Subthalamic nucleus activity dissociates proactive and reactive inhibition in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Identifieur interne : 000442 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000441; suivant : 000443Subthalamic nucleus activity dissociates proactive and reactive inhibition in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Auteurs : Damien Benis [France] ; Olivier David [France] ; Jean-Philippe Lachaux [France] ; Eric Seigneuret [France] ; Paul Krack [France] ; Valérie Fraix [France] ; Stéphan Chabardès [France] ; Julien Bastin [France]Source :
- NeuroImage [ 1095-9572 ] ; 2014.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged, Antiparkinson Agents (therapeutic use), Attention (physiology), Beta Rhythm (physiology), Deep Brain Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Executive Function (physiology), Female, Humans, Levodopa (therapeutic use), Male, Middle Aged, Motivation (physiology), Motor Cortex (physiology), Neural Pathways (physiology), Parkinson Disease (drug therapy), Parkinson Disease (physiopathology), Parkinson Disease (therapy), Psychomotor Performance (physiology), Reaction Time (physiology), Reactive Inhibition, Subthalamic Nucleus (physiopathology).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antiparkinson Agents, Levodopa.
- drug therapy : Parkinson Disease.
- physiology : Attention, Beta Rhythm, Executive Function, Motivation, Motor Cortex, Neural Pathways, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time.
- physiopathology : Parkinson Disease, Subthalamic Nucleus.
- therapy : Parkinson Disease.
- Aged, Deep Brain Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reactive Inhibition.
Abstract
Models of action selection postulate the critical involvement of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), especially in reactive inhibition processes when inappropriate responses to a sudden stimulus must be overridden. The STN could also play a key role during proactive inhibition, when subjects prepare to potentially suppress their actions. Here, we hypothesized that STN responses to reactive and proactive inhibitory control might be driven by different underlying mechanisms with specific temporal profiles. Direct neural recordings in twelve Parkinson's disease patients during a modified stop signal task (SST) revealed a decrease of beta band activity (βA, 13-35Hz) in the STN during reactive inhibition of smaller amplitude and shorter duration than during motor execution. Crucially, the onset latency of this relative increase of βA took place before the stop signal reaction time. It could thus be thought of as a "stop" signal inhibiting thalamo-cortical activity that would have supported motor execution. Finally, results also revealed a higher level of βA in the STN during proactive inhibition, which correlated with patient's inhibitory performances. We propose that βA in the STN would here participate in the implementation of a "hold your horse" signal to delay motor responses, thus prioritizing accuracy as compared to speed. In brief, our results provide strong electrophysiological support for the hypothesized role of the STN during executive control underlying proactive and reactive response suppression.
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.070
PubMed: 24368260
Affiliations:
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University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Joseph Fourier</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krack, Paul" sort="Krack, Paul" uniqKey="Krack P" first="Paul" last="Krack">Paul Krack</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Joseph Fourier</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraix, Valerie" sort="Fraix, Valerie" uniqKey="Fraix V" first="Valérie" last="Fraix">Valérie Fraix</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Joseph Fourier</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chabardes, Stephan" sort="Chabardes, Stephan" uniqKey="Chabardes S" first="Stéphan" last="Chabardès">Stéphan Chabardès</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Joseph Fourier</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bastin, Julien" sort="Bastin, Julien" uniqKey="Bastin J" first="Julien" last="Bastin">Julien Bastin</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France. Electronic address: julien.bastin@ujf-grenoble.fr.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Joseph Fourier</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">NeuroImage</title><idno type="eISSN">1095-9572</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Antiparkinson Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Attention (physiology)</term><term>Beta Rhythm (physiology)</term><term>Deep Brain Stimulation</term><term>Electrodes, Implanted</term><term>Executive Function (physiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Levodopa (therapeutic use)</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Motivation (physiology)</term><term>Motor Cortex (physiology)</term><term>Neural Pathways (physiology)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (drug therapy)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (physiopathology)</term><term>Parkinson Disease (therapy)</term><term>Psychomotor Performance (physiology)</term><term>Reaction Time (physiology)</term><term>Reactive Inhibition</term><term>Subthalamic Nucleus (physiopathology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiparkinson Agents</term><term>Levodopa</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Attention</term><term>Beta Rhythm</term><term>Executive Function</term><term>Motivation</term><term>Motor Cortex</term><term>Neural Pathways</term><term>Psychomotor Performance</term><term>Reaction Time</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term><term>Subthalamic Nucleus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Deep Brain Stimulation</term><term>Electrodes, Implanted</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Reactive Inhibition</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Models of action selection postulate the critical involvement of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), especially in reactive inhibition processes when inappropriate responses to a sudden stimulus must be overridden. The STN could also play a key role during proactive inhibition, when subjects prepare to potentially suppress their actions. Here, we hypothesized that STN responses to reactive and proactive inhibitory control might be driven by different underlying mechanisms with specific temporal profiles. Direct neural recordings in twelve Parkinson's disease patients during a modified stop signal task (SST) revealed a decrease of beta band activity (βA, 13-35Hz) in the STN during reactive inhibition of smaller amplitude and shorter duration than during motor execution. Crucially, the onset latency of this relative increase of βA took place before the stop signal reaction time. It could thus be thought of as a "stop" signal inhibiting thalamo-cortical activity that would have supported motor execution. Finally, results also revealed a higher level of βA in the STN during proactive inhibition, which correlated with patient's inhibitory performances. We propose that βA in the STN would here participate in the implementation of a "hold your horse" signal to delay motor responses, thus prioritizing accuracy as compared to speed. In brief, our results provide strong electrophysiological support for the hypothesized role of the STN during executive control underlying proactive and reactive response suppression.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24368260</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2014</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>24</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2014</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>24</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1095-9572</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>91</Volume><PubDate><Year>2014</Year><Month>May</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>NeuroImage</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Neuroimage</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Subthalamic nucleus activity dissociates proactive and reactive inhibition in patients with Parkinson's disease.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>273-81</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.070</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1053-8119(13)01252-4</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Models of action selection postulate the critical involvement of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), especially in reactive inhibition processes when inappropriate responses to a sudden stimulus must be overridden. The STN could also play a key role during proactive inhibition, when subjects prepare to potentially suppress their actions. Here, we hypothesized that STN responses to reactive and proactive inhibitory control might be driven by different underlying mechanisms with specific temporal profiles. Direct neural recordings in twelve Parkinson's disease patients during a modified stop signal task (SST) revealed a decrease of beta band activity (βA, 13-35Hz) in the STN during reactive inhibition of smaller amplitude and shorter duration than during motor execution. Crucially, the onset latency of this relative increase of βA took place before the stop signal reaction time. It could thus be thought of as a "stop" signal inhibiting thalamo-cortical activity that would have supported motor execution. Finally, results also revealed a higher level of βA in the STN during proactive inhibition, which correlated with patient's inhibitory performances. We propose that βA in the STN would here participate in the implementation of a "hold your horse" signal to delay motor responses, thus prioritizing accuracy as compared to speed. In brief, our results provide strong electrophysiological support for the hypothesized role of the STN during executive control underlying proactive and reactive response suppression.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benis</LastName><ForeName>Damien</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>David</LastName><ForeName>Olivier</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lachaux</LastName><ForeName>Jean-Philippe</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM, U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seigneuret</LastName><ForeName>Eric</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Krack</LastName><ForeName>Paul</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fraix</LastName><ForeName>Valérie</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chabardès</LastName><ForeName>Stéphan</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bastin</LastName><ForeName>Julien</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fonctions Cérébrales et Neuromodulation, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France. Electronic address: julien.bastin@ujf-grenoble.fr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2013</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>22</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Neuroimage</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9215515</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1053-8119</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000978">Antiparkinson Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>46627O600J</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007980">Levodopa</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000978" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiparkinson Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001288" MajorTopicYN="N">Attention</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001611" MajorTopicYN="N">Beta Rhythm</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D046690" MajorTopicYN="N">Deep Brain Stimulation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004567" MajorTopicYN="N">Electrodes, Implanted</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D056344" MajorTopicYN="N">Executive Function</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007980" MajorTopicYN="N">Levodopa</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009042" MajorTopicYN="N">Motivation</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009044" MajorTopicYN="N">Motor Cortex</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009434" MajorTopicYN="N">Neural Pathways</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010300" MajorTopicYN="N">Parkinson Disease</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000628" MajorTopicYN="N">therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011597" MajorTopicYN="N">Psychomotor Performance</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011930" MajorTopicYN="N">Reaction Time</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011931" MajorTopicYN="Y">Reactive Inhibition</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020531" MajorTopicYN="N">Subthalamic Nucleus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Beta band</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Executive functions</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Local field potentials</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Parkinson disease</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Proactive inhibition</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Reactive inhibition</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Stop signal task</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Subthalamic nucleus</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2013</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>26</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2013</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2013</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2013</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2013</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>18</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">24368260</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S1053-8119(13)01252-4</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.070</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li></country><region><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li></region><settlement><li>Grenoble</li><li>Lyon</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Joseph Fourier</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes"><name sortKey="Benis, Damien" sort="Benis, Damien" uniqKey="Benis D" first="Damien" last="Benis">Damien Benis</name></region><name sortKey="Bastin, Julien" sort="Bastin, Julien" uniqKey="Bastin J" first="Julien" last="Bastin">Julien Bastin</name><name sortKey="Chabardes, Stephan" sort="Chabardes, Stephan" uniqKey="Chabardes S" first="Stéphan" last="Chabardès">Stéphan Chabardès</name><name sortKey="David, Olivier" sort="David, Olivier" uniqKey="David O" first="Olivier" last="David">Olivier David</name><name sortKey="Fraix, Valerie" sort="Fraix, Valerie" uniqKey="Fraix V" first="Valérie" last="Fraix">Valérie Fraix</name><name sortKey="Krack, Paul" sort="Krack, Paul" uniqKey="Krack P" first="Paul" last="Krack">Paul Krack</name><name sortKey="Lachaux, Jean Philippe" sort="Lachaux, Jean Philippe" uniqKey="Lachaux J" first="Jean-Philippe" last="Lachaux">Jean-Philippe Lachaux</name><name sortKey="Seigneuret, Eric" sort="Seigneuret, Eric" uniqKey="Seigneuret E" first="Eric" last="Seigneuret">Eric 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