bergman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delong, Mahlon R" sort="Delong, Mahlon R" uniqKey="Delong M" first="Mahlon R." last="Delong">Mahlon R. Delong</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jobeso@unav.es</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F</idno><date when="2010" year="2010">2010</date><idno type="doi">10.1038/nrn2915</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000966</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease</title><author><name sortKey="Redgrave, Peter" sort="Redgrave, Peter" uniqKey="Redgrave P" first="Peter" last="Redgrave">Peter Redgrave</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: P.Redgrave@sheffield.ac.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, Manuel" sort="Rodriguez, Manuel" uniqKey="Rodriguez M" first="Manuel" last="Rodriguez">Manuel Rodriguez</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, 38201, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Yoland" sort="Smith, Yoland" uniqKey="Smith Y" first="Yoland" last="Smith">Yoland Smith</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Oroz, Maria C" sort="Rodriguez Oroz, Maria C" uniqKey="Rodriguez Oroz M" first="Maria C." last="Rodriguez-Oroz">Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehericy, Stephane" sort="Lehericy, Stephane" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="Stephane" last="Lehericy">Stephane Lehericy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Inserm U975, CNRS 7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergman, Hagai" sort="Bergman, Hagai" uniqKey="Bergman H" first="Hagai" last="Bergman">Hagai Bergman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delong, Mahlon R" sort="Delong, Mahlon R" uniqKey="Delong M" first="Mahlon R." last="Delong">Mahlon R. Delong</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jobeso@unav.es</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Nature Reviews Neuroscience</title><idno type="ISSN">1471-003X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1471-0048</idno><imprint><publisher>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</publisher><date type="published" when="2010-11">2010-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="760">760</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="772">772</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1471-003X</idno></series><idno type="istex">3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1038/nrn2915</idno><idno type="ArticleID">nrn2915</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1471-003X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="eng">Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Studies in animals and humans have identified spatially segregated functional territories in the basal ganglia for the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. In patients with Parkinson's disease the loss of dopamine is predominantly in the posterior putamen, a region of the basal ganglia associated with the control of habitual behaviour. These patients may therefore be forced into a progressive reliance on the goal-directed mode of action control that is mediated by comparatively preserved processing in the rostromedial striatum. Thus, many of their behavioural difficulties may reflect a loss of normal automatic control owing to distorting output signals from habitual control circuits, which impede the expression of goal-directed action.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>nature</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Peter Redgrave</name><affiliations><json:string>Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK.</json:string><json:string>E-mail: P.Redgrave@sheffield.ac.uk</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Manuel Rodriguez</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, 38201, Spain.</json:string><json:string>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Yoland Smith</name><affiliations><json:string>Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.</json:string><json:string>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz</name><affiliations><json:string>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</json:string><json:string>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Stephane Lehericy</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Inserm U975, CNRS 7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Hagai Bergman</name><affiliations><json:string>Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Yves Agid</name><affiliations><json:string>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Mahlon R. DeLong</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jose A. Obeso</name><affiliations><json:string>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</json:string><json:string>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</json:string><json:string>E-mail: jobeso@unav.es</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Studies in animals and humans have identified spatially segregated functional territories in the basal ganglia for the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. In patients with Parkinson's disease the loss of dopamine is predominantly in the posterior putamen, a region of the basal ganglia associated with the control of habitual behaviour. These patients may therefore be forced into a progressive reliance on the goal-directed mode of action control that is mediated by comparatively preserved processing in the rostromedial striatum. Thus, many of their behavioural difficulties may reflect a loss of normal automatic control owing to distorting output signals from habitual control circuits, which impede the expression of goal-directed action.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.036</score><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 782.362 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>896</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>11488</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>81935</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>13</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>128</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease</title><genre><json:string>review-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>11</volume><pages><total>13</total><last>772</last><first>760</first></pages><issn><json:string>1471-003X</json:string></issn><issue>11</issue><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1471-0048</json:string></eissn><title>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</title></host><categories><wos><json:string>NEUROSCIENCES</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>2010</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2010</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1038/nrn2915</json:string></doi><id>3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</publisher><availability><p>NATURE</p></availability><date>2010</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Peter</forename><surname>Redgrave</surname></persName><email>P.Redgrave@sheffield.ac.uk</email><note type="biography">Peter Redgrave is a professor of neuroscience in the Department of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, UK. He was awarded an M.Sc. (1974) and a Ph.D. (1976) in physiological psychology from the University of Hull, UK. His interests are in systems analyses of basal ganglia function — in particular, the short-latency sensory control of dopaminergic neurotransmission, and basal ganglia interactions with subcortical sensorimotor structures.</note><affiliation>Peter Redgrave is a professor of neuroscience in the Department of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, UK. He was awarded an M.Sc. (1974) and a Ph.D. (1976) in physiological psychology from the University of Hull, UK. His interests are in systems analyses of basal ganglia function — in particular, the short-latency sensory control of dopaminergic neurotransmission, and basal ganglia interactions with subcortical sensorimotor structures.</affiliation><affiliation>Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Manuel</forename><surname>Rodriguez</surname></persName><note type="biography">Manuel Rodriguez has an M.D. and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain, where he is now a professor of physiology. His work has centered on the neurophysiology and neurochemistry of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of normal subjects, on experimental models of Parkinson's disease and more recently, on functional neuroimaging.</note><affiliation>Manuel Rodriguez has an M.D. and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain, where he is now a professor of physiology. His work has centered on the neurophysiology and neurochemistry of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of normal subjects, on experimental models of Parkinson's disease and more recently, on functional neuroimaging.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, 38201, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Yoland</forename><surname>Smith</surname></persName><note type="biography">Yoland Smith a professor in the Department of Neurology and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in neurobiology (with A. Parent) at Laval University, Quebec, Canada, in 1988. He has made numerous fundamental contributions to the anatomical and synaptic organization of the primate basal ganglia.</note><affiliation>Yoland Smith a professor in the Department of Neurology and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in neurobiology (with A. Parent) at Laval University, Quebec, Canada, in 1988. He has made numerous fundamental contributions to the anatomical and synaptic organization of the primate basal ganglia.</affiliation><affiliation>Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Maria C.</forename><surname>Rodriguez-Oroz</surname></persName><note type="biography">Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz is an M.D. (1990) and neurologist at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. She trained in movement disorders with J. Obeso, obtained her Ph.D. in La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain, and has become an expert in the pathophysiology of the subthalamic nucleus and in deep brain stimulation. She is currently a consultant neurologist and investigator in the Clinica Universidad de Navarra and CIMA in Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.</note><affiliation>Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz is an M.D. (1990) and neurologist at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. She trained in movement disorders with J. Obeso, obtained her Ph.D. in La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain, and has become an expert in the pathophysiology of the subthalamic nucleus and in deep brain stimulation. She is currently a consultant neurologist and investigator in the Clinica Universidad de Navarra and CIMA in Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Stephane</forename><surname>Lehericy</surname></persName><note type="biography">Stephane Lehericy M.D. is a professor of neuroradiology and Director of the Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR) at the Pitié-Salpêtrière in Paris, France. He was awarded a Ph.D. (1994) in basic neuroscience (with Y. Agid) and completed postdoctoral training in functional neuroimaging in Orsay, Paris, France, (with D. LeBihan) and at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Minnesota, USA (with K. Ugurbil). His focus is on the functional organization of the normal human basal ganglia and on movement disorders.</note><affiliation>Stephane Lehericy M.D. is a professor of neuroradiology and Director of the Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR) at the Pitié-Salpêtrière in Paris, France. He was awarded a Ph.D. (1994) in basic neuroscience (with Y. Agid) and completed postdoctoral training in functional neuroimaging in Orsay, Paris, France, (with D. LeBihan) and at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Minnesota, USA (with K. Ugurbil). His focus is on the functional organization of the normal human basal ganglia and on movement disorders.</affiliation><affiliation>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Inserm U975, CNRS 7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Hagai</forename><surname>Bergman</surname></persName><note type="biography">Hagai Bergman holds the Simone and Bernard Guttman Chair in Brain Research and is a professor of physiology at the Department of Physiology at the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel, where he has been since 1990. He studied for an M.D. (1984) at the Technion Medical School in Haifa, Israel. He took postdoctoral fellowships in the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (with M. Abeles) and then at the department of Neurology, John Hopkins hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (with M. R. DeLong). His research focuses on deciphering the functional organization of the basal ganglia and on the changes occurring in the parkinsonian state.</note><affiliation>Hagai Bergman holds the Simone and Bernard Guttman Chair in Brain Research and is a professor of physiology at the Department of Physiology at the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel, where he has been since 1990. He studied for an M.D. (1984) at the Technion Medical School in Haifa, Israel. He took postdoctoral fellowships in the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (with M. Abeles) and then at the department of Neurology, John Hopkins hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (with M. R. DeLong). His research focuses on deciphering the functional organization of the basal ganglia and on the changes occurring in the parkinsonian state.</affiliation><affiliation>Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Yves</forename><surname>Agid</surname></persName><note type="biography">Yves Agid is a professor in neurology and experimental medicine at the Institute of the Brain and Spine, Paris, France. He obtained his M.D. in 1973 and specialised in neurology and psychiatry. He was awarded a Ph.D. after studying with J. Glowinskis. For several decades he has pioneered fundamental research into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. More recently, his experience with deep brain stimulation led him to propose an integrative model of how the basal ganglia control emotional, cognitive and motor components of complex behaviours.</note><affiliation>Yves Agid is a professor in neurology and experimental medicine at the Institute of the Brain and Spine, Paris, France. He obtained his M.D. in 1973 and specialised in neurology and psychiatry. He was awarded a Ph.D. after studying with J. Glowinskis. For several decades he has pioneered fundamental research into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. More recently, his experience with deep brain stimulation led him to propose an integrative model of how the basal ganglia control emotional, cognitive and motor components of complex behaviours.</affiliation><affiliation>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Mahlon R.</forename><surname>DeLong</surname></persName><note type="biography">Mahlon R. DeLong is a professor of neurology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He first obtained a B.A. degree in physiology at Stanford University, California, USA (1961–1962) and an M.D. at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (1966). He became a neurologist in the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, where he trained with leading figures in neurology including R. Adams, M. Fisher and D. Brown. In the 1970s, he pioneered single-cell recordings in the awake monkey, which lead to the development of fundamental concepts of the functional organization of the basal ganglia. These ideas in turn provided the basis for a more scientifically grounded approach to the surgical treatment of movement disorders.</note><affiliation>Mahlon R. DeLong is a professor of neurology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He first obtained a B.A. degree in physiology at Stanford University, California, USA (1961–1962) and an M.D. at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (1966). He became a neurologist in the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, where he trained with leading figures in neurology including R. Adams, M. Fisher and D. Brown. In the 1970s, he pioneered single-cell recordings in the awake monkey, which lead to the development of fundamental concepts of the functional organization of the basal ganglia. These ideas in turn provided the basis for a more scientifically grounded approach to the surgical treatment of movement disorders.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Jose A.</forename><surname>Obeso</surname></persName><email>jobeso@unav.es</email><note type="biography">Jose A. Obeso is a professor of neurology and a senior researcher with CIMA at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. He was awarded an M.D. (1976) and a Ph.D. (1979) by the University of Navarra. He trained in neurology and neurophysiology in San Sebastian and Pamplona, Spain, and spent 2 decisive years in London, UK, with C. D. Marsden. In Pamplona, he developed new therapeutic concepts for Parkinson's disease and led several studies on the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in the MPTP monkey model.</note><affiliation>Jose A. Obeso is a professor of neurology and a senior researcher with CIMA at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. He was awarded an M.D. (1976) and a Ph.D. (1979) by the University of Navarra. He trained in neurology and neurophysiology in San Sebastian and Pamplona, Spain, and spent 2 decisive years in London, UK, with C. D. Marsden. In Pamplona, he developed new therapeutic concepts for Parkinson's disease and led several studies on the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in the MPTP monkey model.</affiliation><affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Nature Reviews Neuroscience</title><idno type="pISSN">1471-003X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1471-0048</idno><imprint><publisher>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</publisher><date type="published" when="2010-11"></date><biblScope unit="volume">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="760">760</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="772">772</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1038/nrn2915</idno><idno type="ArticleID">nrn2915</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2010</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Studies in animals and humans have identified spatially segregated functional territories in the basal ganglia for the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. In patients with Parkinson's disease the loss of dopamine is predominantly in the posterior putamen, a region of the basal ganglia associated with the control of habitual behaviour. These patients may therefore be forced into a progressive reliance on the goal-directed mode of action control that is mediated by comparatively preserved processing in the rostromedial striatum. Thus, many of their behavioural difficulties may reflect a loss of normal automatic control owing to distorting output signals from habitual control circuits, which impede the expression of goal-directed action.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2010-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus nature" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NPG//DTD XML Article//EN" URI="NPG_XML_Article.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article id="nrn2915" language="eng" origsrc="yes" publish="issue" relation="no"><entity-declarations><entity id="figf1" url="/nrn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/images/nrn2915-f1.jpg"></entity><entity id="figf2" url="/nrn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/images/nrn2915-f2.jpg"></entity><entity id="figf3" url="/nrn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/images/nrn2915-f3.jpg"></entity><entity id="figf4" url="/nrn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/images/nrn2915-f4.jpg"></entity><entity id="figf5" url="/nrn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/images/nrn2915-f5.jpg"></entity></entity-declarations><!--nrn2915--><pubfm><jtl>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</jtl><vol>11</vol><iss>11</iss><idt>201011</idt><categ id="rv"></categ><pp><spn>760</spn><epn>772</epn><cnt>13</cnt></pp><issn type="print">1471-003X</issn><issn type="electronic">1471-0048</issn><cpg><cpy>2010</cpy><cpn>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</cpn></cpg><doi>10.1038/nrn2915</doi></pubfm><fm><atl display="show">Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease</atl><aug><cau><fnm>Peter</fnm><snm>Redgrave</snm><inits>P</inits><orf rid="a1"></orf><corf rid="c1"></corf><bio><p>Peter Redgrave is a professor of neuroscience in the Department of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, UK. He was awarded an M.Sc. (1974) and a Ph.D. (1976) in physiological psychology from the University of Hull, UK. His interests are in systems analyses of basal ganglia function — in particular, the short-latency sensory control of dopaminergic neurotransmission, and basal ganglia interactions with subcortical sensorimotor structures.</p></bio></cau><au><fnm>Manuel</fnm><snm>Rodriguez</snm><inits>M</inits><orf rid="a2"></orf><orf rid="a3"></orf><bio><p>Manuel Rodriguez has an M.D. and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain, where he is now a professor of physiology. His work has centered on the neurophysiology and neurochemistry of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of normal subjects, on experimental models of Parkinson's disease and more recently, on functional neuroimaging.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Yoland</fnm><snm>Smith</snm><inits>Y</inits><orf rid="a4"></orf><orf rid="a5"></orf><bio><p>Yoland Smith a professor in the Department of Neurology and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in neurobiology (with A. Parent) at Laval University, Quebec, Canada, in 1988. He has made numerous fundamental contributions to the anatomical and synaptic organization of the primate basal ganglia.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Maria C.</fnm><snm>Rodriguez-Oroz</snm><inits>M C</inits><orf rid="a3"></orf><orf rid="a6"></orf><bio><p>Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz is an M.D. (1990) and neurologist at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. She trained in movement disorders with J. Obeso, obtained her Ph.D. in La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain, and has become an expert in the pathophysiology of the subthalamic nucleus and in deep brain stimulation. She is currently a consultant neurologist and investigator in the Clinica Universidad de Navarra and CIMA in Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Stephane</fnm><snm>Lehericy</snm><inits>S</inits><orf rid="a7"></orf><bio><p>Stephane Lehericy M.D. is a professor of neuroradiology and Director of the Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR) at the Pitié-Salpêtrière in Paris, France. He was awarded a Ph.D. (1994) in basic neuroscience (with Y. Agid) and completed postdoctoral training in functional neuroimaging in Orsay, Paris, France, (with D. LeBihan) and at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Minnesota, USA (with K. Ugurbil). His focus is on the functional organization of the normal human basal ganglia and on movement disorders.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Hagai</fnm><snm>Bergman</snm><inits>H</inits><orf rid="a8"></orf><bio><p>Hagai Bergman holds the Simone and Bernard Guttman Chair in Brain Research and is a professor of physiology at the Department of Physiology at the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel, where he has been since 1990. He studied for an M.D. (1984) at the Technion Medical School in Haifa, Israel. He took postdoctoral fellowships in the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (with M. Abeles) and then at the department of Neurology, John Hopkins hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (with M. R. DeLong). His research focuses on deciphering the functional organization of the basal ganglia and on the changes occurring in the parkinsonian state.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Yves</fnm><snm>Agid</snm><inits>Y</inits><orf rid="a9"></orf><bio><p>Yves Agid is a professor in neurology and experimental medicine at the Institute of the Brain and Spine, Paris, France. He obtained his M.D. in 1973 and specialised in neurology and psychiatry. He was awarded a Ph.D. after studying with J. Glowinskis. For several decades he has pioneered fundamental research into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. More recently, his experience with deep brain stimulation led him to propose an integrative model of how the basal ganglia control emotional, cognitive and motor components of complex behaviours.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Mahlon R.</fnm><snm>DeLong</snm><inits>M R</inits><orf rid="a5"></orf><bio><p>Mahlon R. DeLong is a professor of neurology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He first obtained a B.A. degree in physiology at Stanford University, California, USA (1961–1962) and an M.D. at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (1966). He became a neurologist in the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, where he trained with leading figures in neurology including R. Adams, M. Fisher and D. Brown. In the 1970s, he pioneered single-cell recordings in the awake monkey, which lead to the development of fundamental concepts of the functional organization of the basal ganglia. These ideas in turn provided the basis for a more scientifically grounded approach to the surgical treatment of movement disorders.</p></bio></au><cau><fnm>Jose A.</fnm><snm>Obeso</snm><inits>J A</inits><orf rid="a3"></orf><orf rid="a6"></orf><corf rid="c2"></corf><bio><p>Jose A. Obeso is a professor of neurology and a senior researcher with CIMA at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. He was awarded an M.D. (1976) and a Ph.D. (1979) by the University of Navarra. He trained in neurology and neurophysiology in San Sebastian and Pamplona, Spain, and spent 2 decisive years in London, UK, with C. D. Marsden. In Pamplona, he developed new therapeutic concepts for Parkinson's disease and led several studies on the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in the MPTP monkey model.</p></bio></cau><aff><oid id="a1"></oid><org>Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield</org>, <zip>S10 2TP</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a2"></oid><org>Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of La Laguna</org>, <cty>Tenerife</cty>, <zip>38201</zip>, <cny>Spain</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a3"></oid><org>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias</org>, <zip>28038</zip>, <cny>Spain</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a4"></oid><org>Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University</org>, <cty>Atlanta</cty>, <st>Georgia</st><zip>30329</zip>, <cny>USA</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a5"></oid><org>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine</org>, <cty>Atlanta</cty>, <st>Georgia</st><zip>30322</zip>, <cny>USA</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a6"></oid><org>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra</org>, <cty>Pamplona</cty>, <zip>31008</zip>, <cny>Spain</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a7"></oid><org>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Inserm U975, CNRS 7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière</org>, <zip>75013</zip>, <cty>Paris</cty>, <cny>France</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a8"></oid><org>Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School</org>, <st>Jerusalem</st><zip>91120</zip>, <cny>Israel</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a9"></oid><org>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM)</org>, <zip>75013</zip>, <cty>Paris</cty>, <cny>France</cny>.</aff><caff><coid id="c1"></coid><email>P.Redgrave@sheffield.ac.uk</email></caff><caff><coid id="c2"></coid><email>jobeso@unav.es</email></caff></aug><hst><pubdate day="14" month="10" type="aop" year="2010"></pubdate></hst><execsumm><p><list id="l1" type="bullet"><li>The basal ganglia are one of the fundamental processing units of the mammalian brain. Progressive degeneration of one of their major components, the ascending dopamine projection to the striatum, is a central pathological feature of Parkinson's disease.</li><li>Imaging and post-mortem investigations reveal that degeneration of the dopamine projection is uneven in most cases, with input to caudolateral sectors of the putamen most severely affected.</li><li>In the animal learning literature an important distinction has been forged between goal-directed and habitual control of behaviour. When behaviour is goal-directed, action selection is determined by the relative utility of predicted outcomes, whereas habits are under stimulus control and largely independent of outcome value.</li><li>A seminal series of investigations in rodents by Balleine and colleagues established that the dorsomedial associative territories of the striatum are crucial for goal-directed control, whereas laterally located sensorimotor territories are essential for habits. Formal behavioural tests (for example, outcome devaluation) were used to determine whether an observed behaviour (for example, pressing a lever) was under goal-directed or habitual control.</li><li>Recent neuroimaging studies using the same formal tests suggest that a similar spatial segregation of goal-directed and habitual control is present within the human striatum. As the loss of dopamine in Parkinson's disease is predominantly from the caudolateral sensorimotor territories, we would expect patients to experience major deficits in their production of habits.</li><li>Because the same behavioural output can be directed by processing in spatially segregated regions of the basal ganglia, it must be assumed that the efferent projections of goal-directed and habitual control circuits must at some point converge on the 'final common motor path'.</li><li>Given that the loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia is associated with enhanced oscillatory and inhibitory outputs, we suggest that for goal-directed control to be expressed, the distorting inhibitory signals from the habit system must be overcome at the point where the goal-directed and habitual control circuits converge.</li><li>We conclude by reviewing evidence suggesting that many of the behavioural difficulties experienced by patients with Parkinson's disease can be interpreted in terms of an impaired automatic control of normal habits, coupled with distorting inhibitory influences imposed on the expression of residual goal-directed behaviours.</li><li>In the light of this analysis, future work will need to establish how far the reported cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease are due to the primary disease state (additional loss of dopamine from goal-directed circuits) or are a result of goal-directed control being overwhelmed by the absence of automatic control routines that are normally provided by the stimulus–response habit systems.</li></list></p></execsumm><websumm>In this Review, Redgrave <i>et al</i>. provide an updated model of basal ganglia architecture in which spatially segregated functional territories contribute to goal-directed and habitual control circuits. They propose that in Parkinson's disease, selective dopamine loss impairs habitual control and distorts goal-directed behaviours.</websumm><abs><p>Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Studies in animals and humans have identified spatially segregated functional territories in the basal ganglia for the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. In patients with Parkinson's disease the loss of dopamine is predominantly in the posterior putamen, a region of the basal ganglia associated with the control of habitual behaviour. These patients may therefore be forced into a progressive reliance on the goal-directed mode of action control that is mediated by comparatively preserved processing in the rostromedial striatum. Thus, many of their behavioural difficulties may reflect a loss of normal automatic control owing to distorting output signals from habitual control circuits, which impede the expression of goal-directed action.</p></abs></fm></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="eng"><title>Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="eng" contentType="CDATA"><title>Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Peter</namePart><namePart type="family">Redgrave</namePart><affiliation>Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK.</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: P.Redgrave@sheffield.ac.uk</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Peter Redgrave is a professor of neuroscience in the Department of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, UK. He was awarded an M.Sc. (1974) and a Ph.D. (1976) in physiological psychology from the University of Hull, UK. His interests are in systems analyses of basal ganglia function — in particular, the short-latency sensory control of dopaminergic neurotransmission, and basal ganglia interactions with subcortical sensorimotor structures.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Manuel</namePart><namePart type="family">Rodriguez</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, 38201, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Manuel Rodriguez has an M.D. and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain, where he is now a professor of physiology. His work has centered on the neurophysiology and neurochemistry of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of normal subjects, on experimental models of Parkinson's disease and more recently, on functional neuroimaging.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Yoland</namePart><namePart type="family">Smith</namePart><affiliation>Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Yoland Smith a professor in the Department of Neurology and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in neurobiology (with A. Parent) at Laval University, Quebec, Canada, in 1988. He has made numerous fundamental contributions to the anatomical and synaptic organization of the primate basal ganglia.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Maria C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rodriguez-Oroz</namePart><affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz is an M.D. (1990) and neurologist at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. She trained in movement disorders with J. Obeso, obtained her Ph.D. in La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain, and has become an expert in the pathophysiology of the subthalamic nucleus and in deep brain stimulation. She is currently a consultant neurologist and investigator in the Clinica Universidad de Navarra and CIMA in Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephane</namePart><namePart type="family">Lehericy</namePart><affiliation>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Inserm U975, CNRS 7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Stephane Lehericy M.D. is a professor of neuroradiology and Director of the Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR) at the Pitié-Salpêtrière in Paris, France. He was awarded a Ph.D. (1994) in basic neuroscience (with Y. Agid) and completed postdoctoral training in functional neuroimaging in Orsay, Paris, France, (with D. LeBihan) and at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Minnesota, USA (with K. Ugurbil). His focus is on the functional organization of the normal human basal ganglia and on movement disorders.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Hagai</namePart><namePart type="family">Bergman</namePart><affiliation>Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Hagai Bergman holds the Simone and Bernard Guttman Chair in Brain Research and is a professor of physiology at the Department of Physiology at the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel, where he has been since 1990. He studied for an M.D. (1984) at the Technion Medical School in Haifa, Israel. He took postdoctoral fellowships in the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (with M. Abeles) and then at the department of Neurology, John Hopkins hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (with M. R. DeLong). His research focuses on deciphering the functional organization of the basal ganglia and on the changes occurring in the parkinsonian state.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Yves</namePart><namePart type="family">Agid</namePart><affiliation>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Yves Agid is a professor in neurology and experimental medicine at the Institute of the Brain and Spine, Paris, France. He obtained his M.D. in 1973 and specialised in neurology and psychiatry. He was awarded a Ph.D. after studying with J. Glowinskis. For several decades he has pioneered fundamental research into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. More recently, his experience with deep brain stimulation led him to propose an integrative model of how the basal ganglia control emotional, cognitive and motor components of complex behaviours.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Mahlon R.</namePart><namePart type="family">DeLong</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Mahlon R. DeLong is a professor of neurology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He first obtained a B.A. degree in physiology at Stanford University, California, USA (1961–1962) and an M.D. at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (1966). He became a neurologist in the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, where he trained with leading figures in neurology including R. Adams, M. Fisher and D. Brown. In the 1970s, he pioneered single-cell recordings in the awake monkey, which lead to the development of fundamental concepts of the functional organization of the basal ganglia. These ideas in turn provided the basis for a more scientifically grounded approach to the surgical treatment of movement disorders.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jose A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Obeso</namePart><affiliation>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Investigacion y Ciencias, 28038, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, CIMA and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: jobeso@unav.es</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Jose A. Obeso is a professor of neurology and a senior researcher with CIMA at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. He was awarded an M.D. (1976) and a Ph.D. (1979) by the University of Navarra. He trained in neurology and neurophysiology in San Sebastian and Pamplona, Spain, and spent 2 decisive years in London, UK, with C. D. Marsden. In Pamplona, he developed new therapeutic concepts for Parkinson's disease and led several studies on the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in the MPTP monkey model.</description></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="Review"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-11</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="eng">Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Studies in animals and humans have identified spatially segregated functional territories in the basal ganglia for the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. In patients with Parkinson's disease the loss of dopamine is predominantly in the posterior putamen, a region of the basal ganglia associated with the control of habitual behaviour. These patients may therefore be forced into a progressive reliance on the goal-directed mode of action control that is mediated by comparatively preserved processing in the rostromedial striatum. 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|clé= ISTEX:3BA9A202EF14D74559FB13E24057FEEE3DAE709F
|texte= Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's disease
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.23. |  |