Mechanisms of the placebo effect and of conditioning.
Identifieur interne : 000F79 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000F78; suivant : 000F80Mechanisms of the placebo effect and of conditioning.
Auteurs : France HaourSource :
- Neuroimmunomodulation [ 1021-7401 ] ; 2005.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Brain (physiology), Conditioning (Psychology) (physiology), Depressive Disorder (drug therapy), Depressive Disorder (psychology), Humans, Materia Medica (pharmacology), Pain (drug therapy), Pain (psychology), Parkinson Disease (drug therapy), Parkinson Disease (psychology), Placebo Effect, Psychophysiology, Psychotherapeutic Processes.
- MESH :
- chemical , pharmacology : Materia Medica.
- drug therapy : Depressive Disorder, Pain, Parkinson Disease.
- physiology : Brain, Conditioning (Psychology).
- psychology : Depressive Disorder, Pain, Parkinson Disease.
- Animals, Humans, Placebo Effect, Psychophysiology, Psychotherapeutic Processes.
Abstract
A placebo is a sham treatment, such as a pill, liquid, or injection without biological activity, used in pharmacology to control for the activity of a drug. However, in many cases this placebo induces biological or psychological effects in the human. Two theories have been proposed to explain the placebo effect: the conditioning theory, which states that the placebo effect is a conditioned response, and the mentalistic theory, which sees the patient's expectation as the primary cause of the placebo effect. The mechanisms involved in these processes are beginning to be understood through new techniques of investigation in neuroscience. Dopamine and the endorphins have been clearly shown to be mediators of placebo effects. Brain imaging has demonstrated that placebos can mimic the effect of the active drugs and activate the same brain areas. This is the case for placebo-dopamine in Parkinson's disease, for placebo-analgesics or antidepressants, and for placebo-caffeine in the healthy subject. It remains to be understood how conditioning and expectation are able to activate memory loops in the brain that reproduce the expected biological responses.
DOI: 10.1159/000085651
PubMed: 15990450
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:15990450Le document en format XML
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However, in many cases this placebo induces biological or psychological effects in the human. Two theories have been proposed to explain the placebo effect: the conditioning theory, which states that the placebo effect is a conditioned response, and the mentalistic theory, which sees the patient's expectation as the primary cause of the placebo effect. The mechanisms involved in these processes are beginning to be understood through new techniques of investigation in neuroscience. Dopamine and the endorphins have been clearly shown to be mediators of placebo effects. Brain imaging has demonstrated that placebos can mimic the effect of the active drugs and activate the same brain areas. This is the case for placebo-dopamine in Parkinson's disease, for placebo-analgesics or antidepressants, and for placebo-caffeine in the healthy subject. It remains to be understood how conditioning and expectation are able to activate memory loops in the brain that reproduce the expected biological responses.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">15990450</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2005</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>01</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2005</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>30</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2005</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1021-7401</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2005</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Neuroimmunomodulation</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Neuroimmunomodulation</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Mechanisms of the placebo effect and of conditioning.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>195-200</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>A placebo is a sham treatment, such as a pill, liquid, or injection without biological activity, used in pharmacology to control for the activity of a drug. However, in many cases this placebo induces biological or psychological effects in the human. Two theories have been proposed to explain the placebo effect: the conditioning theory, which states that the placebo effect is a conditioned response, and the mentalistic theory, which sees the patient's expectation as the primary cause of the placebo effect. The mechanisms involved in these processes are beginning to be understood through new techniques of investigation in neuroscience. Dopamine and the endorphins have been clearly shown to be mediators of placebo effects. Brain imaging has demonstrated that placebos can mimic the effect of the active drugs and activate the same brain areas. This is the case for placebo-dopamine in Parkinson's disease, for placebo-analgesics or antidepressants, and for placebo-caffeine in the healthy subject. It remains to be understood how conditioning and expectation are able to activate memory loops in the brain that reproduce the expected biological responses.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haour</LastName><ForeName>France</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM U732, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France. fhaour@st-antoine.inserm.fr</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Neuroimmunomodulation</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9422763</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1021-7401</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008419">Materia Medica</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001921" MajorTopicYN="N">Brain</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003213" MajorTopicYN="N">Conditioning (Psychology)</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003866" MajorTopicYN="N">Depressive Disorder</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008419" MajorTopicYN="N">Materia Medica</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010146" MajorTopicYN="N">Pain</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010300" MajorTopicYN="N">Parkinson Disease</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015990" MajorTopicYN="Y">Placebo Effect</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011603" MajorTopicYN="N">Psychophysiology</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013811" MajorTopicYN="N">Psychotherapeutic Processes</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><NumberOfReferences>58</NumberOfReferences></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2004</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2005</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2005</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2005</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2005</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">15990450</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">NIM2005012004195</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1159/000085651</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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