Does Facial Amimia Impact the Recognition of Facial Emotions? An EMG Study in Parkinson’s Disease
Identifieur interne : 001A88 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001A87; suivant : 001A89Does Facial Amimia Impact the Recognition of Facial Emotions? An EMG Study in Parkinson’s Disease
Auteurs : Soizic Argaud [France, Suisse] ; Sylvain Delplanque [Suisse] ; Jean-François Houvenaghel [France] ; Manon Auffret [France] ; Joan Duprez [France] ; Marc Vérin [France] ; Didier Grandjean [Suisse] ; Paul Sauleau [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
According to embodied simulation theory, understanding other people’s emotions is fostered by facial mimicry. However, studies assessing the effect of facial mimicry on the recognition of emotion are still controversial. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), one of the most distinctive clinical features is facial amimia, a reduction in facial expressiveness, but patients also show emotional disturbances. The present study used the pathological model of PD to examine the role of facial mimicry on emotion recognition by investigating EMG responses in PD patients during a facial emotion recognition task (anger, joy, neutral). Our results evidenced a significant decrease in facial mimicry for joy in PD, essentially linked to the absence of reaction of the
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160329
PubMed: 27467393
PubMed Central: 4965153
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Emotions? An EMG Study in Parkinson’s Disease</title><author><name sortKey="Argaud, Soizic" sort="Argaud, Soizic" uniqKey="Argaud S" first="Soizic" last="Argaud">Soizic Argaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Genève</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Genève</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Genève</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delplanque, Sylvain" sort="Delplanque, Sylvain" uniqKey="Delplanque S" first="Sylvain" last="Delplanque">Sylvain Delplanque</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Genève</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Genève</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Genève</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Houvenaghel, Jean Francois" sort="Houvenaghel, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Houvenaghel J" first="Jean-François" last="Houvenaghel">Jean-François Houvenaghel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, 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wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verin, Marc" sort="Verin, Marc" uniqKey="Verin M" first="Marc" last="Vérin">Marc Vérin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grandjean, Didier" sort="Grandjean, Didier" uniqKey="Grandjean D" first="Didier" last="Grandjean">Didier Grandjean</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Genève</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Genève</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Genève</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Genève</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Genève</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Genève</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sauleau, Paul" sort="Sauleau, Paul" uniqKey="Sauleau P" first="Paul" last="Sauleau">Paul Sauleau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Neurophysiology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurophysiology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>According to embodied simulation theory, understanding other people’s emotions is fostered by facial mimicry. However, studies assessing the effect of facial mimicry on the recognition of emotion are still controversial. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), one of the most distinctive clinical features is facial amimia, a reduction in facial expressiveness, but patients also show emotional disturbances. The present study used the pathological model of PD to examine the role of facial mimicry on emotion recognition by investigating EMG responses in PD patients during a facial emotion recognition task (anger, joy, neutral). Our results evidenced a significant decrease in facial mimicry for joy in PD, essentially linked to the absence of reaction of the <italic>zygomaticus major</italic> and the <italic>orbicularis oculi</italic> muscles in response to happy avatars, whereas facial mimicry for expressions of anger was relatively preserved. We also confirmed that PD patients were less accurate in recognizing positive and neutral facial expressions and highlighted a beneficial effect of facial mimicry on the recognition of emotion. We thus provide additional arguments for embodied simulation theory suggesting that facial mimicry is a potential lever for therapeutic actions in PD even if it seems not to be necessarily required in recognizing emotion as such.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blair, Rjr" uniqKey="Blair R">RJR Blair</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Darwin, C" uniqKey="Darwin C">C Darwin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frith, C" uniqKey="Frith C">C Frith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hess, U" uniqKey="Hess U">U Hess</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adolphs, R" uniqKey="Adolphs R">R Adolphs</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gallese, V" uniqKey="Gallese V">V Gallese</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goldman, Ai" uniqKey="Goldman A">AI Goldman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sripada, Cs" uniqKey="Sripada C">CS Sripada</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bogart, Kr" uniqKey="Bogart K">KR Bogart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cole, J" uniqKey="Cole J">J Cole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Briegel, W" uniqKey="Briegel W">W Briegel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, C" uniqKey="Muller C">C. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27467393</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4965153</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0160329</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-16-14973</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Emotions</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Emotions</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neuroscience</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognition</subject><subj-group><subject>Memory</subject><subj-group><subject>Face Recognition</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neuroscience</subject><subj-group><subject>Learning and Memory</subject><subj-group><subject>Memory</subject><subj-group><subject>Face Recognition</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neuroscience</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Perception</subject><subj-group><subject>Face Recognition</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Perception</subject><subj-group><subject>Face Recognition</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Perception</subject><subj-group><subject>Face Recognition</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Animal Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Imitation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Zoology</subject><subj-group><subject>Animal Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Imitation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Bioassays and Physiological Analysis</subject><subj-group><subject>Electrophysiological Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Muscle Electrophysiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Electromyography</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurology</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurodegenerative Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Movement Disorders</subject><subj-group><subject>Parkinson Disease</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Head</subject><subj-group><subject>Face</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Head</subject><subj-group><subject>Face</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mental Health and Psychiatry</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemical Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Amines</subject><subj-group><subject>Catecholamines</subject><subj-group><subject>Dopamine</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Amines</subject><subj-group><subject>Catecholamines</subject><subj-group><subject>Dopamine</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurotransmitters</subject><subj-group><subject>Biogenic Amines</subject><subj-group><subject>Catecholamines</subject><subj-group><subject>Dopamine</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neuroscience</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Neurotransmitters</subject><subj-group><subject>Biogenic Amines</subject><subj-group><subject>Catecholamines</subject><subj-group><subject>Dopamine</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Hormones</subject><subj-group><subject>Catecholamines</subject><subj-group><subject>Dopamine</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Does Facial Amimia Impact the Recognition of Facial Emotions? An EMG Study in Parkinson’s Disease</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Facial Mimicry in Parkinson's Disease</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Argaud</surname><given-names>Soizic</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Delplanque</surname><given-names>Sylvain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Houvenaghel</surname><given-names>Jean-François</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Auffret</surname><given-names>Manon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duprez</surname><given-names>Joan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vérin</surname><given-names>Marc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grandjean</surname><given-names>Didier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sauleau</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Department of Neurophysiology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Kotz</surname><given-names>Sonja</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, GERMANY</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have the following interests: This work was supported in part by the Belgian pharmaceutical company UCB Pharma. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: SA SD DG PS. Performed the experiments: SA JFH MA JD. Analyzed the data: SA JD DG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SA SD JD MV PS. Wrote the paper: SA SD JFH MA JD MV DG PS.</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="econtrib001"><p>‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>argaud.soizic@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e0160329</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Argaud et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Argaud et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0160329.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>According to embodied simulation theory, understanding other people’s emotions is fostered by facial mimicry. However, studies assessing the effect of facial mimicry on the recognition of emotion are still controversial. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), one of the most distinctive clinical features is facial amimia, a reduction in facial expressiveness, but patients also show emotional disturbances. The present study used the pathological model of PD to examine the role of facial mimicry on emotion recognition by investigating EMG responses in PD patients during a facial emotion recognition task (anger, joy, neutral). Our results evidenced a significant decrease in facial mimicry for joy in PD, essentially linked to the absence of reaction of the <italic>zygomaticus major</italic> and the <italic>orbicularis oculi</italic> muscles in response to happy avatars, whereas facial mimicry for expressions of anger was relatively preserved. We also confirmed that PD patients were less accurate in recognizing positive and neutral facial expressions and highlighted a beneficial effect of facial mimicry on the recognition of emotion. We thus provide additional arguments for embodied simulation theory suggesting that facial mimicry is a potential lever for therapeutic actions in PD even if it seems not to be necessarily required in recognizing emotion as such.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002339</institution-id><institution>National Center of Competence in Research Affective Sciences - Emotions in Individual Behaviour and Social Processes</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>51NF40-104897</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Grandjean</surname><given-names>Didier</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award002"><funding-source><institution>France Parkinson</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Argaud</surname><given-names>Soizic</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award003"><funding-source><institution>Belgian pharmaceutical company UCB Pharma</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Argaud</surname><given-names>Soizic</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by the Belgian pharmaceutical company UCB Pharma; the national association of PD patients France Parkinson; and the National Center of Competence in Research “Affective Sciences - Emotions in Individual Behaviour and Social Processes” (NCCR Affective Sciences) [51NF40-104897 to DG]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="4"></fig-count><table-count count="2"></table-count><page-count count="20"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are uploaded as Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are uploaded as Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li><li>Suisse</li></country><region><li>Canton de Genève</li><li>Région Bretagne</li></region><settlement><li>Genève</li><li>Rennes</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Genève</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Région Bretagne"><name sortKey="Argaud, Soizic" sort="Argaud, Soizic" uniqKey="Argaud S" first="Soizic" last="Argaud">Soizic Argaud</name></region><name sortKey="Auffret, Manon" sort="Auffret, Manon" uniqKey="Auffret M" first="Manon" last="Auffret">Manon Auffret</name><name sortKey="Duprez, Joan" sort="Duprez, Joan" uniqKey="Duprez J" first="Joan" last="Duprez">Joan Duprez</name><name sortKey="Houvenaghel, Jean Francois" sort="Houvenaghel, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Houvenaghel J" first="Jean-François" last="Houvenaghel">Jean-François Houvenaghel</name><name sortKey="Houvenaghel, Jean Francois" sort="Houvenaghel, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Houvenaghel J" first="Jean-François" last="Houvenaghel">Jean-François Houvenaghel</name><name sortKey="Sauleau, Paul" sort="Sauleau, Paul" uniqKey="Sauleau P" first="Paul" last="Sauleau">Paul Sauleau</name><name sortKey="Sauleau, Paul" sort="Sauleau, Paul" uniqKey="Sauleau P" first="Paul" last="Sauleau">Paul Sauleau</name><name sortKey="Verin, Marc" sort="Verin, Marc" uniqKey="Verin M" first="Marc" last="Vérin">Marc Vérin</name><name sortKey="Verin, Marc" sort="Verin, Marc" uniqKey="Verin M" first="Marc" last="Vérin">Marc Vérin</name></country><country name="Suisse"><region name="Canton de Genève"><name sortKey="Argaud, Soizic" sort="Argaud, Soizic" uniqKey="Argaud S" first="Soizic" last="Argaud">Soizic Argaud</name></region><name sortKey="Delplanque, Sylvain" sort="Delplanque, Sylvain" uniqKey="Delplanque S" first="Sylvain" last="Delplanque">Sylvain Delplanque</name><name sortKey="Grandjean, Didier" sort="Grandjean, Didier" uniqKey="Grandjean D" first="Didier" last="Grandjean">Didier Grandjean</name><name sortKey="Grandjean, Didier" sort="Grandjean, Didier" uniqKey="Grandjean D" first="Didier" last="Grandjean">Didier Grandjean</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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