Critical factors in cut-out complication after gamma nail treatment of proximal femoral fractures
Identifieur interne : 000405 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000404; suivant : 000406Critical factors in cut-out complication after gamma nail treatment of proximal femoral fractures
Auteurs : Alicja J. Bojan ; Claudia Beimel ; Gilbert Taglang ; David Collin ; Carl Ekholm ; Anders JönssonSource :
- BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders [ 1471-2474 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The most common mechanical failure in the internal fixation of trochanteric hip fractures is the cut-out of the sliding screw through the femoral head. Several factors that influence this complication have been suggested, but there is no consensus as to the relative importance of each factor.
The purpose of this study was to analyse the cut-out complication with respect to the following variables: patients’ age, fracture type, fracture reduction, implant positioning and implant design.
3066 consecutive patients were treated for trochanteric fractures with Gamma Nails between 1990 and 2002 at the Centre de Traumatologie et de l`Orthopedie (CTO), Strasbourg, France. Cut-out complications were identified by reviewing all available case notes and radiographs. Subsequently, the data were analysed by a single reviewer (AJB) with focus on the studied factors.
Seventy-one cut-out complications were found (2.3%) of the 3066 trochanteric fractures. Cut-out failure associated with avascular head necrosis, pathologic fracture, deep infection or secondary to prior failure of other implants were excluded from the study (14 cases). The remaining 57 cases (1.85 %, median age 82.6, 79% females) were believed to have a biomechanical explanation for the cut-out failure. 41 patients had a basicervical or complex fracture type. A majority of cut-outs (43 hips, 75%) had a combination of the critical factors studied; non-anatomical reduction, non-optimal lag screw position and the characteristic fracture pattern found.
The primary cut-out rate of 1.85% was low compared with the literature. A typical cut-out complication in our study is represented by an unstable fracture involving the trochanteric and cervical regions or the combination of both, non-anatomical reduction and non-optimal screw position. Surgeons confronted with proximal femoral fractures should carefully scrutinize preoperative radiographs to assess the primary fracture geometry and fracture classification. To reduce the risk of a cut-out it is important to achieve both anatomical reduction and optimal lag screw position as these are the only two factors that can be controlled by the surgeon.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-1
PubMed: 23281775
PubMed Central: 3543839
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PMC:3543839Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Critical factors in cut-out complication after gamma nail treatment of proximal femoral fractures</title><author><name sortKey="Bojan, Alicja J" sort="Bojan, Alicja J" uniqKey="Bojan A" first="Alicja J" last="Bojan">Alicja J. Bojan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beimel, Claudia" sort="Beimel, Claudia" uniqKey="Beimel C" first="Claudia" last="Beimel">Claudia Beimel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Stryker Osteosynthesis, Schönkirchen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taglang, Gilbert" sort="Taglang, Gilbert" uniqKey="Taglang G" first="Gilbert" last="Taglang">Gilbert Taglang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Trauma Unit University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collin, David" sort="Collin, David" uniqKey="Collin D" first="David" last="Collin">David Collin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ekholm, Carl" sort="Ekholm, Carl" uniqKey="Ekholm C" first="Carl" last="Ekholm">Carl Ekholm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonsson, Anders" sort="Jonsson, Anders" uniqKey="Jonsson A" first="Anders" last="Jönsson">Anders Jönsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23281775</idno><idno type="pmc">3543839</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543839</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3543839</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1471-2474-14-1</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000405</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000405</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Critical factors in cut-out complication after gamma nail treatment of proximal femoral fractures</title><author><name sortKey="Bojan, Alicja J" sort="Bojan, Alicja J" uniqKey="Bojan A" first="Alicja J" last="Bojan">Alicja J. Bojan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beimel, Claudia" sort="Beimel, Claudia" uniqKey="Beimel C" first="Claudia" last="Beimel">Claudia Beimel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Stryker Osteosynthesis, Schönkirchen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taglang, Gilbert" sort="Taglang, Gilbert" uniqKey="Taglang G" first="Gilbert" last="Taglang">Gilbert Taglang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Trauma Unit University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collin, David" sort="Collin, David" uniqKey="Collin D" first="David" last="Collin">David Collin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ekholm, Carl" sort="Ekholm, Carl" uniqKey="Ekholm C" first="Carl" last="Ekholm">Carl Ekholm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonsson, Anders" sort="Jonsson, Anders" uniqKey="Jonsson A" first="Anders" last="Jönsson">Anders Jönsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2474</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The most common mechanical failure in the internal fixation of trochanteric hip fractures is the cut-out of the sliding screw through the femoral head. Several factors that influence this complication have been suggested, but there is no consensus as to the relative importance of each factor.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to analyse the cut-out complication with respect to the following variables: patients’ age, fracture type, fracture reduction, implant positioning and implant design.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>3066 consecutive patients were treated for trochanteric fractures with Gamma Nails between 1990 and 2002 at the Centre de Traumatologie et de l`Orthopedie (CTO), Strasbourg, France. Cut-out complications were identified by reviewing all available case notes and radiographs. Subsequently, the data were analysed by a single reviewer (AJB) with focus on the studied factors.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Seventy-one cut-out complications were found (2.3%) of the 3066 trochanteric fractures. Cut-out failure associated with avascular head necrosis, pathologic fracture, deep infection or secondary to prior failure of other implants were excluded from the study (14 cases). The remaining 57 cases (1.85 %, median age 82.6, 79% females) were believed to have a biomechanical explanation for the cut-out failure. 41 patients had a basicervical or complex fracture type. A majority of cut-outs (43 hips, 75%) had a combination of the critical factors studied; non-anatomical reduction, non-optimal lag screw position and the characteristic fracture pattern found.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The primary cut-out rate of 1.85% was low compared with the literature. A typical cut-out complication in our study is represented by an unstable fracture involving the trochanteric and cervical regions or the combination of both, non-anatomical reduction and non-optimal screw position. Surgeons confronted with proximal femoral fractures should carefully scrutinize preoperative radiographs to assess the primary fracture geometry and fracture classification. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Musculoskelet Disord</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Musculoskelet Disord</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2474</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23281775</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3543839</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1471-2474-14-1</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2474-14-1</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Critical factors in cut-out complication after gamma nail treatment of proximal femoral fractures</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Bojan</surname><given-names>Alicja J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>alicja.bojan@vgregion.se</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Beimel</surname><given-names>Claudia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>claudia.beimel@stryker.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Taglang</surname><given-names>Gilbert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>gtaglang@wanadoo.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Collin</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>david.collin@vgregion.se</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>Ekholm</surname><given-names>Carl</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>carl.ekholm@vgregion.se</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Jönsson</surname><given-names>Anders</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>anders.k.jonsson@vgregion.se</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Stryker Osteosynthesis, Schönkirchen, Germany</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>Trauma Unit University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>1</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©2013 Bojan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Bojan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/14/1"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>The most common mechanical failure in the internal fixation of trochanteric hip fractures is the cut-out of the sliding screw through the femoral head. Several factors that influence this complication have been suggested, but there is no consensus as to the relative importance of each factor.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to analyse the cut-out complication with respect to the following variables: patients’ age, fracture type, fracture reduction, implant positioning and implant design.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>3066 consecutive patients were treated for trochanteric fractures with Gamma Nails between 1990 and 2002 at the Centre de Traumatologie et de l`Orthopedie (CTO), Strasbourg, France. Cut-out complications were identified by reviewing all available case notes and radiographs. Subsequently, the data were analysed by a single reviewer (AJB) with focus on the studied factors.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Seventy-one cut-out complications were found (2.3%) of the 3066 trochanteric fractures. Cut-out failure associated with avascular head necrosis, pathologic fracture, deep infection or secondary to prior failure of other implants were excluded from the study (14 cases). The remaining 57 cases (1.85 %, median age 82.6, 79% females) were believed to have a biomechanical explanation for the cut-out failure. 41 patients had a basicervical or complex fracture type. A majority of cut-outs (43 hips, 75%) had a combination of the critical factors studied; non-anatomical reduction, non-optimal lag screw position and the characteristic fracture pattern found.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The primary cut-out rate of 1.85% was low compared with the literature. A typical cut-out complication in our study is represented by an unstable fracture involving the trochanteric and cervical regions or the combination of both, non-anatomical reduction and non-optimal screw position. Surgeons confronted with proximal femoral fractures should carefully scrutinize preoperative radiographs to assess the primary fracture geometry and fracture classification. To reduce the risk of a cut-out it is important to achieve both anatomical reduction and optimal lag screw position as these are the only two factors that can be controlled by the surgeon.</p></sec></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>The treatment of proximal femoral fractures continues to be less than optimal due to a moderate complication rate. The most commonly reported complication in the internal fixation is the cut-out defined as “the collapse of the neck-shaft angle into varus, leading to extrusion of the screw from the femoral head“ [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. Several studies have shown that the incidence of cut-out for different compression hip screws and intramedullary nails ranges from 0 to 16.5% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>], and in older studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>] even up to 17.5 - 20%.</p><p>This complication is a multifactorial event affected by a number of variables including patient’ age, bone quality, fracture pattern, quality of reduction, lag screw positioning in the femoral head, implant design and the choice of CCD-nail angle [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]. These factors have also been frequently discussed in the literature, however there has been no clear consensus either to their interrelationships or to the relative importance of each [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>].</p><p>The aim of the present study was to analyse cut-out complication in patients treated with Gamma Nails in order to obtain a clearer understanding of interrelations of critical factors contributing to the mechanism of cut-out. The critical factors assessed were patients’ age, type of the fracture, quality of reduction, positioning of the lag screw, neck-shaft angle of the implant and implant design. It is hoped that the findings may better guide the surgeon in the prevention of this complication.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>The present study is a continuation of the previously published work by Bojan et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. All patients with trochanteric, subtrochanteric or combined trochantero-diaphyseal fractures entering the Centre de Traumatologie et de l`Orthopedie (CTO), Strasbourg, France between the 1<sup>st</sup> of January 1990 to the 31<sup>st</sup> of December 2002 were treated with Gamma nails (Standard Gamma Nail, Trochanteric Gamma Nail, Long Gamma Nail).</p><p>The patients were treated as surgical emergencies and the procedures were performed both by doctors under training and by senior surgeons. All surgeons were trained for the procedure. The patients were operated on a traction table in a supine position, general and spinal anaesthesia being equally common. Image intensifier was used. Additional fixation methods such as screws, cerclage wires and bone grafting were used when considered appropriate. Full weight bearing was allowed immediately post-operatively, except when fixation was assessed as being insufficiently stable. Radiological examinations were performed pre-operatively, post-operatively within 24 hours after surgery and at follow-up when indicated.</p><p>Parameters such as fracture type according to the AO/ASIF system and position of the lag screw in the femoral head were assessed for the whole study group.</p><p>The cut-out complications were detected with the help of surgical reports, radiographs and follow-up visit notes. Patients were routinely scheduled for follow-up visits between 3 and 6 months post-operatively. Exceptions were made for patients hospitalised at other institutions. The analogue radiographs of all cut-outs were digitalised with help of a Fujifilm FinePix S1Pro camera. Reduction of the fracture was assessed on immediate post-operative radiographs. For the reduction to be considered anatomical, there had to be a normal alignment (meaning 160° [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]) on the antero-posterior (A-P) radiograph, less than 20° of angulation on the lateral radiograph, and no more than four millimetres of displacement of any fragment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>].</p><p>In an attempt to assess the influence of reduction quality on the cut-out event, 82 non-cut-out patients could be matched to the 54 cut-out cases according to the variables age, fracture classification and gender. For three of the cut-out cases no equivalent patient could be found. A radiologist (DC) evaluated the quality of reduction separately for five fracture groups: AO/ASIF 31-A1, 31-A2, 31-A3, 31-B2.1 and subtrochanteric fractures.</p><p>Lag screw position in the femoral head and nail placement in the shaft were determined from the immediate post-operative anterior-posterior and lateral radiographs. To assess lag screw position, the placement of the tip of the screw in the femoral head was considered. The position was recorded according to the modified eleven-zones-template of the femoral head. By dividing the head into four zones on the A-P view and three zones on the lateral view, the position was plotted on the sagittal plane (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). The reason for this modification, after Kyle et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>], was to distinguish more precisely between two locations described in the literature to be optimal: central- central and central-inferior zone as seen on the lateral and A-P view.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>Assessment of lag screw positioning in the femoral head. a.</bold> the eleven-zone template of the head; <bold>b.</bold> the sagittal plane of the head, in which the screw position was recorded.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2474-14-1-1"></graphic></fig><p>An additional goal was to assess the position of the lag screw by means of Tip-Apex Distance (TAD) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. However, the varying quality of immediate postoperative radiographic records in this study did not allow collecting a valid amount of data.</p><p>Cut-out was defined as projection of the lag screw from the femoral head by more than 1 mm [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>].</p><p>The institutional review board at CTO gave ethical approval before the study was commenced. Due to the retrospective nature of the study no burden or risk was imposed on the patients.</p><sec><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Results were tabulated and statistically analysed by using the IBM SPSS (version 17, SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA). The SPSS database was uniquely designed for our patient population and the questions adapted with the help of patient notes samples before starting the study. Frequency and relative distribution were presented in tabular form for categorical variables. Comparative analysis was performed with the Chi-Square or Fisher Exact (for 2x2 tables) test for categorical variables. Before analysing continuous variables, the data sets were assessed for normality by performing the Shapiro-Wilk test. When distribution was considered to be normal, two-sided Student’s t-test was performed; otherwise the Mann–Whitney test was used (confidence level for all tests = 95%). P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>71 (2.3%) cut-out complications were identified with the help of clinical and radiographic records.</p><p>The group of 71 complications was divided into primary (57 cases, 1.85%) and secondary cut-outs (14 cases, 0.45%). Cut-out was defined as being secondary if it was caused by pathological tissue (other than osteoporosis) such as avascular head necrosis, bone metastasis, osteomyelitis or as a secondary outcome to prior implant failure and not the biomechanical pattern of the osteosynthesis. The secondary cut-out cases were identified and excluded from the further analysis (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Patients with secondary cut-out excluded from the study</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"> </th><th align="left"><bold>Reason for secondary cut-out</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Age</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Sex</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Coexistent disease</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Fracture pattern</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Time between OP and complication diagnosis</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Treatment</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">AVN<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">67<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">M<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Alcoholism<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">31-A3.3<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">5 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">THR<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">AVN<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">79<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">F<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">31-A3.3<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">8 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Girdelstone procedure<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">AVN<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">54<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">M<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Alcoholism<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">31-B2.1<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">24 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Lost to follow-up<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">AVN<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">80<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">F<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">-<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">31-A1.2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">10 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Lost to follow-up<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">5<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">AVN<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">59<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">F<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Parkinson disease<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">31-A1.1<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">6 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">THR<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Bone metastasis<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">65<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">F<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Breast cancer<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Pathologic<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">7 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Nail change, bone graft<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">7<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Bone metastasis<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">80<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">F<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Breast cancer<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Pathologic<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">3 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Lost to follow-up<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">8<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Osteomyelitis<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">74<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">F<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">-<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">31-A1.2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">5 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">THR<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">9<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Osteomyelitis<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">79<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">F<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">-<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">31-A1.2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">5 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">THR<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">10<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Revision of cut-out on Ender nail<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">65<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">M<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">-<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">-<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">5 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">THR<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">11<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Revision of fracture on triple screws after iterative fall<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">41<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">M<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Epilepsy<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">-<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1.5 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Shorter lag screw<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">12<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Revision of non-union<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">32<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">M<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Epilepsy<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">-<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">5 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">THR<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">13<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Revision of cut-out in Gamma Nail<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">12 months<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">THR<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">14</td><td align="left">Revision of cut-out in Gamma Nail</td><td align="left">66</td><td align="left">M</td><td align="left">Alcoholism</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">28 months</td><td align="left">Lost to follow-up</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><sec><title>Primary cut-out complications</title><p>Cut-out was defined as being primary when the reason for this failure was of biomechanical origin, i.e. it was determined by fracture geometry before and after fracture reduction and by the lag screw positioning.</p><p>Fifty-seven patients (median age 82.6 years, 12/45 males/females) were identified. 97% of the factures were caused by low-energy trauma and two fractures by high-energy trauma. Six patients had an associated injury.</p><p>In 45 cases (79%) cut-out occurred within first 12 weeks after surgery (range 8 to 670 days). Twenty-one patients (37%) received no surgical treatment of this complication due to advanced age, major medical co-morbidities and low functional demands. Thirty-six patients underwent revision procedure. In 13 cases a total hip replacement and in four cases unipolar hip replacement were performed. The nail was exchanged in seven patients. Removal of the nail after consolidation was carried out in seven patients. Five patients, for whom the surgical treatment was planned, were lost to follow up.</p></sec><sec><title>Cut-out patterns</title><p>A number of different configurations of cut-out were observed in relation to the primary position of the lag screw, its migration and approximate penetration point in the femoral head (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>).</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>Cut-out patterns (two-dimensional interpretation).</bold> Primary position of the lag screw in the femoral head (points in the zone template), direction of migration and approximate penetration point of the lag screw (arrows). Red arrows: 31-B2.1 (basicervical) fractures, green arrows: 31-A3.3 fractures, black arrows : other fractures; 43 cases, central cut-out has not been considered.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2474-14-1-2"></graphic></fig><p>We observed that the majority of the lag screws migrated anteriorly-superiorly relatively to its intraoperative position. Only three lag screws migrated posteriorly (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>). Central cut-out (along the lag screw axis) occurred in eight patients. In six cases the lag screw was prevented from sufficient lateral sliding. In two cases the lag screw migrated medially relative to the nail. In another six cases, the assessment of the lag screw migration was not possible because of insufficient quality of radiographs.</p></sec><sec><title>Cut-out complication over time</title><p>Cut-out frequency varied slightly over the twelve years. After introduction of the Trochanteric Gamma Nail in 1997, the cut-out rate fell from 2.5% to 1.1% (p=0.031) (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>). The distribution of the fracture types did not differ over the years for the cut-out cases.</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>Yearly distribution of cut-out complication.</bold> Red arrow: introduction of the Trochaneric Gamma Nail.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2474-14-1-3"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Analysis of factors in 57 primary cut-out complications</title><sec><title>Patients’ age</title><p>The age distribution was similar in both groups (cut-out and non-cut-out group) with a peak between 81 and 90 years (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>). No cut-out occurred in patients younger than 50 years.</p><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Comparison of relative frequency of patient age groups for the non-cut-out group (n= 3009), and cut-out group (n= 57).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2474-14-1-4"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Neck-shaft angle of the nail</title><p>Cut-out rate has been analysed in the Standard Gamma Nail group with respect to the neck-shaft angle of the nail. There were six cut-out cases among 296 nails with 125° of neck shaft angle, 37 cases among 1239 nails of 130° and one case out of 80 nails of 135°. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Implant design: SGN versus TGN</title><p>Among 1623 SGNs cut-out occurred in 44 cases, there were 10 cut-outs out of 933 TGNs, and 3 cases among 473 LGNs. The difference between SGN and TGN was highly significant (p=0.006). LGN was not comparable with short Gamma Nails due to its use in younger patients with predominantly trochantero-diaphyseal fractures.</p></sec><sec><title>Fracture pattern</title><p>There was a statistically significant over-representation of complex unstable 31-A3.3 fractures (26.3%) and basicervical 31-B2.1 fractures (26.3%) in the cut-out group (p<0.001) (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>). The fractures labelled as “other” were not taken into consideration, since these were combined trochantero-diaphyseal femoral fractures occurring mainly in younger patients (mean age 64.9 years) treated with LGN.</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><bold>Comparison of the fracture types for proximal femur (AO 31) between non-cut-out and cut-out group. *</bold> statistically significant overrepresentation (p<0.001).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2474-14-1-5"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Fracture reduction</title><p>In 44 fractures in the cut-out group, the fracture reduction was not anatomical. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.55) in reduction quality between the cut-out and the matched group. However, there was a slight overrepresentation of non-anatomically reduced fractures the basicervical group (31-B2.1) (p=0.089).</p></sec><sec><title>Lag screw positioning in the femoral head</title><p>Lag screws were found to have been placed in all possible locations within the femoral head, but the very cranial one, as evaluated according to a modified eleven-zones template used by Kyle [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6</xref>).</p><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p><bold>Frequency of lag screw cut-out in relation to the position in the femoral head.</bold> Total number of screws in each zone is represented by the numerator (n = 2610), and the number of screws that cut-out in each zone is represented by the denominator (n = 55).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2474-14-1-6"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec><title>Interrelations between critical factors in cut-out complication</title><p>An unstable and complex fracture pattern, non-anatomical reduction and non-optimal positioning of the lag screw were found to be critical factors contributing to the cut-out complication. The interrelations between these factors are presented in Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7</xref>. All cut-out cases but two had at least one of the mentioned features. 31 patients presented a typical fracture type. These were basicervical (AO 31-B2.1) or trochanteric with comminute “pantrochanteric” fracture pattern (AO 31-A3.3). In 44 cases reduction of the fracture was assessed as non-anatomical. The lag screw was malpositioned (outside of the zones 3,6,9, Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6</xref>) in 42 patients. The combination of all three factors or the combination of non-anatomical reduction and non-optimal lag screw positioning was found strongly predictive for the cut-out. There were two patients without any contributing factors: a 78-year-old woman and an 80-year-old man. These patients had fractures classified respectively as AO/ASIF 31-A1.2 and 31-A2.1 with corresponding cut-outs occurring at 7 and at 8 months after surgery. Whilst they were assessed to have had stable fractures primarily, they both had non-unions at the base of the neck at the time of cut-out failure, suggesting that they had been incorrectly classified initially.</p><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p><bold>Venn diagram: interrelations between critical cut-out factors.</bold> The figures represent number of cases in each category.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2474-14-1-7"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>The prevalence of cut-out failure in this large consecutive series of 3066 proximal femoral fractures was 1.85% (57 patients). Four factors were found to contribute to this important complication: non-anatomical reduction, non-optimal screw position, complex fracture pattern and implant design. The combination of the first three of them further increased the likelihood of cut-out.</p><p>The newer implant designs correlated with significantly less cut-out complications. Other factors like patients’ age and CCD-nail angle did not affect the outcome. The two-dimensional analysis of the cut-out pattern showed predominantly anterior-superior migration of the lag screw out of the femoral head.</p><sec><title>Cut-out pattern</title><p>In previous reports, cut-out has been evaluated on two-dimensional radiographs, which show varus collapse of the femoral head and superior cut-out of the lag screw [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]. However, in vivo telemetry study of hip implants shows surprisingly large rotational moments acting on the femoral head during gait caused by the A-P force [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]. The authors suggest that these forces should be taken into consideration in the implant design process. Further, recent biomechanical studies direct attention to a multiplanar mechanism of cut-out, due to combined axial loads and rotational moments acting during walking gait [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. Under these conditions the mechanism of cut-out exhibits combined varus collapse and backward rotation provided that the lag screw have been placed in the central position in the femoral head [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. In the present study, the cranial migration of the lag screw and varus collapse of the femoral head were accompanied by predominantly anterior movement. This observation supports the findings in the studies mentioned above. Central cut-out (along the lag screw axis) was associated with the failure of the sliding mechanism and simultaneous instability of the fracture. This can be explained by the inaccurate use of the set screw either by over-tightening preventing the lag screw from sliding or by failure to engage the set screw in the lag screw notch, thus allowing uncontrolled lag screw rotation and central migration toward acetabulum. This cut-out pattern has already been described in the literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Lag screw positioning in the femoral head</title><p>The optimal position of the lag screw has been widely discussed in the literature, particularly the aspect of central [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>] or inferior [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>] placement of the screw in the femoral head as seen on the A-P view .</p><p>The importance of a central placement of the screw on the lateral radiograph has been emphasised in the literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. Central placement of the screw reduces the risk of rotation of the femoral head and neck around the screw (small torsional moment) that can occur with eccentric placement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>].</p><p>The present study emphasizes the importance of placing the lag screw in the centre of the femoral head on the lateral radiograph. However, it was not possible to define a single optimal zone (inferior, central or even slightly superior) on the A-P view. This finding correlates precisely with the statement of Davis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>] that the cut-out rate was not significantly affected by either a superior or an inferior placement as seen on the A-P view if the implants were centrally positioned on the lateral radiograph. This indirectly supports the concept of tip-apex distance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]: the placement of the lag screw close to the apex of the femoral head on A-P view with the central placement on the lateral view is essential for the outcome.</p></sec><sec><title>Fracture reduction</title><p>The majority of the cut-out cases displayed non-anatomical reduction (44/57) and a number of studies show a statistically significant relationship between non-anatomical reduction and cut-out complication [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. However, in the comparison with the matching controls in our study, no clear difference could be shown perhaps due to limited sample size. Nevertheless, the basicervical fractures with cut-out had a slight overrepresentation of non-anatomical reduction (p=0.089). A possible explanation for the poor reduction could be the complexity of these fractures (AO/ASIF 31-A3.3).</p></sec><sec><title>Fracture pattern</title><p>In the present study, the cut-out rate for AO/ASIF 31- A3.3 fracture was 6.5%. The complication rate for basicervical fracture was even higher - 9%, while overall cut-out rate was 1.0% (AO/ASIF 31- A3.3 and B2.1 excluded).</p><p>The fracture type (its complexity and concomitant stability) has been recognised as an important factor contributing to the osteosynthesis failure [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>]. The treatment of fractures that have two fragments is usually associated with fewer complications [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. The increased rate of mechanical failure in complex inter-trochanteric fractures with subtrochanteric or cervical extension has been described in the literature. Haidukiewych [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>] reported on high cut-out rate of 12.7% in 47 reverse obliquity fractures (AO/ASIF 31-A3.1 and A3.3) regardless of the type of internal fixation devices. The author also observed worse results for fractures with poor reduction or poor implant position in the femoral head. The treatment of this type of fracture with a Gamma Nail can also result in a high risk of cut-out regardless of the lag screw location [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>].</p><p>Only few reports focus on basicervical fractures as a separate entity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>], these demonstrate a high incidence of local complications including cut-out leading to re-operations.</p></sec><sec><title>Implant design</title><p>Clinical studies have consistently failed to find statistically significant differences between implant designs with regard to lag screw cut-out [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>].</p><p>In the present study, cut-out rates decreased significantly when the SGN was replaced by TGN (2.7% vs. 1.1%, p= 0.006). This might have been caused by the improved design of the second-generation nail: reduced valgus bend of 4°, reduced length of 180 mm and only one distal locking hole (the lag screw itself was not modified). These design changes eliminated the concept of 3-point contact of the nail in the femoral shaft [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>] and subsequently could have optimised the positioning of the lag screw in the femoral head. The influence of the improved implant design on the decreasing complication rate in hip fractures has been recently shown by Bhandari et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]. The meta-analysis suggests that newer intramedullary nail designs have reduced the risk of femoral shaft fracture.</p></sec><sec><title>Neck-shaft angle</title><p>The influence of the neck-shaft angle of an implant on cut-out has been controversial. The clinical study by Kukla [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>] showed a significant increase in cut-outs in higher angle implants. On the contrary, biomechanical studies show that higher angles, in order to enhance sliding of the screw and fracture site impaction, result in less cut-out [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>]. In the present study, the analysis of the CCD-nail angle did not reveal any difference for this parameter.</p></sec><sec><title>Age</title><p>The present study supports the finding that age does not determine the cut-out rate [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. There was no statistically significant age difference between the non-cut-out and the cut-out group, although this complication did not occur in patients younger than 50 years. On the other hand, there are clinical studies where increasing age of the patient is found to be predictive of implant failure [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Bone quality</title><p>The opinion that poor bone quality increases the mechanical failure rate of an osteosynthesis is widely represented [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>]. However, some authors have shown with help of Singh index or quantitative computed tomography (QCT) that cut-out is not influenced by this factor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. In the present study the bone quality was not assessed because of lack of reliable methods, however the patients with cut-out complication were considered to have osteoporotic bone based on age, gender and the presence of the low-energy fracture [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>]. We were unable to identify the osteoporosis as a contributing factor and all but two cut-outs could be explained by the presence of other factors (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations of the study</title><p>The review of large consecutive series of proximal femoral fractures enables statistically supported statements. On the other hand, the retrospective nature leads to some limitations in interpretation caused by loss to follow-up, non-standardised methods of data collection or inconsistent quality of radiographs. However, the prospective record of all Gamma Nails kept at the hospital since the introduction of this implant in the late 80’s allowed demographic and technical intra-operative data to be completed.</p><p>We therefore believe that the results and particularly the cut-out rate in the present study are reliable. This complication is associated with an important pain and reduction of function, forcing the patient to look for help at the CTO.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>This study has identified three variables associated with high risk of cut-out: unstable fracture type (basicervical and complex fractures), non-anatomical reduction and non-optimal lag screw positioning. These factors are closely interdependent since complex fractures may be difficult to reduce which in turn leads to difficulties in achieving the correct positioning of the implant. These observations underscore the importance of correct operative technique. Therefore, surgeons confronted with proximal femoral fractures should carefully scrutinize preoperative radiographs to assess the primary fracture geometry and classification. It is important to achieve anatomical reduction in order to place the lag screw in the optimal position and to avoid the complication of cut-out, the only two factors that can be controlled by the surgeon.</p><p>New approaches should be made to improve reduction quality and implant positioning to ensure better results in complex fractures such as improved fracture imagining.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>CB is an employee of Stryker Osteosynthesis GmbH, Germany, GT is a consultant and AJB was an employee of Stryker Osteosynthesis GmbH during the data collection period.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>AJB carried out the data collection, analysis and participated in manuscript writing. CB participated in study design performed statistical data analysis. DC evaluated the fracture reduction for the cut-out and matched groups. AJ and CE participated in data analysis and manuscript writing. AS and GT participated in study design and coordination and help to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></sec><sec><title>Pre-publication history</title><p>The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:</p><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/14/1/prepub">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/14/1/prepub</ext-link></p></sec></body><back><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The authors would like to thank Annelore Schreiber and Nils Brose for help with retrieval of patients’ notes and radiographs.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Baumgaertner</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Curtin</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Lindskog</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Keggi</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><article-title>The value of the tip-apex distance in predicting failure of fixation of peritrochanteric fractures of the hip</article-title><source>J Bone Joint Surg Am</source><year>1995</year><volume>77</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1058</fpage><lpage>1064</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7608228</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nordin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Zulkifli</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Faisham</surname><given-names>WI</given-names></name><article-title>Mechanical failure of Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) fixation in intertrochanteric fracture of the femur</article-title><source>Med J Malaysia</source><year>2001</year><volume>56</volume><issue>Suppl D</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14569760</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Sher</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Horsman</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Simpson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Porter</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></name><name><surname>Checketts</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name><article-title>Intertrochanteric femoral fractures. 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