Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease
Identifieur interne : 000506 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000505; suivant : 000507Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease
Auteurs : Anne Corbett ; James Pickett ; Alistair Burns ; Jonathan Corcoran ; Stephen B. Dunnett ; Paul Edison ; Jim J. Hagan ; Clive Holmes ; Emma Jones ; Cornelius Katona ; Ian Kearns ; Patrick Kehoe ; Amrit Mudher ; Anthony Passmore ; Nicola Shepherd ; Frank Walsh ; Clive BallardSource :
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery [ 1474-1776 ] ; 2012-11.
Abstract
Existing drugs for Alzheimer's disease provide symptomatic benefit for up to 12 months, but there are no approved disease-modifying therapies. Given the recent failures of various novel disease-modifying therapies in clinical trials, a complementary strategy based on repositioning drugs that are approved for other indications could be attractive. Indeed, a substantial body of preclinical work indicates that several classes of such drugs have potentially beneficial effects on Alzheimer's-like brain pathology, and for some drugs the evidence is also supported by epidemiological data or preliminary clinical trials. Here, we present a formal consensus evaluation of these opportunities, based on a systematic review of published literature. We highlight several compounds for which sufficient evidence is available to encourage further investigation to clarify an optimal dose and consider progression to clinical trials in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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DOI: 10.1038/nrd3869
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease</title><author><name sortKey="Corbett, Anne" sort="Corbett, Anne" uniqKey="Corbett A" first="Anne" last="Corbett">Anne Corbett</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pickett, James" sort="Pickett, James" uniqKey="Pickett J" first="James" last="Pickett">James Pickett</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>James Pickett is at the UK Alzheimer's Society, Devon House, 58 St Katharine's Way, London E1W 1LB, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, Alistair" sort="Burns, Alistair" uniqKey="Burns A" first="Alistair" last="Burns">Alistair Burns</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alistair Burns is at the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corcoran, Jonathan" sort="Corcoran, Jonathan" uniqKey="Corcoran J" first="Jonathan" last="Corcoran">Jonathan Corcoran</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dunnett, Stephen B" sort="Dunnett, Stephen B" uniqKey="Dunnett S" first="Stephen B." last="Dunnett">Stephen B. 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Hagan is at the Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC), Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Clive" sort="Holmes, Clive" uniqKey="Holmes C" first="Clive" last="Holmes">Clive Holmes</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Clive Holmes is at the University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Emma" sort="Jones, Emma" uniqKey="Jones E" first="Emma" last="Jones">Emma Jones</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katona, Cornelius" sort="Katona, Cornelius" uniqKey="Katona C" first="Cornelius" last="Katona">Cornelius Katona</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cornelius Katona is at University College London, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kearns, Ian" sort="Kearns, Ian" uniqKey="Kearns I" first="Ian" last="Kearns">Ian Kearns</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Ian Kearns is at AstraZeneca, 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kehoe, Patrick" sort="Kehoe, Patrick" uniqKey="Kehoe P" first="Patrick" last="Kehoe">Patrick Kehoe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Patrick Kehoe is at the University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mudher, Amrit" sort="Mudher, Amrit" uniqKey="Mudher A" first="Amrit" last="Mudher">Amrit Mudher</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Amrit Mudher is at the University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Passmore, Anthony" sort="Passmore, Anthony" uniqKey="Passmore A" first="Anthony" last="Passmore">Anthony Passmore</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anthony Passmore is at Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Public Health, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shepherd, Nicola" sort="Shepherd, Nicola" uniqKey="Shepherd N" first="Nicola" last="Shepherd">Nicola Shepherd</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Nicola Shepherd is at the Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Frank" sort="Walsh, Frank" uniqKey="Walsh F" first="Frank" last="Walsh">Frank Walsh</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Frank Walsh is at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ballard, Clive" sort="Ballard, Clive" uniqKey="Ballard C" first="Clive" last="Ballard">Clive Ballard</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: clive.ballard@kcl.ac.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB</idno><date when="2012" year="2012">2012</date><idno type="doi">10.1038/nrd3869</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000506</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease</title><author><name sortKey="Corbett, Anne" sort="Corbett, Anne" uniqKey="Corbett A" first="Anne" last="Corbett">Anne Corbett</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pickett, James" sort="Pickett, James" uniqKey="Pickett J" first="James" last="Pickett">James Pickett</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>James Pickett is at the UK Alzheimer's Society, Devon House, 58 St Katharine's Way, London E1W 1LB, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, Alistair" sort="Burns, Alistair" uniqKey="Burns A" first="Alistair" last="Burns">Alistair Burns</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alistair Burns is at the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corcoran, Jonathan" sort="Corcoran, Jonathan" uniqKey="Corcoran J" first="Jonathan" last="Corcoran">Jonathan Corcoran</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dunnett, Stephen B" sort="Dunnett, Stephen B" uniqKey="Dunnett S" first="Stephen B." last="Dunnett">Stephen B. Dunnett</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Stephen B. Dunnett is at the Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edison, Paul" sort="Edison, Paul" uniqKey="Edison P" first="Paul" last="Edison">Paul Edison</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Paul Edison is at Imperial College London, Cyclotron building, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hagan, Jim J" sort="Hagan, Jim J" uniqKey="Hagan J" first="Jim J." last="Hagan">Jim J. Hagan</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jim J. Hagan is at the Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC), Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Clive" sort="Holmes, Clive" uniqKey="Holmes C" first="Clive" last="Holmes">Clive Holmes</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Clive Holmes is at the University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Emma" sort="Jones, Emma" uniqKey="Jones E" first="Emma" last="Jones">Emma Jones</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katona, Cornelius" sort="Katona, Cornelius" uniqKey="Katona C" first="Cornelius" last="Katona">Cornelius Katona</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cornelius Katona is at University College London, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kearns, Ian" sort="Kearns, Ian" uniqKey="Kearns I" first="Ian" last="Kearns">Ian Kearns</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Ian Kearns is at AstraZeneca, 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kehoe, Patrick" sort="Kehoe, Patrick" uniqKey="Kehoe P" first="Patrick" last="Kehoe">Patrick Kehoe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Patrick Kehoe is at the University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mudher, Amrit" sort="Mudher, Amrit" uniqKey="Mudher A" first="Amrit" last="Mudher">Amrit Mudher</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Amrit Mudher is at the University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Passmore, Anthony" sort="Passmore, Anthony" uniqKey="Passmore A" first="Anthony" last="Passmore">Anthony Passmore</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anthony Passmore is at Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Public Health, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shepherd, Nicola" sort="Shepherd, Nicola" uniqKey="Shepherd N" first="Nicola" last="Shepherd">Nicola Shepherd</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Nicola Shepherd is at the Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Frank" sort="Walsh, Frank" uniqKey="Walsh F" first="Frank" last="Walsh">Frank Walsh</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Frank Walsh is at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ballard, Clive" sort="Ballard, Clive" uniqKey="Ballard C" first="Clive" last="Ballard">Clive Ballard</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: clive.ballard@kcl.ac.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Nature Reviews Drug Discovery</title><idno type="ISSN">1474-1776</idno><idno type="eISSN">1474-1784</idno><imprint><publisher>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</publisher><date type="published" when="2012-11">2012-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="833">833</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="846">846</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1474-1776</idno></series><idno type="istex">6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1038/nrd3869</idno><idno type="ArticleID">nrd3869</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1474-1776</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="eng">Existing drugs for Alzheimer's disease provide symptomatic benefit for up to 12 months, but there are no approved disease-modifying therapies. Given the recent failures of various novel disease-modifying therapies in clinical trials, a complementary strategy based on repositioning drugs that are approved for other indications could be attractive. Indeed, a substantial body of preclinical work indicates that several classes of such drugs have potentially beneficial effects on Alzheimer's-like brain pathology, and for some drugs the evidence is also supported by epidemiological data or preliminary clinical trials. Here, we present a formal consensus evaluation of these opportunities, based on a systematic review of published literature. We highlight several compounds for which sufficient evidence is available to encourage further investigation to clarify an optimal dose and consider progression to clinical trials in patients with Alzheimer's disease.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>nature</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Anne Corbett</name><affiliations><json:string>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</json:string><json:string>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>James Pickett</name><affiliations><json:string>James Pickett is at the UK Alzheimer's Society, Devon House, 58 St Katharine's Way, London E1W 1LB, UK.</json:string><json:string>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Alistair Burns</name><affiliations><json:string>Alistair Burns is at the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jonathan Corcoran</name><affiliations><json:string>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Stephen B. Dunnett</name><affiliations><json:string>Stephen B. Dunnett is at the Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Paul Edison</name><affiliations><json:string>Paul Edison is at Imperial College London, Cyclotron building, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jim J. Hagan</name><affiliations><json:string>Jim J. Hagan is at the Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC), Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Clive Holmes</name><affiliations><json:string>Clive Holmes is at the University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Emma Jones</name><affiliations><json:string>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Cornelius Katona</name><affiliations><json:string>Cornelius Katona is at University College London, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ian Kearns</name><affiliations><json:string>Ian Kearns is at AstraZeneca, 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Patrick Kehoe</name><affiliations><json:string>Patrick Kehoe is at the University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Amrit Mudher</name><affiliations><json:string>Amrit Mudher is at the University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Anthony Passmore</name><affiliations><json:string>Anthony Passmore is at Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Public Health, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Nicola Shepherd</name><affiliations><json:string>Nicola Shepherd is at the Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Frank Walsh</name><affiliations><json:string>Frank Walsh is at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Clive Ballard</name><affiliations><json:string>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</json:string><json:string>E-mail: clive.ballard@kcl.ac.uk</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Existing drugs for Alzheimer's disease provide symptomatic benefit for up to 12 months, but there are no approved disease-modifying therapies. Given the recent failures of various novel disease-modifying therapies in clinical trials, a complementary strategy based on repositioning drugs that are approved for other indications could be attractive. Indeed, a substantial body of preclinical work indicates that several classes of such drugs have potentially beneficial effects on Alzheimer's-like brain pathology, and for some drugs the evidence is also supported by epidemiological data or preliminary clinical trials. Here, we present a formal consensus evaluation of these opportunities, based on a systematic review of published literature. We highlight several compounds for which sufficient evidence is available to encourage further investigation to clarify an optimal dose and consider progression to clinical trials in patients with Alzheimer's disease.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.108</score><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 782.362 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>962</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>12239</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>87864</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>14</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>134</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>11</volume><pages><total>14</total><last>846</last><first>833</first></pages><issn><json:string>1474-1776</json:string></issn><issue>11</issue><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1474-1784</json:string></eissn><title>Nature Reviews Drug Discovery</title></host><categories><wos><json:string>PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY</json:string><json:string>BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>2012</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2012</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1038/nrd3869</json:string></doi><id>6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</publisher><availability><p>NATURE</p></availability><date>2012-11-05</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Anne</forename><surname>Corbett</surname></persName><note type="biography">Anne Corbett is lecturer of dementia research at King's College London, UK. She is an established author in the field. Her research interests include prevention of dementia, translational approaches to improving treatment and care, and clinical trials with a particular focus on behavioural and psychological symptoms and care home settings.</note><affiliation>Anne Corbett is lecturer of dementia research at King's College London, UK. She is an established author in the field. Her research interests include prevention of dementia, translational approaches to improving treatment and care, and clinical trials with a particular focus on behavioural and psychological symptoms and care home settings.</affiliation><affiliation>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation><affiliation>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">James</forename><surname>Pickett</surname></persName><note type="biography">James Pickett is the senior research manager at the UK Alzheimer's Society the largest care and research charity for people with dementia in the United Kingdom. Previously, he worked for Diabetes UK and Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. James completed his Ph.D. on exocytosis from University of Cambridge, UK, in 2006.</note><affiliation>James Pickett is the senior research manager at the UK Alzheimer's Society the largest care and research charity for people with dementia in the United Kingdom. Previously, he worked for Diabetes UK and Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. James completed his Ph.D. on exocytosis from University of Cambridge, UK, in 2006.</affiliation><affiliation>James Pickett is at the UK Alzheimer's Society, Devon House, 58 St Katharine's Way, London E1W 1LB, UK.</affiliation><affiliation>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Alistair</forename><surname>Burns</surname></persName><note type="biography">Alistair Burns is the National Clinical Director for Dementia in England at the UK Department of Health. He is Professor of Old Age Psychiatry and Vice Dean of the Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences at the University of Manchester, UK, Clinical Director for the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC) and an Honorary Consultant Old-Age Psychiatrist in the Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust (MMHSCT). He is editor of the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, assistant editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry and is on the editorial boards of International Psychogeriatrics and Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. His research and clinical interests are in mental health problems of older people, particularly dementia and Alzheimer's disease. He has published over 300 papers and 25 books.</note><affiliation>Alistair Burns is the National Clinical Director for Dementia in England at the UK Department of Health. He is Professor of Old Age Psychiatry and Vice Dean of the Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences at the University of Manchester, UK, Clinical Director for the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC) and an Honorary Consultant Old-Age Psychiatrist in the Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust (MMHSCT). He is editor of the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, assistant editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry and is on the editorial boards of International Psychogeriatrics and Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. His research and clinical interests are in mental health problems of older people, particularly dementia and Alzheimer's disease. He has published over 300 papers and 25 books.</affiliation><affiliation>Alistair Burns is at the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Jonathan</forename><surname>Corcoran</surname></persName><note type="biography">Jonathan Corcoran is professor of molecular neurobiology at King's College London. He is the director of the Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit based in the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, which carries out hit-to-lead and lead optimization using both in vitro and in vivo assays. His research interests include the development of orally available compounds for central nervous system (CNS) disorders.</note><affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran is professor of molecular neurobiology at King's College London. He is the director of the Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit based in the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, which carries out hit-to-lead and lead optimization using both in vitro and in vivo assays. His research interests include the development of orally available compounds for central nervous system (CNS) disorders.</affiliation><affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Stephen B.</forename><surname>Dunnett</surname></persName><note type="biography">Stephen B. Dunnett is a professor at Cardiff University, Wales, UK, and directs the Brain Repair Group in the School of Biosciences at Cardiff University. His research has pioneered the development of technologies for cell transplantation in animal models of neurodegenerative disease, with a particular focus on Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. His laboratory has an international reputation for systematic behavioural analysis as the basis for refining the efficacy and understanding the mechanisms of action of cell transplantation in animal models of these diseases, and in developing primary embryonic and stem cell transplantation towards clinical application.</note><affiliation>Stephen B. Dunnett is a professor at Cardiff University, Wales, UK, and directs the Brain Repair Group in the School of Biosciences at Cardiff University. His research has pioneered the development of technologies for cell transplantation in animal models of neurodegenerative disease, with a particular focus on Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. His laboratory has an international reputation for systematic behavioural analysis as the basis for refining the efficacy and understanding the mechanisms of action of cell transplantation in animal models of these diseases, and in developing primary embryonic and stem cell transplantation towards clinical application.</affiliation><affiliation>Stephen B. Dunnett is at the Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Paul</forename><surname>Edison</surname></persName><note type="biography">Paul Edison is a clinical senior lecturer in the Centre of Neuroscience at Imperial College London, UK. His research has focused on neuroimaging using novel molecular probes and magnetic resonance techniques for the study of pathophysiological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. He has extensive experience in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in amyloid, neuroinflammation, glucose metabolism and other neurotransporters in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. He is developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the progression of the disease, and he is the chief investigator of large multicentre intervention studies. He also runs a dementia clinic at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS (National Health Service) trust.</note><affiliation>Paul Edison is a clinical senior lecturer in the Centre of Neuroscience at Imperial College London, UK. His research has focused on neuroimaging using novel molecular probes and magnetic resonance techniques for the study of pathophysiological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. He has extensive experience in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in amyloid, neuroinflammation, glucose metabolism and other neurotransporters in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. He is developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the progression of the disease, and he is the chief investigator of large multicentre intervention studies. He also runs a dementia clinic at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS (National Health Service) trust.</affiliation><affiliation>Paul Edison is at Imperial College London, Cyclotron building, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Jim J.</forename><surname>Hagan</surname></persName><note type="biography">Jim J. Hagan is CEO of GMEC (Global Medical Excellence Cluster), a company created to foster biomedical research between academia and industry. He sits on the board of Imanova, a research imaging company, and was previously vice president of Biology in the Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery at GlaxoSmithKline. He has published extensively, including a recent volume on molecular and functional models of neuropsychiatric disorders.</note><affiliation>Jim J. Hagan is CEO of GMEC (Global Medical Excellence Cluster), a company created to foster biomedical research between academia and industry. He sits on the board of Imanova, a research imaging company, and was previously vice president of Biology in the Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery at GlaxoSmithKline. He has published extensively, including a recent volume on molecular and functional models of neuropsychiatric disorders.</affiliation><affiliation>Jim J. Hagan is at the Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC), Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Clive</forename><surname>Holmes</surname></persName><note type="biography">Clive Holmes trained as a psychiatrist at Kings College London and the Maudsley Hospital, South London. His early research training was in the neurochemistry of Alzheimer's disease at the Institute of Neurology, London, followed by a Ph.D. in the genetics of the neuropsychiatric features of Alzheimer's disease at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. He is currently professor of biological psychiatry at the University of Southampton, UK, where his main interests are in the early diagnosis of dementia, neuropharmacology and the role of immunity in the development and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</note><affiliation>Clive Holmes trained as a psychiatrist at Kings College London and the Maudsley Hospital, South London. His early research training was in the neurochemistry of Alzheimer's disease at the Institute of Neurology, London, followed by a Ph.D. in the genetics of the neuropsychiatric features of Alzheimer's disease at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. He is currently professor of biological psychiatry at the University of Southampton, UK, where his main interests are in the early diagnosis of dementia, neuropharmacology and the role of immunity in the development and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</affiliation><affiliation>Clive Holmes is at the University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Emma</forename><surname>Jones</surname></persName><note type="biography">Emma Jones carried out her D.Phil. on microarray analysis of a model of ataxia under the supervision of Professor Kay Davies. Following this, she moved to King's College London and started analysing genetic factors that influence the onset of Alzheimer's disease in people with Down's syndrome. This project was continued during her time as a research fellow for the UK Alzheimer's Society, and she has also worked on clinical trials and biomarkers studies in dementia. She has recently started a post as a lecturer in translational stem cell biology at King's College London.</note><affiliation>Emma Jones carried out her D.Phil. on microarray analysis of a model of ataxia under the supervision of Professor Kay Davies. Following this, she moved to King's College London and started analysing genetic factors that influence the onset of Alzheimer's disease in people with Down's syndrome. This project was continued during her time as a research fellow for the UK Alzheimer's Society, and she has also worked on clinical trials and biomarkers studies in dementia. She has recently started a post as a lecturer in translational stem cell biology at King's College London.</affiliation><affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Cornelius</forename><surname>Katona</surname></persName><note type="biography">Cornelius Katona is Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Kent, UK, and Honorary Professor of Psychiatry of the Elderly at University College London, UK. His main research interests are in dementia, mood disorders in old age and the mental health of asylum seekers. He has extensive experience of clinical trial work in dementia and in depression. He is the author of over 200 peer-reviewed articles as well as author and/or editor of 15 books. He is co-chair of the World Psychiatric Association section of affective disorders, Chair of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Taskforce on Old Age and co-founder and vice president of the International Society for Affective Disorders. He chaired the Dementia Clinical Studies Group within DeNDRoN (the Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disorders Network) between 2008 and 2012. He has been editor-in-chief of the Journal of Affective Disorders since 1994.</note><affiliation>Cornelius Katona is Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Kent, UK, and Honorary Professor of Psychiatry of the Elderly at University College London, UK. His main research interests are in dementia, mood disorders in old age and the mental health of asylum seekers. He has extensive experience of clinical trial work in dementia and in depression. He is the author of over 200 peer-reviewed articles as well as author and/or editor of 15 books. He is co-chair of the World Psychiatric Association section of affective disorders, Chair of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Taskforce on Old Age and co-founder and vice president of the International Society for Affective Disorders. He chaired the Dementia Clinical Studies Group within DeNDRoN (the Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disorders Network) between 2008 and 2012. He has been editor-in-chief of the Journal of Affective Disorders since 1994.</affiliation><affiliation>Cornelius Katona is at University College London, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Ian</forename><surname>Kearns</surname></persName><note type="biography">Ian Kearns is a clinical project manager of clinical trials. He has over 10 years of experience in setting up and conducting international clinical studies in a range of therapeutic areas within the pharmaceutical industry. He holds a B.Sc. degree in biochemistry/physiology from Sheffield University, UK, and a Ph.D. in the neurophysiology of memory and learning from Edinburgh University, Scotland, UK.</note><affiliation>Ian Kearns is a clinical project manager of clinical trials. He has over 10 years of experience in setting up and conducting international clinical studies in a range of therapeutic areas within the pharmaceutical industry. He holds a B.Sc. degree in biochemistry/physiology from Sheffield University, UK, and a Ph.D. in the neurophysiology of memory and learning from Edinburgh University, Scotland, UK.</affiliation><affiliation>Ian Kearns is at AstraZeneca, 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Patrick</forename><surname>Kehoe</surname></persName><note type="biography">Patrick Kehoe has, for over a decade, been one of the earliest and biggest proponents of the 'angiotensin hypothesis' in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Some of his seminal work has involved reporting positive genetic associations between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and Alzheimer's disease risk, and he has followed this up with some of the largest haplotype and meta-analyses studies conducted to date. He has published widely on the importance of ACE and related vasoactive enzymes and cellular mechanisms as pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and how a number of these already offer viable and potentially significant therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease.</note><affiliation>Patrick Kehoe has, for over a decade, been one of the earliest and biggest proponents of the 'angiotensin hypothesis' in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Some of his seminal work has involved reporting positive genetic associations between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and Alzheimer's disease risk, and he has followed this up with some of the largest haplotype and meta-analyses studies conducted to date. He has published widely on the importance of ACE and related vasoactive enzymes and cellular mechanisms as pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and how a number of these already offer viable and potentially significant therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease.</affiliation><affiliation>Patrick Kehoe is at the University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Amrit</forename><surname>Mudher</surname></persName><note type="biography">Amrit Mudher is a lecturer in neurosciences at the University of Southampton. Her D.Phil. (1998) at the University of Oxford, UK, was in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease. In 2001 she was awarded an independent fellowship to establish fruitfly models of tauopathies, which she still works on. She was appointed to her current position in 2004.</note><affiliation>Amrit Mudher is a lecturer in neurosciences at the University of Southampton. Her D.Phil. (1998) at the University of Oxford, UK, was in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease. In 2001 she was awarded an independent fellowship to establish fruitfly models of tauopathies, which she still works on. She was appointed to her current position in 2004.</affiliation><affiliation>Amrit Mudher is at the University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Anthony</forename><surname>Passmore</surname></persName><note type="biography">Anthony Passmore is Professor of Ageing and Geriatric Medicine at Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. He trained in the Northern Ireland training scheme in Geriatrics and Clinical Pharmacology, spent a year as senior lecturer at Sydney University, Australia, and was appointed as senior lecturer in Belfast in 1993. He established the memory clinic at Belfast City Hospital and leads the local Dementia Research Programme. He has supervised a number of postdoctoral degrees and has been involved in many clinical trials. He has over 200 publications, including papers in the New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet and Stroke.</note><affiliation>Anthony Passmore is Professor of Ageing and Geriatric Medicine at Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. He trained in the Northern Ireland training scheme in Geriatrics and Clinical Pharmacology, spent a year as senior lecturer at Sydney University, Australia, and was appointed as senior lecturer in Belfast in 1993. He established the memory clinic at Belfast City Hospital and leads the local Dementia Research Programme. He has supervised a number of postdoctoral degrees and has been involved in many clinical trials. He has over 200 publications, including papers in the New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet and Stroke.</affiliation><affiliation>Anthony Passmore is at Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Public Health, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Nicola</forename><surname>Shepherd</surname></persName><note type="biography">Nicola Shepherd is a business development manager in the Technology Transfer Division at the Wellcome Trust and is responsible for the Trust's Translation Fund. As well as managing a number of funded projects, her role involves contract negotiations, due diligence, monitoring patent prosecution and translation strategies leading to commercial exits.</note><affiliation>Nicola Shepherd is a business development manager in the Technology Transfer Division at the Wellcome Trust and is responsible for the Trust's Translation Fund. As well as managing a number of funded projects, her role involves contract negotiations, due diligence, monitoring patent prosecution and translation strategies leading to commercial exits.</affiliation><affiliation>Nicola Shepherd is at the Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Frank</forename><surname>Walsh</surname></persName><note type="biography">Frank Walsh is Director of Research at the school of Biomedical and Health Sciences at King's College London and has held the positions of Executive Vice President of Discovery Research at Wyeth (including oversight of Alzheimer's disease research) and Senior Vice President at GlaxoSmithKline.</note><affiliation>Frank Walsh is Director of Research at the school of Biomedical and Health Sciences at King's College London and has held the positions of Executive Vice President of Discovery Research at Wyeth (including oversight of Alzheimer's disease research) and Senior Vice President at GlaxoSmithKline.</affiliation><affiliation>Frank Walsh is at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Clive</forename><surname>Ballard</surname></persName><email>clive.ballard@kcl.ac.uk</email><note type="biography">Clive Ballard is Professor of Age-Related Diseases at King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, where he is co-director of the Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia and the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases. He has published widely in the areas of clinical trials and systematic reviews pertaining to treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia as well as clinicopathological studies, including validation of diagnostic criteria particularly for vascular and synuclein dementias.</note><affiliation>Clive Ballard is Professor of Age-Related Diseases at King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, where he is co-director of the Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia and the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases. He has published widely in the areas of clinical trials and systematic reviews pertaining to treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia as well as clinicopathological studies, including validation of diagnostic criteria particularly for vascular and synuclein dementias.</affiliation><affiliation>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Nature Reviews Drug Discovery</title><idno type="pISSN">1474-1776</idno><idno type="eISSN">1474-1784</idno><imprint><publisher>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</publisher><date type="published" when="2012-11"></date><biblScope unit="volume">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="833">833</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="846">846</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1038/nrd3869</idno><idno type="ArticleID">nrd3869</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2012-11-05</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Existing drugs for Alzheimer's disease provide symptomatic benefit for up to 12 months, but there are no approved disease-modifying therapies. Given the recent failures of various novel disease-modifying therapies in clinical trials, a complementary strategy based on repositioning drugs that are approved for other indications could be attractive. Indeed, a substantial body of preclinical work indicates that several classes of such drugs have potentially beneficial effects on Alzheimer's-like brain pathology, and for some drugs the evidence is also supported by epidemiological data or preliminary clinical trials. Here, we present a formal consensus evaluation of these opportunities, based on a systematic review of published literature. We highlight several compounds for which sufficient evidence is available to encourage further investigation to clarify an optimal dose and consider progression to clinical trials in patients with Alzheimer's disease.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2012-11-05">Created</change><change when="2012-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/6A37E13CBEAD425373FA2EBBB3598916D2A6A7DB/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus nature" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NPG//DTD XML Article//EN" URI="NPG_XML_Article.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article id="nrd3869" language="eng" publish="issue" relation="no" origsrc="yes"><entity-declarations><entity id="tbl1" url="/nrd/journal/v11/n11/images/nrd3869-t1.jpg"></entity><entity id="tbl2" url="/nrd/journal/v11/n11/images/nrd3869-t2.jpg"></entity><entity id="tbl3" url="/nrd/journal/v11/n11/images/nrd3869-t3.jpg"></entity></entity-declarations><!--nrd3869--><pubfm><jtl>Nature Reviews Drug Discovery</jtl><vol>11</vol><iss>11</iss><idt>201211</idt><categ id="pe"></categ><subcateg id="op"></subcateg><pp><spn>833</spn><epn>846</epn><cnt>14</cnt></pp><issn type="print">1474-1776</issn><issn type="electronic">1474-1784</issn><cpg><cpy>2012</cpy><cpn>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</cpn></cpg><doi>10.1038/nrd3869</doi></pubfm><fm><atl>Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease</atl><aug><au><fnm>Anne</fnm><snm>Corbett</snm><inits>A</inits><orf rid="a1"></orf><orf rid="a16"></orf><bio><p>Anne Corbett is lecturer of dementia research at King's College London, UK. She is an established author in the field. Her research interests include prevention of dementia, translational approaches to improving treatment and care, and clinical trials with a particular focus on behavioural and psychological symptoms and care home settings.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>James</fnm><snm>Pickett</snm><inits>J</inits><orf rid="a2"></orf><orf rid="a16"></orf><bio><p>James Pickett is the senior research manager at the UK Alzheimer's Society — the largest care and research charity for people with dementia in the United Kingdom. Previously, he worked for Diabetes UK and Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. James completed his Ph.D. on exocytosis from University of Cambridge, UK, in 2006.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Alistair</fnm><snm>Burns</snm><inits>A</inits><orf rid="a3"></orf><bio><p>Alistair Burns is the National Clinical Director for Dementia in England at the UK Department of Health. He is Professor of Old Age Psychiatry and Vice Dean of the Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences at the University of Manchester, UK, Clinical Director for the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC) and an Honorary Consultant Old-Age Psychiatrist in the Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust (MMHSCT). He is editor of the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, assistant editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry and is on the editorial boards of International Psychogeriatrics and Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. His research and clinical interests are in mental health problems of older people, particularly dementia and Alzheimer's disease. He has published over 300 papers and 25 books.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Jonathan</fnm><snm>Corcoran</snm><inits>J</inits><orf rid="a4"></orf><bio><p>Jonathan Corcoran is professor of molecular neurobiology at King's College London. He is the director of the Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit based in the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, which carries out hit-to-lead and lead optimization using both in vitro and in vivo assays. His research interests include the development of orally available compounds for central nervous system (CNS) disorders.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Stephen B.</fnm><snm>Dunnett</snm><inits>S B</inits><orf rid="a5"></orf><bio><p>Stephen B. Dunnett is a professor at Cardiff University, Wales, UK, and directs the Brain Repair Group in the School of Biosciences at Cardiff University. His research has pioneered the development of technologies for cell transplantation in animal models of neurodegenerative disease, with a particular focus on Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. His laboratory has an international reputation for systematic behavioural analysis as the basis for refining the efficacy and understanding the mechanisms of action of cell transplantation in animal models of these diseases, and in developing primary embryonic and stem cell transplantation towards clinical application.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Paul</fnm><snm>Edison</snm><inits>P</inits><orf rid="a6"></orf><bio><p>Paul Edison is a clinical senior lecturer in the Centre of Neuroscience at Imperial College London, UK. His research has focused on neuroimaging using novel molecular probes and magnetic resonance techniques for the study of pathophysiological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. He has extensive experience in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in amyloid, neuroinflammation, glucose metabolism and other neurotransporters in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. He is developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the progression of the disease, and he is the chief investigator of large multicentre intervention studies. He also runs a dementia clinic at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS (National Health Service) trust.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Jim J.</fnm><snm>Hagan</snm><inits>J J</inits><orf rid="a7"></orf><bio><p>Jim J. Hagan is CEO of GMEC (Global Medical Excellence Cluster), a company created to foster biomedical research between academia and industry. He sits on the board of Imanova, a research imaging company, and was previously vice president of Biology in the Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery at GlaxoSmithKline. He has published extensively, including a recent volume on molecular and functional models of neuropsychiatric disorders.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Clive</fnm><snm>Holmes</snm><inits>C</inits><orf rid="a8"></orf><bio><p>Clive Holmes trained as a psychiatrist at Kings College London and the Maudsley Hospital, South London. His early research training was in the neurochemistry of Alzheimer's disease at the Institute of Neurology, London, followed by a Ph.D. in the genetics of the neuropsychiatric features of Alzheimer's disease at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. He is currently professor of biological psychiatry at the University of Southampton, UK, where his main interests are in the early diagnosis of dementia, neuropharmacology and the role of immunity in the development and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Emma</fnm><snm>Jones</snm><inits>E</inits><orf rid="a4"></orf><bio><p>Emma Jones carried out her D.Phil. on microarray analysis of a model of ataxia under the supervision of Professor Kay Davies. Following this, she moved to King's College London and started analysing genetic factors that influence the onset of Alzheimer's disease in people with Down's syndrome. This project was continued during her time as a research fellow for the UK Alzheimer's Society, and she has also worked on clinical trials and biomarkers studies in dementia. She has recently started a post as a lecturer in translational stem cell biology at King's College London.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Cornelius</fnm><snm>Katona</snm><inits>C</inits><orf rid="a9"></orf><bio><p>Cornelius Katona is Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Kent, UK, and Honorary Professor of Psychiatry of the Elderly at University College London, UK. His main research interests are in dementia, mood disorders in old age and the mental health of asylum seekers. He has extensive experience of clinical trial work in dementia and in depression. He is the author of over 200 peer-reviewed articles as well as author and/or editor of 15 books. He is co-chair of the World Psychiatric Association section of affective disorders, Chair of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Taskforce on Old Age and co-founder and vice president of the International Society for Affective Disorders. He chaired the Dementia Clinical Studies Group within DeNDRoN (the Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disorders Network) between 2008 and 2012. He has been editor-in-chief of the Journal of Affective Disorders since 1994.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Ian</fnm><snm>Kearns</snm><inits>I</inits><orf rid="a10"></orf><bio><p>Ian Kearns is a clinical project manager of clinical trials. He has over 10 years of experience in setting up and conducting international clinical studies in a range of therapeutic areas within the pharmaceutical industry. He holds a B.Sc. degree in biochemistry/physiology from Sheffield University, UK, and a Ph.D. in the neurophysiology of memory and learning from Edinburgh University, Scotland, UK.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Patrick</fnm><snm>Kehoe</snm><inits>P</inits><orf rid="a11"></orf><bio><p>Patrick Kehoe has, for over a decade, been one of the earliest and biggest proponents of the 'angiotensin hypothesis' in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Some of his seminal work has involved reporting positive genetic associations between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and Alzheimer's disease risk, and he has followed this up with some of the largest haplotype and meta-analyses studies conducted to date. He has published widely on the importance of ACE and related vasoactive enzymes and cellular mechanisms as pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and how a number of these already offer viable and potentially significant therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Amrit</fnm><snm>Mudher</snm><inits>A</inits><orf rid="a12"></orf><bio><p>Amrit Mudher is a lecturer in neurosciences at the University of Southampton. Her D.Phil. (1998) at the University of Oxford, UK, was in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease. In 2001 she was awarded an independent fellowship to establish fruitfly models of tauopathies, which she still works on. She was appointed to her current position in 2004.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Anthony</fnm><snm>Passmore</snm><inits>A</inits><orf rid="a13"></orf><bio><p>Anthony Passmore is Professor of Ageing and Geriatric Medicine at Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. He trained in the Northern Ireland training scheme in Geriatrics and Clinical Pharmacology, spent a year as senior lecturer at Sydney University, Australia, and was appointed as senior lecturer in Belfast in 1993. He established the memory clinic at Belfast City Hospital and leads the local Dementia Research Programme. He has supervised a number of postdoctoral degrees and has been involved in many clinical trials. He has over 200 publications, including papers in the New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet and Stroke.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Nicola</fnm><snm>Shepherd</snm><inits>N</inits><orf rid="a14"></orf><bio><p>Nicola Shepherd is a business development manager in the Technology Transfer Division at the Wellcome Trust and is responsible for the Trust's Translation Fund. As well as managing a number of funded projects, her role involves contract negotiations, due diligence, monitoring patent prosecution and translation strategies leading to commercial exits.</p></bio></au><au><fnm>Frank</fnm><snm>Walsh</snm><inits>F</inits><orf rid="a15"></orf><bio><p>Frank Walsh is Director of Research at the school of Biomedical and Health Sciences at King's College London and has held the positions of Executive Vice President of Discovery Research at Wyeth (including oversight of Alzheimer's disease research) and Senior Vice President at GlaxoSmithKline.</p></bio></au><cau><fnm>Clive</fnm><snm>Ballard</snm><inits>C</inits><orf rid="a1"></orf><corf rid="c1"></corf><bio><p>Clive Ballard is Professor of Age-Related Diseases at King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, where he is co-director of the Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia and the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases. He has published widely in the areas of clinical trials and systematic reviews pertaining to treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia as well as clinicopathological studies, including validation of diagnostic criteria — particularly for vascular and synuclein dementias.</p></bio></cau><aff><oid id="a1"></oid>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the <org>Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London</org>, <cty>London</cty><zip>SE1 1UL</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a2"></oid>James Pickett is at the <org>UK Alzheimer's Society</org>, <street>Devon House, 58 St Katharine's Way</street>, <cty>London</cty><zip>E1W 1LB</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a3"></oid>Alistair Burns is at the <org>University of Manchester</org>, <street>Oxford Road</street>, <cty>Manchester</cty><zip>M13 9PT</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a4"></oid>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the <org>Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London</org>, <cty>London</cty><zip>SE1 1UL</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a5"></oid>Stephen B. Dunnett is at the <org>Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University</org>, <street>Museum Avenue</street>, <cty>Cardiff</cty><zip>CF10 3AX</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a6"></oid>Paul Edison is at <org>Imperial College London</org>, <street>Cyclotron building, Hammersmith Campus</street>, <cty>London</cty><zip>W12 0NN</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a7"></oid>Jim J. Hagan is at the <org>Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC), Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London</org>, <cty>London</cty><zip>SE1 1UL</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a8"></oid>Clive Holmes is at the <org>University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital</org>, <street>Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, Tremona Road</street>, <cty>Southampton</cty><zip>SO16 6YD</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a9"></oid>Cornelius Katona is at <org>University College London, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences</org>, <cty>London</cty><zip>WC1E 6BT</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a10"></oid>Ian Kearns is at <org>AstraZeneca</org>, <street>2 Kingdom Street</street>, <cty>London</cty><zip>W2 6BD</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a11"></oid>Patrick Kehoe is at the <org>University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital</org>, <cty>Bristol</cty><zip>BS16 1LE</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a12"></oid>Amrit Mudher is at the <org>University of Southampton</org>, <street>Life Sciences Building 85, University Road</street>, <cty>Southampton</cty><zip>SO17 1BJ</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a13"></oid>Anthony Passmore is at <org>Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Public Health</org>, <street>Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road</street>, <cty>Belfast</cty><zip>BT9 7BL</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a14"></oid>Nicola Shepherd is at the <org>Wellcome Trust</org>, <street>Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road</street>, <cty>London</cty><zip>NW1 2BE</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a15"></oid>Frank Walsh is at the <org>Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London</org>, <cty>London</cty><zip>SE1 1UL</zip>, <cny>UK</cny>.</aff><aff><oid id="a16"></oid>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</aff><caff><coid id="c1"></coid><email>clive.ballard@kcl.ac.uk</email></caff></aug><hst><pubdate type="iss" year="2012" month="11" day="05"></pubdate></hst><websumm>Preclinical research indicates that various drugs approved for indications such as hypertension and diabetes could also have potentially beneficial effects in Alzheimer's disease, and for some drugs the evidence is also supported by epidemiological data or preliminary clinical trials. This article presents a formal consensus evaluation of these drug repositioning opportunities, and highlights several compounds for which sufficient evidence is available to encourage further investigation and potential progression to clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease.</websumm><abs><p>Existing drugs for Alzheimer's disease provide symptomatic benefit for up to 12 months, but there are no approved disease-modifying therapies. Given the recent failures of various novel disease-modifying therapies in clinical trials, a complementary strategy based on repositioning drugs that are approved for other indications could be attractive. Indeed, a substantial body of preclinical work indicates that several classes of such drugs have potentially beneficial effects on Alzheimer's-like brain pathology, and for some drugs the evidence is also supported by epidemiological data or preliminary clinical trials. Here, we present a formal consensus evaluation of these opportunities, based on a systematic review of published literature. We highlight several compounds for which sufficient evidence is available to encourage further investigation to clarify an optimal dose and consider progression to clinical trials in patients with Alzheimer's disease.</p></abs></fm></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="eng"><title>Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="eng" contentType="CDATA"><title>Drug repositioning for Alzheimer's disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anne</namePart><namePart type="family">Corbett</namePart><affiliation>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation><affiliation>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Anne Corbett is lecturer of dementia research at King's College London, UK. She is an established author in the field. Her research interests include prevention of dementia, translational approaches to improving treatment and care, and clinical trials with a particular focus on behavioural and psychological symptoms and care home settings.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">James</namePart><namePart type="family">Pickett</namePart><affiliation>James Pickett is at the UK Alzheimer's Society, Devon House, 58 St Katharine's Way, London E1W 1LB, UK.</affiliation><affiliation>A.C. and J.P. contributed equally to this work.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>James Pickett is the senior research manager at the UK Alzheimer's Society the largest care and research charity for people with dementia in the United Kingdom. Previously, he worked for Diabetes UK and Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. James completed his Ph.D. on exocytosis from University of Cambridge, UK, in 2006.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Alistair</namePart><namePart type="family">Burns</namePart><affiliation>Alistair Burns is at the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Alistair Burns is the National Clinical Director for Dementia in England at the UK Department of Health. He is Professor of Old Age Psychiatry and Vice Dean of the Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences at the University of Manchester, UK, Clinical Director for the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC) and an Honorary Consultant Old-Age Psychiatrist in the Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust (MMHSCT). He is editor of the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, assistant editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry and is on the editorial boards of International Psychogeriatrics and Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. His research and clinical interests are in mental health problems of older people, particularly dementia and Alzheimer's disease. He has published over 300 papers and 25 books.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jonathan</namePart><namePart type="family">Corcoran</namePart><affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Jonathan Corcoran is professor of molecular neurobiology at King's College London. He is the director of the Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit based in the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, which carries out hit-to-lead and lead optimization using both in vitro and in vivo assays. His research interests include the development of orally available compounds for central nervous system (CNS) disorders.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephen B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Dunnett</namePart><affiliation>Stephen B. Dunnett is at the Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Stephen B. Dunnett is a professor at Cardiff University, Wales, UK, and directs the Brain Repair Group in the School of Biosciences at Cardiff University. His research has pioneered the development of technologies for cell transplantation in animal models of neurodegenerative disease, with a particular focus on Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. His laboratory has an international reputation for systematic behavioural analysis as the basis for refining the efficacy and understanding the mechanisms of action of cell transplantation in animal models of these diseases, and in developing primary embryonic and stem cell transplantation towards clinical application.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Paul</namePart><namePart type="family">Edison</namePart><affiliation>Paul Edison is at Imperial College London, Cyclotron building, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Paul Edison is a clinical senior lecturer in the Centre of Neuroscience at Imperial College London, UK. His research has focused on neuroimaging using novel molecular probes and magnetic resonance techniques for the study of pathophysiological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. He has extensive experience in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in amyloid, neuroinflammation, glucose metabolism and other neurotransporters in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. He is developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the progression of the disease, and he is the chief investigator of large multicentre intervention studies. He also runs a dementia clinic at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS (National Health Service) trust.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jim J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hagan</namePart><affiliation>Jim J. Hagan is at the Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC), Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Jim J. Hagan is CEO of GMEC (Global Medical Excellence Cluster), a company created to foster biomedical research between academia and industry. He sits on the board of Imanova, a research imaging company, and was previously vice president of Biology in the Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery at GlaxoSmithKline. He has published extensively, including a recent volume on molecular and functional models of neuropsychiatric disorders.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Clive</namePart><namePart type="family">Holmes</namePart><affiliation>Clive Holmes is at the University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Clive Holmes trained as a psychiatrist at Kings College London and the Maudsley Hospital, South London. His early research training was in the neurochemistry of Alzheimer's disease at the Institute of Neurology, London, followed by a Ph.D. in the genetics of the neuropsychiatric features of Alzheimer's disease at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. He is currently professor of biological psychiatry at the University of Southampton, UK, where his main interests are in the early diagnosis of dementia, neuropharmacology and the role of immunity in the development and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Emma</namePart><namePart type="family">Jones</namePart><affiliation>Jonathan Corcoran and Emma Jones are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Emma Jones carried out her D.Phil. on microarray analysis of a model of ataxia under the supervision of Professor Kay Davies. Following this, she moved to King's College London and started analysing genetic factors that influence the onset of Alzheimer's disease in people with Down's syndrome. This project was continued during her time as a research fellow for the UK Alzheimer's Society, and she has also worked on clinical trials and biomarkers studies in dementia. She has recently started a post as a lecturer in translational stem cell biology at King's College London.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Cornelius</namePart><namePart type="family">Katona</namePart><affiliation>Cornelius Katona is at University College London, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Cornelius Katona is Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Kent, UK, and Honorary Professor of Psychiatry of the Elderly at University College London, UK. His main research interests are in dementia, mood disorders in old age and the mental health of asylum seekers. He has extensive experience of clinical trial work in dementia and in depression. He is the author of over 200 peer-reviewed articles as well as author and/or editor of 15 books. He is co-chair of the World Psychiatric Association section of affective disorders, Chair of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Taskforce on Old Age and co-founder and vice president of the International Society for Affective Disorders. He chaired the Dementia Clinical Studies Group within DeNDRoN (the Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disorders Network) between 2008 and 2012. He has been editor-in-chief of the Journal of Affective Disorders since 1994.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ian</namePart><namePart type="family">Kearns</namePart><affiliation>Ian Kearns is at AstraZeneca, 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Ian Kearns is a clinical project manager of clinical trials. He has over 10 years of experience in setting up and conducting international clinical studies in a range of therapeutic areas within the pharmaceutical industry. He holds a B.Sc. degree in biochemistry/physiology from Sheffield University, UK, and a Ph.D. in the neurophysiology of memory and learning from Edinburgh University, Scotland, UK.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Patrick</namePart><namePart type="family">Kehoe</namePart><affiliation>Patrick Kehoe is at the University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Patrick Kehoe has, for over a decade, been one of the earliest and biggest proponents of the 'angiotensin hypothesis' in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Some of his seminal work has involved reporting positive genetic associations between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and Alzheimer's disease risk, and he has followed this up with some of the largest haplotype and meta-analyses studies conducted to date. He has published widely on the importance of ACE and related vasoactive enzymes and cellular mechanisms as pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and how a number of these already offer viable and potentially significant therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Amrit</namePart><namePart type="family">Mudher</namePart><affiliation>Amrit Mudher is at the University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Amrit Mudher is a lecturer in neurosciences at the University of Southampton. Her D.Phil. (1998) at the University of Oxford, UK, was in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease. In 2001 she was awarded an independent fellowship to establish fruitfly models of tauopathies, which she still works on. She was appointed to her current position in 2004.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anthony</namePart><namePart type="family">Passmore</namePart><affiliation>Anthony Passmore is at Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Public Health, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Anthony Passmore is Professor of Ageing and Geriatric Medicine at Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. He trained in the Northern Ireland training scheme in Geriatrics and Clinical Pharmacology, spent a year as senior lecturer at Sydney University, Australia, and was appointed as senior lecturer in Belfast in 1993. He established the memory clinic at Belfast City Hospital and leads the local Dementia Research Programme. He has supervised a number of postdoctoral degrees and has been involved in many clinical trials. He has over 200 publications, including papers in the New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet and Stroke.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Nicola</namePart><namePart type="family">Shepherd</namePart><affiliation>Nicola Shepherd is at the Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Nicola Shepherd is a business development manager in the Technology Transfer Division at the Wellcome Trust and is responsible for the Trust's Translation Fund. As well as managing a number of funded projects, her role involves contract negotiations, due diligence, monitoring patent prosecution and translation strategies leading to commercial exits.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Frank</namePart><namePart type="family">Walsh</namePart><affiliation>Frank Walsh is at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Frank Walsh is Director of Research at the school of Biomedical and Health Sciences at King's College London and has held the positions of Executive Vice President of Discovery Research at Wyeth (including oversight of Alzheimer's disease research) and Senior Vice President at GlaxoSmithKline.</description></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Clive</namePart><namePart type="family">Ballard</namePart><affiliation>Anne Corbett and Clive Ballard are at the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: clive.ballard@kcl.ac.uk</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role><description>Clive Ballard is Professor of Age-Related Diseases at King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, where he is co-director of the Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia and the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases. He has published widely in the areas of clinical trials and systematic reviews pertaining to treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia as well as clinicopathological studies, including validation of diagnostic criteria particularly for vascular and synuclein dementias.</description></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="Perspectives"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012-11</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2012-11-05</dateCreated><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="eng">Existing drugs for Alzheimer's disease provide symptomatic benefit for up to 12 months, but there are no approved disease-modifying therapies. Given the recent failures of various novel disease-modifying therapies in clinical trials, a complementary strategy based on repositioning drugs that are approved for other indications could be attractive. Indeed, a substantial body of preclinical work indicates that several classes of such drugs have potentially beneficial effects on Alzheimer's-like brain pathology, and for some drugs the evidence is also supported by epidemiological data or preliminary clinical trials. Here, we present a formal consensus evaluation of these opportunities, based on a systematic review of published literature. 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