Bilateral neuroinflammatory processes in visual pathways induced by unilateral ocular hypertension in the rat
Identifieur interne : 001961 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001960; suivant : 001962Bilateral neuroinflammatory processes in visual pathways induced by unilateral ocular hypertension in the rat
Auteurs : Anaïs Sapienza [France] ; Anne-Laure Raveu [France] ; Elodie Reboussin [France] ; Christophe Roubeix [France] ; Céline Boucher [France] ; Julie Dégardin [France] ; David Godefroy [France] ; William Rostène [France] ; Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo [France] ; Christophe Baudouin [France] ; Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz [France]Source :
- Journal of Neuroinflammation [ 1742-2094 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. The major risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death from the optic nerve (ON) to visual pathways in the brain. Glaucoma has been reported to share mechanisms with neurodegenerative disorders. We therefore hypothesize that neuroinflammatory mechanisms in central visual pathways may contribute to the spread of glaucoma disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the neuroinflammation processes that occur from the pathological retina to the superior colliculi (SCs) in a rat model of unilateral ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization (EVC).
Six weeks after unilateral (right eye) EVC in male Long-Evans rats, we evaluated both the neurodegenerative process and the neuroinflammatory state in visual pathway tissues. RGCs immunolabeled (Brn3a+) in ipsilateral whole flat-mounted retina demonstrated peripheral RGC loss associated with tissue macrophage/microglia activation (CD68+). Gene expression analysis of hypertensive and normotensive retinas revealed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory genes such as CCL2, IL-1β, and Nox2 mRNA expression compared to naïve eyes. Importantly, we found an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and TNFα and astrocyte and tissue macrophage/microglia activation in hypertensive and normotensive RGC projection sites in the SCs compared to a naïve SC. To understand how neuroinflammation in the hypertensive retina is sufficient to damage both right and left SCs and the normotensive retina, we used an inflammatory model consisting in an unilateral stereotaxic injection of TNFα (25 ng/μl) in the right SC of naïve rats. Two weeks after TNFα injection, using an optomotor test, we observed that rats had visual deficiency in both eyes. Furthermore, both SCs showed an upregulation of genes and proteins for astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-1β. In addition, both retinas exhibited a significant increase of inflammatory markers compared to a naïve retina.
All these data evidence the complex role played by the SCs in the propagation of neuroinflammatory events induced by unilateral ocular hypertension and provide a new insight into the spread of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.
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DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0509-7
PubMed: 26897546
PubMed Central: 4761202
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type="city">Montigny-Le-Bretonneux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" sort="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" uniqKey="Melik Parsadaniantz S" first="Stéphane" last="Melik Parsadaniantz">Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 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Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raveu, Anne Laure" sort="Raveu, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Raveu A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Raveu">Anne-Laure Raveu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reboussin, Elodie" sort="Reboussin, Elodie" uniqKey="Reboussin E" first="Elodie" last="Reboussin">Elodie Reboussin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roubeix, Christophe" sort="Roubeix, Christophe" uniqKey="Roubeix C" first="Christophe" last="Roubeix">Christophe Roubeix</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boucher, Celine" sort="Boucher, Celine" uniqKey="Boucher C" first="Céline" last="Boucher">Céline Boucher</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Degardin, Julie" sort="Degardin, Julie" uniqKey="Degardin J" first="Julie" last="Dégardin">Julie Dégardin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godefroy, David" sort="Godefroy, David" uniqKey="Godefroy D" first="David" last="Godefroy">David Godefroy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rostene, William" sort="Rostene, William" uniqKey="Rostene W" first="William" last="Rostène">William Rostène</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reaux Le Goazigo, Annabelle" sort="Reaux Le Goazigo, Annabelle" uniqKey="Reaux Le Goazigo A" first="Annabelle" last="Reaux-Le Goazigo">Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baudouin, Christophe" sort="Baudouin, Christophe" uniqKey="Baudouin C" first="Christophe" last="Baudouin">Christophe Baudouin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department Ophthalmology, Hopital Ambroise Pare, AP HP, F-92100 Boulogne, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department Ophthalmology, Hopital Ambroise Pare, AP HP, F-92100 Boulogne</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Boulogne</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">University Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, F-78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, F-78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Montigny-Le-Bretonneux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" sort="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" uniqKey="Melik Parsadaniantz S" first="Stéphane" last="Melik Parsadaniantz">Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Neuroinflammation</title><idno type="eISSN">1742-2094</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. The major risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death from the optic nerve (ON) to visual pathways in the brain. Glaucoma has been reported to share mechanisms with neurodegenerative disorders. We therefore hypothesize that neuroinflammatory mechanisms in central visual pathways may contribute to the spread of glaucoma disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the neuroinflammation processes that occur from the pathological retina to the superior colliculi (SCs) in a rat model of unilateral ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization (EVC).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Six weeks after unilateral (right eye) EVC in male Long-Evans rats, we evaluated both the neurodegenerative process and the neuroinflammatory state in visual pathway tissues. RGCs immunolabeled (Brn3a<sup>+</sup>) in ipsilateral whole flat-mounted retina demonstrated peripheral RGC loss associated with tissue macrophage/microglia activation (CD68<sup>+</sup>). Gene expression analysis of hypertensive and normotensive retinas revealed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory genes such as CCL2, IL-1β, and Nox2 mRNA expression compared to naïve eyes. Importantly, we found an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and TNFα and astrocyte and tissue macrophage/microglia activation in hypertensive and normotensive RGC projection sites in the SCs compared to a naïve SC. To understand how neuroinflammation in the hypertensive retina is sufficient to damage both right and left SCs and the normotensive retina, we used an inflammatory model consisting in an unilateral stereotaxic injection of TNFα (25 ng/μl) in the right SC of naïve rats. Two weeks after TNFα injection, using an optomotor test, we observed that rats had visual deficiency in both eyes. Furthermore, both SCs showed an upregulation of genes and proteins for astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-1β. In addition, both retinas exhibited a significant increase of inflammatory markers compared to a naïve retina.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>All these data evidence the complex role played by the SCs in the propagation of neuroinflammatory events induced by unilateral ocular hypertension and provide a new insight into the spread of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quigley, Ha" uniqKey="Quigley H">HA Quigley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Broman, At" uniqKey="Broman A">AT Broman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weinreb, Rn" uniqKey="Weinreb R">RN Weinreb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friedman, Ds" uniqKey="Friedman D">DS Friedman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fechtner, Rd" uniqKey="Fechtner R">RD Fechtner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cioffi, Ga" uniqKey="Cioffi G">GA 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Neuroinflammation</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Neuroinflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Neuroinflammation</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1742-2094</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26897546</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4761202</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">509</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12974-016-0509-7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Bilateral neuroinflammatory processes in visual pathways induced by unilateral ocular hypertension in the rat</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sapienza</surname><given-names>Anaïs</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Raveu</surname><given-names>Anne-Laure</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reboussin</surname><given-names>Elodie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roubeix</surname><given-names>Christophe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boucher</surname><given-names>Céline</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dégardin</surname><given-names>Julie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Godefroy</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rostène</surname><given-names>William</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reaux-Le Goazigo</surname><given-names>Annabelle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baudouin</surname><given-names>Christophe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2029-9591</contrib-id><name><surname>Melik Parsadaniantz</surname><given-names>Stéphane</given-names></name><address><email>stephane.melik-parsadaniantz@inserm.fr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label></label>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label></label>CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label></label>CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label></label>Department Ophthalmology, Hopital Ambroise Pare, AP HP, F-92100 Boulogne, France</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label></label>University Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, F-78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><elocation-id>44</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Sapienza et al. 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. The major risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death from the optic nerve (ON) to visual pathways in the brain. Glaucoma has been reported to share mechanisms with neurodegenerative disorders. We therefore hypothesize that neuroinflammatory mechanisms in central visual pathways may contribute to the spread of glaucoma disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the neuroinflammation processes that occur from the pathological retina to the superior colliculi (SCs) in a rat model of unilateral ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization (EVC).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Six weeks after unilateral (right eye) EVC in male Long-Evans rats, we evaluated both the neurodegenerative process and the neuroinflammatory state in visual pathway tissues. RGCs immunolabeled (Brn3a<sup>+</sup>) in ipsilateral whole flat-mounted retina demonstrated peripheral RGC loss associated with tissue macrophage/microglia activation (CD68<sup>+</sup>). Gene expression analysis of hypertensive and normotensive retinas revealed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory genes such as CCL2, IL-1β, and Nox2 mRNA expression compared to naïve eyes. Importantly, we found an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and TNFα and astrocyte and tissue macrophage/microglia activation in hypertensive and normotensive RGC projection sites in the SCs compared to a naïve SC. To understand how neuroinflammation in the hypertensive retina is sufficient to damage both right and left SCs and the normotensive retina, we used an inflammatory model consisting in an unilateral stereotaxic injection of TNFα (25 ng/μl) in the right SC of naïve rats. Two weeks after TNFα injection, using an optomotor test, we observed that rats had visual deficiency in both eyes. Furthermore, both SCs showed an upregulation of genes and proteins for astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-1β. In addition, both retinas exhibited a significant increase of inflammatory markers compared to a naïve retina.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>All these data evidence the complex role played by the SCs in the propagation of neuroinflammatory events induced by unilateral ocular hypertension and provide a new insight into the spread of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Ocular hypertension</kwd><kwd>Neuronal degeneration</kwd><kwd>Neuroinflammation</kwd><kwd>Tissue macrophage activation</kwd><kwd>Superior colliculi</kwd><kwd>Visual deficiency</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) funds</institution></funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665</institution-id><institution>Agence Nationale de la Recherche</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>R06282DS</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Melik Parsadaniantz</surname><given-names>Stéphane</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li></country><region><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Boulogne</li><li>Montigny-Le-Bretonneux</li><li>Paris</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Sapienza, Anais" sort="Sapienza, Anais" uniqKey="Sapienza A" first="Anaïs" last="Sapienza">Anaïs Sapienza</name></region><name sortKey="Baudouin, Christophe" sort="Baudouin, Christophe" uniqKey="Baudouin C" first="Christophe" last="Baudouin">Christophe Baudouin</name><name sortKey="Baudouin, Christophe" sort="Baudouin, Christophe" uniqKey="Baudouin C" first="Christophe" last="Baudouin">Christophe Baudouin</name><name sortKey="Baudouin, Christophe" sort="Baudouin, Christophe" uniqKey="Baudouin C" first="Christophe" last="Baudouin">Christophe Baudouin</name><name sortKey="Baudouin, Christophe" sort="Baudouin, Christophe" uniqKey="Baudouin C" first="Christophe" last="Baudouin">Christophe Baudouin</name><name sortKey="Baudouin, Christophe" sort="Baudouin, Christophe" uniqKey="Baudouin C" first="Christophe" last="Baudouin">Christophe Baudouin</name><name sortKey="Baudouin, Christophe" sort="Baudouin, Christophe" uniqKey="Baudouin C" first="Christophe" last="Baudouin">Christophe Baudouin</name><name sortKey="Boucher, Celine" sort="Boucher, Celine" uniqKey="Boucher C" first="Céline" last="Boucher">Céline Boucher</name><name sortKey="Boucher, Celine" sort="Boucher, Celine" uniqKey="Boucher C" first="Céline" last="Boucher">Céline Boucher</name><name sortKey="Boucher, Celine" sort="Boucher, Celine" uniqKey="Boucher C" first="Céline" last="Boucher">Céline Boucher</name><name sortKey="Degardin, Julie" sort="Degardin, Julie" uniqKey="Degardin J" first="Julie" last="Dégardin">Julie Dégardin</name><name sortKey="Degardin, Julie" sort="Degardin, Julie" uniqKey="Degardin J" first="Julie" last="Dégardin">Julie Dégardin</name><name sortKey="Degardin, Julie" sort="Degardin, Julie" uniqKey="Degardin J" first="Julie" last="Dégardin">Julie Dégardin</name><name sortKey="Godefroy, David" sort="Godefroy, David" uniqKey="Godefroy D" first="David" last="Godefroy">David Godefroy</name><name sortKey="Godefroy, David" sort="Godefroy, David" uniqKey="Godefroy D" first="David" last="Godefroy">David Godefroy</name><name sortKey="Godefroy, David" sort="Godefroy, David" uniqKey="Godefroy D" first="David" last="Godefroy">David Godefroy</name><name sortKey="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" sort="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" uniqKey="Melik Parsadaniantz S" first="Stéphane" last="Melik Parsadaniantz">Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz</name><name sortKey="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" sort="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" uniqKey="Melik Parsadaniantz S" first="Stéphane" last="Melik Parsadaniantz">Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz</name><name sortKey="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" sort="Melik Parsadaniantz, Stephane" uniqKey="Melik Parsadaniantz S" first="Stéphane" last="Melik Parsadaniantz">Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz</name><name sortKey="Raveu, Anne Laure" sort="Raveu, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Raveu A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Raveu">Anne-Laure Raveu</name><name sortKey="Raveu, Anne Laure" sort="Raveu, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Raveu A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Raveu">Anne-Laure Raveu</name><name sortKey="Raveu, Anne Laure" sort="Raveu, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Raveu A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Raveu">Anne-Laure Raveu</name><name sortKey="Reaux Le Goazigo, Annabelle" sort="Reaux Le Goazigo, Annabelle" uniqKey="Reaux Le Goazigo A" first="Annabelle" last="Reaux-Le Goazigo">Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo</name><name sortKey="Reaux Le Goazigo, Annabelle" sort="Reaux Le Goazigo, Annabelle" uniqKey="Reaux Le Goazigo A" first="Annabelle" last="Reaux-Le Goazigo">Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo</name><name sortKey="Reaux Le Goazigo, Annabelle" sort="Reaux Le Goazigo, Annabelle" uniqKey="Reaux Le Goazigo A" first="Annabelle" last="Reaux-Le Goazigo">Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo</name><name sortKey="Reboussin, Elodie" sort="Reboussin, Elodie" uniqKey="Reboussin E" first="Elodie" last="Reboussin">Elodie Reboussin</name><name sortKey="Reboussin, Elodie" sort="Reboussin, Elodie" uniqKey="Reboussin E" first="Elodie" last="Reboussin">Elodie Reboussin</name><name sortKey="Reboussin, Elodie" sort="Reboussin, Elodie" uniqKey="Reboussin E" first="Elodie" last="Reboussin">Elodie Reboussin</name><name sortKey="Rostene, William" sort="Rostene, William" uniqKey="Rostene W" first="William" last="Rostène">William Rostène</name><name sortKey="Rostene, William" sort="Rostene, William" uniqKey="Rostene W" first="William" last="Rostène">William Rostène</name><name sortKey="Rostene, William" sort="Rostene, William" uniqKey="Rostene W" first="William" last="Rostène">William Rostène</name><name sortKey="Roubeix, Christophe" sort="Roubeix, Christophe" uniqKey="Roubeix C" first="Christophe" last="Roubeix">Christophe Roubeix</name><name sortKey="Roubeix, Christophe" sort="Roubeix, Christophe" uniqKey="Roubeix C" first="Christophe" last="Roubeix">Christophe Roubeix</name><name sortKey="Roubeix, Christophe" sort="Roubeix, Christophe" uniqKey="Roubeix C" first="Christophe" last="Roubeix">Christophe Roubeix</name><name sortKey="Sapienza, Anais" sort="Sapienza, Anais" uniqKey="Sapienza A" first="Anaïs" last="Sapienza">Anaïs Sapienza</name><name sortKey="Sapienza, Anais" sort="Sapienza, Anais" uniqKey="Sapienza A" first="Anaïs" last="Sapienza">Anaïs Sapienza</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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