Current Developments on Optical Feedback Interferometry as an All-Optical Sensor for Biomedical Applications
Identifieur interne : 000159 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000158; suivant : 000160Current Developments on Optical Feedback Interferometry as an All-Optical Sensor for Biomedical Applications
Auteurs : Julien Perchoux ; Adam Quotb ; Reza Atashkhooei ; Francisco J. Azcona ; Evelio E. Ramírez-Miquet [Cuba] ; Olivier Bernal ; Ajit Jha ; Antonio Luna-Arriaga ; Carlos Yanez ; Jesus Caum ; Thierry Bosch ; Santiago RoyoSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Optical feedback interferometry (OFI) sensors are experiencing a consistent increase in their applications to biosensing due to their contactless nature, low cost and compactness, features that fit very well with current biophotonics research and market trends. The present paper is a review of the work in progress at UPC-CD6 and LAAS-CNRS related to the application of OFI to different aspects of biosensing, both
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DOI: 10.3390/s16050694
PubMed: 27187406
PubMed Central: 4883385
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Current Developments on Optical Feedback Interferometry as an All-Optical Sensor for Biomedical Applications</title><author><name sortKey="Perchoux, Julien" sort="Perchoux, Julien" uniqKey="Perchoux J" first="Julien" last="Perchoux">Julien Perchoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quotb, Adam" sort="Quotb, Adam" uniqKey="Quotb A" first="Adam" last="Quotb">Adam Quotb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Atashkhooei, Reza" sort="Atashkhooei, Reza" uniqKey="Atashkhooei R" first="Reza" last="Atashkhooei">Reza Atashkhooei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azcona, Francisco J" sort="Azcona, Francisco J" uniqKey="Azcona F" first="Francisco J." last="Azcona">Francisco J. Azcona</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Miquet, Evelio E" sort="Ramirez Miquet, Evelio E" uniqKey="Ramirez Miquet E" first="Evelio E." last="Ramírez-Miquet">Evelio E. Ramírez-Miquet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-16-00694">Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear, Calle 30, No. 502, Miramar, La Habana 11300, Cuba</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cuba</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear, Calle 30, No. 502, Miramar, La Habana 11300</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernal, Olivier" sort="Bernal, Olivier" uniqKey="Bernal O" first="Olivier" last="Bernal">Olivier Bernal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Ajit" sort="Jha, Ajit" uniqKey="Jha A" first="Ajit" last="Jha">Ajit Jha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luna Arriaga, Antonio" sort="Luna Arriaga, Antonio" uniqKey="Luna Arriaga A" first="Antonio" last="Luna-Arriaga">Antonio Luna-Arriaga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanez, Carlos" sort="Yanez, Carlos" uniqKey="Yanez C" first="Carlos" last="Yanez">Carlos Yanez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caum, Jesus" sort="Caum, Jesus" uniqKey="Caum J" first="Jesus" last="Caum">Jesus Caum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Thierry" sort="Bosch, Thierry" uniqKey="Bosch T" first="Thierry" last="Bosch">Thierry Bosch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Royo, Santiago" sort="Royo, Santiago" uniqKey="Royo S" first="Santiago" last="Royo">Santiago Royo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27187406</idno><idno type="pmc">4883385</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883385</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4883385</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s16050694</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000159</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000159</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000159</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000159</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Current Developments on Optical Feedback Interferometry as an All-Optical Sensor for Biomedical Applications</title><author><name sortKey="Perchoux, Julien" sort="Perchoux, Julien" uniqKey="Perchoux J" first="Julien" last="Perchoux">Julien Perchoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quotb, Adam" sort="Quotb, Adam" uniqKey="Quotb A" first="Adam" last="Quotb">Adam Quotb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Atashkhooei, Reza" sort="Atashkhooei, Reza" uniqKey="Atashkhooei R" first="Reza" last="Atashkhooei">Reza Atashkhooei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azcona, Francisco J" sort="Azcona, Francisco J" uniqKey="Azcona F" first="Francisco J." last="Azcona">Francisco J. Azcona</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Miquet, Evelio E" sort="Ramirez Miquet, Evelio E" uniqKey="Ramirez Miquet E" first="Evelio E." last="Ramírez-Miquet">Evelio E. Ramírez-Miquet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-16-00694">Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear, Calle 30, No. 502, Miramar, La Habana 11300, Cuba</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cuba</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear, Calle 30, No. 502, Miramar, La Habana 11300</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernal, Olivier" sort="Bernal, Olivier" uniqKey="Bernal O" first="Olivier" last="Bernal">Olivier Bernal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Ajit" sort="Jha, Ajit" uniqKey="Jha A" first="Ajit" last="Jha">Ajit Jha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luna Arriaga, Antonio" sort="Luna Arriaga, Antonio" uniqKey="Luna Arriaga A" first="Antonio" last="Luna-Arriaga">Antonio Luna-Arriaga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanez, Carlos" sort="Yanez, Carlos" uniqKey="Yanez C" first="Carlos" last="Yanez">Carlos Yanez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caum, Jesus" sort="Caum, Jesus" uniqKey="Caum J" first="Jesus" last="Caum">Jesus Caum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Thierry" sort="Bosch, Thierry" uniqKey="Bosch T" first="Thierry" last="Bosch">Thierry Bosch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694">LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Royo, Santiago" sort="Royo, Santiago" uniqKey="Royo S" first="Santiago" last="Royo">Santiago Royo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694">Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Optical feedback interferometry (OFI) sensors are experiencing a consistent increase in their applications to biosensing due to their contactless nature, low cost and compactness, features that fit very well with current biophotonics research and market trends. The present paper is a review of the work in progress at UPC-CD6 and LAAS-CNRS related to the application of OFI to different aspects of biosensing, both <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>ex vivo</italic>. This work is intended to present the variety of opportunities and potential applications related to OFI that are available in the field. The activities presented are divided into two main sensing strategies: The measurement of optical path changes and the monitoring of flows, which correspond to sensing strategies linked to the reconstruction of changes of amplitude from the interferometric signal, and to classical Doppler frequency measurements, respectively. For optical path change measurements, measurements of transient pulses, usual in biosensing, together with the measurement of large displacements applied to designing palliative care instrumentation for Parkinson disease are discussed. Regarding the Doppler-based approach, progress in flow-related signal processing and applications in real-time monitoring of non-steady flows, human blood flow monitoring and OFI pressure myograph sensing will be presented. In all cases, experimental setups are discussed and results presented, showing the versatility of the technique. The described applications show the wide capabilities in biosensing of the OFI sensor, showing it as an enabler of low-cost, all-optical, high accuracy biomedical applications.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kane, D M" uniqKey="Kane D">D.M. Kane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shore, K A" uniqKey="Shore K">K.A. Shore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taimre, T" uniqKey="Taimre T">T. Taimre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nikoli, M" uniqKey="Nikoli M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sensors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27187406</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4883385</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s16050694</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-16-00694</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Current Developments on Optical Feedback Interferometry as an All-Optical Sensor for Biomedical Applications</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perchoux</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-16-00694">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quotb</surname><given-names>Adam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-16-00694">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Atashkhooei</surname><given-names>Reza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-16-00694">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-sensors-16-00694">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Azcona</surname><given-names>Francisco J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-16-00694">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-sensors-16-00694">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramírez-Miquet</surname><given-names>Evelio E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-16-00694">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-sensors-16-00694">3</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-sensors-16-00694">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bernal</surname><given-names>Olivier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-16-00694">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jha</surname><given-names>Ajit</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-16-00694">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luna-Arriaga</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-16-00694">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yanez</surname><given-names>Carlos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-16-00694">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caum</surname><given-names>Jesus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-16-00694">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bosch</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-16-00694">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Royo</surname><given-names>Santiago</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-16-00694">2</xref><xref rid="c1-sensors-16-00694" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Passaro</surname><given-names>Vittorio M. N.</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-16-00694"><label>1</label>LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, 6 Allée Emile Monso, 31400 Toulouse, France;<email>julien.perchoux@enseeiht.fr</email> (J.P.);<email>adam.quotb@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.Q.);<email>ermiquet@ceaden.edu.cu</email> (E.E.R.-M.);<email>olivier.bernal@enseeiht.fr</email> (O.B.);<email>antonio.lunaarriaga@enseeiht.fr</email> (A.L.-A.);<email>thierry.bosch@enseeiht.fr</email> (T.B.)</aff><aff id="af2-sensors-16-00694"><label>2</label>Centre for the Development of Sensors, Instruments and Systems, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-CD6), Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, E08222 Terrassa, Spain;<email>reza.atashkhooei@cd6.upc.edu</email> (R.A.);<email>francisco.javier.azcona@cd6.upc.edu</email> (F.J.A.);<email>ajit.jha@cd6.upc.edu</email> (A.J.);<email>carlos.yanez@cd6.upc.edu</email> (C.Y.);<email>caum@oo.upc.edu</email> (J.C.)</aff><aff id="af3-sensors-16-00694"><label>3</label>Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear, Calle 30, No. 502, Miramar, La Habana 11300, Cuba</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-16-00694"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>santiago.royo@upc.edu</email>; Tel.: +34-93-739-8904</corresp><fn id="fn1-sensors-16-00694"><label>†</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>5</issue><elocation-id>694</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>06</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Optical feedback interferometry (OFI) sensors are experiencing a consistent increase in their applications to biosensing due to their contactless nature, low cost and compactness, features that fit very well with current biophotonics research and market trends. The present paper is a review of the work in progress at UPC-CD6 and LAAS-CNRS related to the application of OFI to different aspects of biosensing, both <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>ex vivo</italic>. This work is intended to present the variety of opportunities and potential applications related to OFI that are available in the field. The activities presented are divided into two main sensing strategies: The measurement of optical path changes and the monitoring of flows, which correspond to sensing strategies linked to the reconstruction of changes of amplitude from the interferometric signal, and to classical Doppler frequency measurements, respectively. For optical path change measurements, measurements of transient pulses, usual in biosensing, together with the measurement of large displacements applied to designing palliative care instrumentation for Parkinson disease are discussed. Regarding the Doppler-based approach, progress in flow-related signal processing and applications in real-time monitoring of non-steady flows, human blood flow monitoring and OFI pressure myograph sensing will be presented. In all cases, experimental setups are discussed and results presented, showing the versatility of the technique. The described applications show the wide capabilities in biosensing of the OFI sensor, showing it as an enabler of low-cost, all-optical, high accuracy biomedical applications.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>optical feedback interferometry</kwd><kwd>biosensors</kwd><kwd>vibrometry</kwd><kwd>flowmetry</kwd><kwd>biophotonics</kwd><kwd>metrology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Experimental setup for the monitoring of transient path changes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Experimental optical feedback interferometry (OFI) signal. (<bold>a</bold>) Transient signal applied to PZT to introduce transient vibration; (<bold>b</bold>) OFI signal resulting from transient motion of the piezo; the inset gives the magnified view of OFI signal produced by transient vibration.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Time-Frequency representation of the OFI signal. (<bold>a</bold>) OFI signal; (<bold>b</bold>) scalogram of the OFI signal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f004" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Experimental results. Characterizing the pulse: determining the 3-dB width and center time of the pulse.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f005" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Experimental results. Velocity profile of the transient pulse determined using wavelets (blue) and time-dependent signal applied to the target (red). Circles indicate the axis for each figure.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f006" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Experimental setup to measure the vibration of the stabilizing handle and the vibration of the utensil attachment.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f007" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Measured OFI signal obtained using the experimental setup described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="sensors-16-00694-f006">Figure 6</xref> exhibiting strong variations in both amplitude an optical coupling factor <italic>C</italic>. (<bold>a</bold>) Full acquisition that highlights the strong amplitude modulation induced by the speckle phenomenon; (<bold>b</bold>) truncation of the time-domain signal showing a high <italic>C</italic> value; (<bold>c</bold>) truncation of the time-domain signal showing a lower value for the optical coupling factor <italic>C</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g007a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g007b"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f008" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Measured vibration displacement of the stabilizing handle and the vibration of the utensil attachment induced by a shaker at different stimuli frequencies.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f009" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Experimental configuration for fluid flow profile measurement.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g009"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f010" position="float"><label>Figure 10</label><caption><p>Relative standard deviation of the measured average fluid velocity profile for the circular channel (320-µm diameter) with a 50-µL/min flow rate with various dilution ratios of milk (from 2% to 100% of full milk in water) (<bold>a</bold>) with the cutoff frequency method and (<bold>b</bold>) with the weighted moment method.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g010"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f011" position="float"><label>Figure 11</label><caption><p>Experimental (circles) and theoretical (solid line) fluid velocity profile for the circular channel (320-µm diameter) with a 100-µL/min flow rate of diluted milk: (<bold>a</bold>) 2% <italic>w</italic>/<italic>w</italic> dilution, profile obtained by cutoff frequency method; (<bold>b</bold>) 10% <italic>w</italic>/<italic>w</italic> dilution, profile obtained by the weighted moment method.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g011"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f012" position="float"><label>Figure 12</label><caption><p>Overview of the signal processing scheme: (<bold>a</bold>) time domain OFI signal while fluid is pumped inside the channel; (<bold>b</bold>) FFT of the OFI signal for circulating fluid (blue) and with the absence of flow (green); (<bold>c</bold>) difference between the OFI signal for flow and the reference.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g012"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f013" position="float"><label>Figure 13</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Description of the milli-fluidic circuit with the associated OFI sensor; (<bold>b</bold>) photography of the experimental setup with: (1) the peristaltic pump; (2) the USB camera; (3) the NI-6361 ADC board; (4) the goniometer; (5) the OFI sensor; and (6) the solution tank.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g013"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f014" position="float"><label>Figure 14</label><caption><p>Evolution of the parameter <italic>M</italic> in time over 30 s for various flow rates: (<bold>a</bold>) potentiometer in Position 1; (<bold>b</bold>) potentiometer in Position 4; (<bold>c</bold>) potentiometer in Position 6; and (<bold>d</bold>) potentiometer in Position 8.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g014"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f015" position="float"><label>Figure 15</label><caption><p>Measurement of the evolution of parameter <italic>M</italic> with the mean flow.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g015"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f016" position="float"><label>Figure 16</label><caption><p>Graphic user interface with real-time monitoring of the instantaneous flow with the pump’s potentiometer at the minimal value similar to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="sensors-16-00694-f014">Figure 14</xref>a.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g016"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f017" position="float"><label>Figure 17</label><caption><p>Effect of the camphor-based cream: the red region shows where the cream has been applied.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g017"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f018" position="float"><label>Figure 18</label><caption><p>Optical setup. (<bold>a</bold>) Image of the optical setup with the described components; (<bold>b</bold>) Graphical layout of the experiment.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g018"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f019" position="float"><label>Figure 19</label><caption><p>Patient position.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g019"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f020" position="float"><label>Figure 20</label><caption><p>OFI pressure myograph sensor principle.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g020"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f021" position="float"><label>Figure 21</label><caption><p>Photography of the aorta cannulation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g021"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f022" position="float"><label>Figure 22</label><caption><p>Aorta Doppler scanning system: (<bold>a</bold>) lateral view of the sensor scanning system; (<bold>b</bold>) top view of the aorta scanning process.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g022"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f023" position="float"><label>Figure 23</label><caption><p>Signal processing block.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g023"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f024" position="float"><label>Figure 24</label><caption><p>Diameter assessment: (<bold>a</bold>) rat aorta; (<bold>b</bold>) OFI calibration tube.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g024"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f025" position="float"><label>Figure 25</label><caption><p>One line scan on rat aorta by OFI: (<bold>a</bold>) three FFT spectra: outside the aorta (FFT212), 300 µm (FFT215) and 500 µm (FFT217) inside the aorta; (<bold>b</bold>) Fluid velocity profile reconstructed by 25 scan points.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g025"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-16-00694-f026" position="float"><label>Figure 26</label><caption><p>Rat aorta imaging: 2D rat aorta fluid velocity imaging captured by OFI (top image) and raw image of the scanning zone captured by camera (bottom image).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-16-00694-g026"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="sensors-16-00694-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">sensors-16-00694-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparison between the reference and measured pulse parameters.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parameters</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Original Value</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calculated Value</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Center pulse time</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm36"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>603</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm37"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>603</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm38"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First 3-dB time</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm39"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>592</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm40"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>592</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm41"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>05</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second 3-dB time</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm42"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>613</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm43"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>613</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm44"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-dB pulse duration</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm45"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mi>dB</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>20</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm46"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mi>dB</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>20</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm47"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peak velocity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm48"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>65</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> mm/ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm49"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>57</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> mm/ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm50"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>8</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="sensors-16-00694-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">sensors-16-00694-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Measured <inline-formula><mml:math id="mm76"><mml:msub><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> for the 4 persons tested.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm77"><mml:msub><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> after 5 min</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin;border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm78"><mml:msub><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> after 25 min</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient A</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">186</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient B</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient C</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−36</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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