Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly
Identifieur interne : 000018 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000017; suivant : 000019Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly
Auteurs : Raymond K. Y Chong ; Fay B. Horak ; Marjorie H. WoollacottSource :
- Journal of the Neurological Sciences [ 0022-510X ] ; 2000.
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to quickly change set. The ability to change set was inferred by measuring the change in the amplitude of automatic gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior muscle responses in standing subjects: (1) when the direction of a surface perturbation changed from a backward translation to a toes up rotation; and (2) when subjects were instructed to ‘give’ or ‘resist’ while responding to the translations and rotations. In experiment 1, a change in sensorimotor set was assessed by the suppression of gastrocnemius responses to toes up rotations following a series of backward translations. Unlike healthy young and older subjects, Parkinson subjects did not change sensorimotor set immediately to the first rotation, but needed several rotations to change their responses. When required to alternate their responses between backward translations and toes up rotations, Parkinson subjects showed a smaller amplitude change in gastrocnemius responses. In experiment 2, Parkinson subjects had more difficulty in using cognitive set to modify their responses, especially when instructed to ‘resist’ the perturbations. A small number of healthy older subjects also had difficulties changing set quickly, but to a lesser extent than the Parkinson subjects. Levodopa medication did not improve the Parkinson subjects’ ability to change set quickly. These results suggest that the basal ganglia, which are affected in Parkinson’s disease, are critical neural substrates in the ability to change set quickly.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00277-X
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly</title><author><name sortKey="Chong, Raymond K Y" sort="Chong, Raymond K Y" uniqKey="Chong R" first="Raymond K. Y" last="Chong">Raymond K. Y Chong</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physical Therapy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-706-721-2141; fax: +1-706-721-3209</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: rchong@therock.mcg.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horak, Fay B" sort="Horak, Fay B" uniqKey="Horak F" first="Fay B" last="Horak">Fay B. Horak</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Neurological Sciences Institute and Department of Neurology and Physiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woollacott, Marjorie H" sort="Woollacott, Marjorie H" uniqKey="Woollacott M" first="Marjorie H" last="Woollacott">Marjorie H. Woollacott</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Exercise and Movement Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D</idno><date when="2000" year="2000">2000</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00277-X</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000018</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly</title><author><name sortKey="Chong, Raymond K Y" sort="Chong, Raymond K Y" uniqKey="Chong R" first="Raymond K. Y" last="Chong">Raymond K. Y Chong</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physical Therapy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-706-721-2141; fax: +1-706-721-3209</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: rchong@therock.mcg.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horak, Fay B" sort="Horak, Fay B" uniqKey="Horak F" first="Fay B" last="Horak">Fay B. Horak</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Neurological Sciences Institute and Department of Neurology and Physiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woollacott, Marjorie H" sort="Woollacott, Marjorie H" uniqKey="Woollacott M" first="Marjorie H" last="Woollacott">Marjorie H. Woollacott</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Exercise and Movement Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JNS</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000">2000</date><biblScope unit="volume">175</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="57">57</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="70">70</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno></series><idno type="istex">9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00277-X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-510X(00)00277-X</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-510X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">We tested the hypothesis that basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to quickly change set. The ability to change set was inferred by measuring the change in the amplitude of automatic gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior muscle responses in standing subjects: (1) when the direction of a surface perturbation changed from a backward translation to a toes up rotation; and (2) when subjects were instructed to ‘give’ or ‘resist’ while responding to the translations and rotations. In experiment 1, a change in sensorimotor set was assessed by the suppression of gastrocnemius responses to toes up rotations following a series of backward translations. Unlike healthy young and older subjects, Parkinson subjects did not change sensorimotor set immediately to the first rotation, but needed several rotations to change their responses. When required to alternate their responses between backward translations and toes up rotations, Parkinson subjects showed a smaller amplitude change in gastrocnemius responses. In experiment 2, Parkinson subjects had more difficulty in using cognitive set to modify their responses, especially when instructed to ‘resist’ the perturbations. A small number of healthy older subjects also had difficulties changing set quickly, but to a lesser extent than the Parkinson subjects. Levodopa medication did not improve the Parkinson subjects’ ability to change set quickly. These results suggest that the basal ganglia, which are affected in Parkinson’s disease, are critical neural substrates in the ability to change set quickly.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Raymond K.Y Chong</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physical Therapy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA</json:string><json:string>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-706-721-2141; fax: +1-706-721-3209</json:string><json:string>E-mail: rchong@therock.mcg.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Fay B Horak</name><affiliations><json:string>Neurological Sciences Institute and Department of Neurology and Physiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Marjorie H Woollacott</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Exercise and Movement Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Basal ganglia</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Set</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Balance control</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>We tested the hypothesis that basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to quickly change set. The ability to change set was inferred by measuring the change in the amplitude of automatic gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior muscle responses in standing subjects: (1) when the direction of a surface perturbation changed from a backward translation to a toes up rotation; and (2) when subjects were instructed to ‘give’ or ‘resist’ while responding to the translations and rotations. In experiment 1, a change in sensorimotor set was assessed by the suppression of gastrocnemius responses to toes up rotations following a series of backward translations. Unlike healthy young and older subjects, Parkinson subjects did not change sensorimotor set immediately to the first rotation, but needed several rotations to change their responses. When required to alternate their responses between backward translations and toes up rotations, Parkinson subjects showed a smaller amplitude change in gastrocnemius responses. In experiment 2, Parkinson subjects had more difficulty in using cognitive set to modify their responses, especially when instructed to ‘resist’ the perturbations. A small number of healthy older subjects also had difficulties changing set quickly, but to a lesser extent than the Parkinson subjects. Levodopa medication did not improve the Parkinson subjects’ ability to change set quickly. These results suggest that the basal ganglia, which are affected in Parkinson’s disease, are critical neural substrates in the ability to change set quickly.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.82</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>598 x 792 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>3</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1589</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>8540</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>53907</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>14</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>235</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly</title><pii><json:string>S0022-510X(00)00277-X</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>175</volume><pii><json:string>S0022-510X(00)X0093-7</json:string></pii><pages><last>70</last><first>57</first></pages><issn><json:string>0022-510X</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><genre><json:string>Journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>CLINICAL NEUROLOGY</json:string><json:string>NEUROIMAGING</json:string><json:string>NEUROSCIENCES</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2000</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00277-X</json:string></doi><id>9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>2000</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Sample gastrocnemius EMG and surface reactive torque traces of a representative healthy older and Parkinson subject ON and OFF medication. Light traces represent responses in the last backward translation, and bold traces are responses in the first toes up rotation. Parkinson subjects’ response to the first toes up rotation was like those in backward translations, in which gastrocnemius activation remained high. Consequently, the negative slopes of the torque trace indicating the rate of change in surface reactive plantarflexor torque was the same in the first toes up rotation as in the last backward translation.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Mean and standard error of gastrocnemius activity during backward translations and toes up rotations in the (A) young, (B) healthy older, (C) Parkinson OFF, and (D) ON groups. The Parkinson subjects (OFF and ON medication) who did not reduce gastrocnemius response in the first rotation eventually did so. *P<0.05 between the last backward translation and the first toes up rotation. n.s., not significant (P>0.05).</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Mean and standard error of surface torque slope during backward translations and toes up rotations in the (A) young, (B) healthy older, (C) Parkinson OFF, and (D) ON groups. *P<0.05 between the last backward translation and the first toes up rotation. n.s., not significant (P>0.05).</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Trial-by-trial increase and decrease in gastrocnemius activity as a function of task requirement in older adults and Parkinson subjects when OFF. Odd-numbered trials are backward translations; even-numbered trials are toes up rotations.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: (A) Tibialis anterior and (B) medial gastrocnemius EMGs with corresponding antagonist muscle and surface reactive torque traces during toes up rotations and backward translations, respectively, from a healthy older and a Parkinson subject on (OFF) and off (ON) levodopa medication. Healthy young and older, but not Parkinson, subjects were able to use cognitive set to modify the amplitude of muscle responses at the ankles.</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Group mean and standard error of the amplitude difference between ‘resist’ and ‘give’ conditions in (A) tibialis anterior and (B) gastrocnemius responses during toes up rotations and backward translations for the healthy young, healthy older, and Parkinson OFF and ON groups, respectively.</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: Mean and standard error of mean difference between ‘resist’ and ‘give’ in surface antero-posterior peak shear force during (A) toes up rotations and (B) backward translations.</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Raymond K.Y</forename><surname>Chong</surname></persName><email>rchong@therock.mcg.edu</email><affiliation>Department of Physical Therapy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-706-721-2141; fax: +1-706-721-3209</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Fay B</forename><surname>Horak</surname></persName><affiliation>Neurological Sciences Institute and Department of Neurology and Physiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Marjorie H</forename><surname>Woollacott</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Exercise and Movement Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JNS</title><idno type="pISSN">0022-510X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-510X(00)X0093-7</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000"></date><biblScope unit="volume">175</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="57">57</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="70">70</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00277-X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-510X(00)00277-X</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2000</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>We tested the hypothesis that basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to quickly change set. The ability to change set was inferred by measuring the change in the amplitude of automatic gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior muscle responses in standing subjects: (1) when the direction of a surface perturbation changed from a backward translation to a toes up rotation; and (2) when subjects were instructed to ‘give’ or ‘resist’ while responding to the translations and rotations. In experiment 1, a change in sensorimotor set was assessed by the suppression of gastrocnemius responses to toes up rotations following a series of backward translations. Unlike healthy young and older subjects, Parkinson subjects did not change sensorimotor set immediately to the first rotation, but needed several rotations to change their responses. When required to alternate their responses between backward translations and toes up rotations, Parkinson subjects showed a smaller amplitude change in gastrocnemius responses. In experiment 2, Parkinson subjects had more difficulty in using cognitive set to modify their responses, especially when instructed to ‘resist’ the perturbations. A small number of healthy older subjects also had difficulties changing set quickly, but to a lesser extent than the Parkinson subjects. Levodopa medication did not improve the Parkinson subjects’ ability to change set quickly. These results suggest that the basal ganglia, which are affected in Parkinson’s disease, are critical neural substrates in the ability to change set quickly.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Basal ganglia</term></item><item><term>Set</term></item><item><term>Balance control</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2000-02-02">Registration</change><change when="2000-02-01">Modified</change><change when="2000">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="GR1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="GR2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="GR3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="GR4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="GR5"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr6" NDATA="IMAGE" name="GR6"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr7" NDATA="IMAGE" name="GR7"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>JNS</jid><aid>6326</aid><ce:pii>S0022-510X(00)00277-X</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00277-X</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2000">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Raymond K.Y</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Chong</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>rchong@therock.mcg.edu</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Fay B</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Horak</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Marjorie H</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Woollacott</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF3"><ce:sup>c</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Physical Therapy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Neurological Sciences Institute and Department of Neurology and Physiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF3"><ce:label>c</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Exercise and Movement Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-706-721-2141; fax: +1-706-721-3209</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="22" month="10" year="1998"></ce:date-received><ce:date-revised day="1" month="2" year="2000"></ce:date-revised><ce:date-accepted day="2" month="2" year="2000"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>We tested the hypothesis that basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to quickly change set. The ability to change set was inferred by measuring the change in the amplitude of automatic gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior muscle responses in standing subjects: (1) when the direction of a surface perturbation changed from a backward translation to a toes up rotation; and (2) when subjects were instructed to ‘give’ or ‘resist’ while responding to the translations and rotations. In experiment 1, a change in sensorimotor set was assessed by the suppression of gastrocnemius responses to toes up rotations following a series of backward translations. Unlike healthy young and older subjects, Parkinson subjects did not change sensorimotor set immediately to the first rotation, but needed several rotations to change their responses. When required to alternate their responses between backward translations and toes up rotations, Parkinson subjects showed a smaller amplitude change in gastrocnemius responses. In experiment 2, Parkinson subjects had more difficulty in using cognitive set to modify their responses, especially when instructed to ‘resist’ the perturbations. A small number of healthy older subjects also had difficulties changing set quickly, but to a lesser extent than the Parkinson subjects. Levodopa medication did not improve the Parkinson subjects’ ability to change set quickly. These results suggest that the basal ganglia, which are affected in Parkinson’s disease, are critical neural substrates in the ability to change set quickly.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Basal ganglia</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Set</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Balance control</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to change set quickly</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Raymond K.Y</namePart><namePart type="family">Chong</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physical Therapy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-706-721-2141; fax: +1-706-721-3209</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: rchong@therock.mcg.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Fay B</namePart><namePart type="family">Horak</namePart><affiliation>Neurological Sciences Institute and Department of Neurology and Physiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Marjorie H</namePart><namePart type="family">Woollacott</namePart><affiliation>Department of Exercise and Movement Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000</dateIssued><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2000-02-02</dateValid><dateModified encoding="w3cdtf">2000-02-01</dateModified><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2000</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">We tested the hypothesis that basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease impairs the ability to quickly change set. The ability to change set was inferred by measuring the change in the amplitude of automatic gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior muscle responses in standing subjects: (1) when the direction of a surface perturbation changed from a backward translation to a toes up rotation; and (2) when subjects were instructed to ‘give’ or ‘resist’ while responding to the translations and rotations. In experiment 1, a change in sensorimotor set was assessed by the suppression of gastrocnemius responses to toes up rotations following a series of backward translations. Unlike healthy young and older subjects, Parkinson subjects did not change sensorimotor set immediately to the first rotation, but needed several rotations to change their responses. When required to alternate their responses between backward translations and toes up rotations, Parkinson subjects showed a smaller amplitude change in gastrocnemius responses. In experiment 2, Parkinson subjects had more difficulty in using cognitive set to modify their responses, especially when instructed to ‘resist’ the perturbations. A small number of healthy older subjects also had difficulties changing set quickly, but to a lesser extent than the Parkinson subjects. Levodopa medication did not improve the Parkinson subjects’ ability to change set quickly. These results suggest that the basal ganglia, which are affected in Parkinson’s disease, are critical neural substrates in the ability to change set quickly.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Sample gastrocnemius EMG and surface reactive torque traces of a representative healthy older and Parkinson subject ON and OFF medication. Light traces represent responses in the last backward translation, and bold traces are responses in the first toes up rotation. Parkinson subjects’ response to the first toes up rotation was like those in backward translations, in which gastrocnemius activation remained high. Consequently, the negative slopes of the torque trace indicating the rate of change in surface reactive plantarflexor torque was the same in the first toes up rotation as in the last backward translation.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Mean and standard error of gastrocnemius activity during backward translations and toes up rotations in the (A) young, (B) healthy older, (C) Parkinson OFF, and (D) ON groups. The Parkinson subjects (OFF and ON medication) who did not reduce gastrocnemius response in the first rotation eventually did so. *P<0.05 between the last backward translation and the first toes up rotation. n.s., not significant (P>0.05).</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Mean and standard error of surface torque slope during backward translations and toes up rotations in the (A) young, (B) healthy older, (C) Parkinson OFF, and (D) ON groups. *P<0.05 between the last backward translation and the first toes up rotation. n.s., not significant (P>0.05).</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Trial-by-trial increase and decrease in gastrocnemius activity as a function of task requirement in older adults and Parkinson subjects when OFF. Odd-numbered trials are backward translations; even-numbered trials are toes up rotations.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: (A) Tibialis anterior and (B) medial gastrocnemius EMGs with corresponding antagonist muscle and surface reactive torque traces during toes up rotations and backward translations, respectively, from a healthy older and a Parkinson subject on (OFF) and off (ON) levodopa medication. Healthy young and older, but not Parkinson, subjects were able to use cognitive set to modify the amplitude of muscle responses at the ankles.</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Group mean and standard error of the amplitude difference between ‘resist’ and ‘give’ conditions in (A) tibialis anterior and (B) gastrocnemius responses during toes up rotations and backward translations for the healthy young, healthy older, and Parkinson OFF and ON groups, respectively.</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: Mean and standard error of mean difference between ‘resist’ and ‘give’ in surface antero-posterior peak shear force during (A) toes up rotations and (B) backward translations.</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Basal ganglia</topic><topic>Set</topic><topic>Balance control</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of the Neurological Sciences</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>JNS</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">20000401</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0022-510X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-510X(00)X0093-7</identifier><part><date>20000401</date><detail type="volume"><number>175</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>80</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>57</start><end>70</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00277-X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-510X(00)00277-X</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="">© 2000Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©2000</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><istex:catWosTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/9F1B6046003EE61B2B1AA4C1FF163D313245F47D/enrichments/catWos"><teiHeader><profileDesc><textClass><classCode scheme="WOS">CLINICAL NEUROLOGY</classCode><classCode scheme="WOS">NEUROIMAGING</classCode><classCode scheme="WOS">NEUROSCIENCES</classCode></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:catWosTEI></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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