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Heterogeneity of mutational mechanisms and modes of inheritance in auriculocondylar syndrome

Identifieur interne : 002425 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002424; suivant : 002426

Heterogeneity of mutational mechanisms and modes of inheritance in auriculocondylar syndrome

Auteurs : Christopher T. Gordon ; Alice Vuillot ; Sandrine Marlin ; Erica Gerkes ; Alex Henderson ; Adila Alkindy ; Muriel Holder-Espinasse ; Sarah S. Park ; Asma Omarjee ; Mateo Sanchis-Borja ; Eya Ben Bdira ; Myriam Oufadem ; Birgit Sikkema-Raddatz ; Alison Stewart ; Rodger Palmer ; Ruth Mcgowan ; Florence Petit ; Bruno Delobel ; Michael R. Speicher ; Paul Aurora ; David Kilner ; Philippe Pellerin ; Marie Simon ; Jean-Paul Bonnefont ; Edward S. Tobias ; Sixto García-Mi Aúr ; Maria Bitner-Glindzicz ; Pernille Lindholm ; Brigitte A. Meijer ; Véronique Abadie ; Françoise Denoyelle ; Marie-Paule Vazquez ; Christa Rotky-Fast ; Vincent Couloigner ; Sébastien Pierrot ; Yves Manach ; Sylvain Breton ; Yvonne M C. Hendriks ; Arnold Munnich ; Linda Jakobsen ; Peter Kroisel ; Angela Lin ; Leonard B. Kaban ; Lina Basel-Vanagaite ; Louise Wilson ; Michael L. Cunningham ; Stanislas Lyonnet ; Jeanne Amiel

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:7348F3B9E6763856063CA42E9C7451B169BAE498

Abstract

Background Auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS) is a rare craniofacial disorder consisting of micrognathia, mandibular condyle hypoplasia and a specific malformation of the ear at the junction between the lobe and helix. Missense heterozygous mutations in the phospholipase C, β 4 (PLCB4) and guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), α inhibiting activity polypeptide 3 (GNAI3) genes have recently been identified in ACS patients by exome sequencing. These genes are predicted to function within the G protein-coupled endothelin receptor pathway during craniofacial development. Results We report eight additional cases ascribed to PLCB4 or GNAI3 gene lesions, comprising six heterozygous PLCB4 missense mutations, one heterozygous GNAI3 missense mutation and one homozygous PLCB4 intragenic deletion. Certain residues represent mutational hotspots; of the total of 11 ACS PLCB4 missense mutations now described, five disrupt Arg621 and two disrupt Asp360. The narrow distribution of mutations within protein space suggests that the mutations may result in dominantly interfering proteins, rather than haploinsufficiency. The consanguineous parents of the patient with a homozygous PLCB4 deletion each harboured the heterozygous deletion, but did not present the ACS phenotype, further suggesting that ACS is not caused by PLCB4 haploinsufficiency. In addition to ACS, the patient harbouring a homozygous deletion presented with central apnoea, a phenotype that has not been previously reported in ACS patients. Conclusions These findings indicate that ACS is not only genetically heterogeneous but also an autosomal dominant or recessive condition according to the nature of the PLCB4 gene lesion.

Url:
DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101331

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:7348F3B9E6763856063CA42E9C7451B169BAE498

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<name sortKey="Sikkema Raddatz, Birgit" sort="Sikkema Raddatz, Birgit" uniqKey="Sikkema Raddatz B" first="Birgit" last="Sikkema-Raddatz">Birgit Sikkema-Raddatz</name>
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<name sortKey="Simon, Marie" sort="Simon, Marie" uniqKey="Simon M" first="Marie" last="Simon">Marie Simon</name>
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<name sortKey="Meijer, Brigitte A" sort="Meijer, Brigitte A" uniqKey="Meijer B" first="Brigitte A" last="Meijer">Brigitte A. Meijer</name>
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<name sortKey="Abadie, Veronique" sort="Abadie, Veronique" uniqKey="Abadie V" first="Véronique" last="Abadie">Véronique Abadie</name>
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<name sortKey="Vazquez, Marie Paule" sort="Vazquez, Marie Paule" uniqKey="Vazquez M" first="Marie-Paule" last="Vazquez">Marie-Paule Vazquez</name>
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<mods:affiliation>Université Paris 5, UFR de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR S 872, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Couloigner, Vincent" sort="Couloigner, Vincent" uniqKey="Couloigner V" first="Vincent" last="Couloigner">Vincent Couloigner</name>
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<name sortKey="Pierrot, Sebastien" sort="Pierrot, Sebastien" uniqKey="Pierrot S" first="Sébastien" last="Pierrot">Sébastien Pierrot</name>
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<name sortKey="Breton, Sylvain" sort="Breton, Sylvain" uniqKey="Breton S" first="Sylvain" last="Breton">Sylvain Breton</name>
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<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Hendriks, Yvonne M C" sort="Hendriks, Yvonne M C" uniqKey="Hendriks Y" first="Yvonne M C" last="Hendriks">Yvonne M C. Hendriks</name>
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<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Jakobsen, Linda" sort="Jakobsen, Linda" uniqKey="Jakobsen L" first="Linda" last="Jakobsen">Linda Jakobsen</name>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Kroisel, Peter" sort="Kroisel, Peter" uniqKey="Kroisel P" first="Peter" last="Kroisel">Peter Kroisel</name>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</mods:affiliation>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lin, Angela" sort="Lin, Angela" uniqKey="Lin A" first="Angela" last="Lin">Angela Lin</name>
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<mods:affiliation>Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Kaban, Leonard B" sort="Kaban, Leonard B" uniqKey="Kaban L" first="Leonard B" last="Kaban">Leonard B. Kaban</name>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Basel Vanagaite, Lina" sort="Basel Vanagaite, Lina" uniqKey="Basel Vanagaite L" first="Lina" last="Basel-Vanagaite">Lina Basel-Vanagaite</name>
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<mods:affiliation>Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel</mods:affiliation>
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<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;</mods:affiliation>
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<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Wilson, Louise" sort="Wilson, Louise" uniqKey="Wilson L" first="Louise" last="Wilson">Louise Wilson</name>
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<mods:affiliation>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Cunningham, Michael L" sort="Cunningham, Michael L" uniqKey="Cunningham M" first="Michael L" last="Cunningham">Michael L. Cunningham</name>
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<mods:affiliation>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center, Seattle, Washington, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Lyonnet, Stanislas" sort="Lyonnet, Stanislas" uniqKey="Lyonnet S" first="Stanislas" last="Lyonnet">Stanislas Lyonnet</name>
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<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Amiel, Jeanne" sort="Amiel, Jeanne" uniqKey="Amiel J" first="Jeanne" last="Amiel">Jeanne Amiel</name>
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<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<title level="a">Heterogeneity of mutational mechanisms and modes of inheritance in auriculocondylar syndrome</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gordon, Christopher T" sort="Gordon, Christopher T" uniqKey="Gordon C" first="Christopher T" last="Gordon">Christopher T. Gordon</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vuillot, Alice" sort="Vuillot, Alice" uniqKey="Vuillot A" first="Alice" last="Vuillot">Alice Vuillot</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Marlin, Sandrine" sort="Marlin, Sandrine" uniqKey="Marlin S" first="Sandrine" last="Marlin">Sandrine Marlin</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Centre de référence des surdités génétiques, Service de génétique médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau AP-HP, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gerkes, Erica" sort="Gerkes, Erica" uniqKey="Gerkes E" first="Erica" last="Gerkes">Erica Gerkes</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Henderson, Alex" sort="Henderson, Alex" uniqKey="Henderson A" first="Alex" last="Henderson">Alex Henderson</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alkindy, Adila" sort="Alkindy, Adila" uniqKey="Alkindy A" first="Adila" last="Alkindy">Adila Alkindy</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Genetics, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holder Espinasse, Muriel" sort="Holder Espinasse, Muriel" uniqKey="Holder Espinasse M" first="Muriel" last="Holder-Espinasse">Muriel Holder-Espinasse</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Park, Sarah S" sort="Park, Sarah S" uniqKey="Park S" first="Sarah S" last="Park">Sarah S. Park</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Omarjee, Asma" sort="Omarjee, Asma" uniqKey="Omarjee A" first="Asma" last="Omarjee">Asma Omarjee</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sanchis Borja, Mateo" sort="Sanchis Borja, Mateo" uniqKey="Sanchis Borja M" first="Mateo" last="Sanchis-Borja">Mateo Sanchis-Borja</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bdira, Eya Ben" sort="Bdira, Eya Ben" uniqKey="Bdira E" first="Eya Ben" last="Bdira">Eya Ben Bdira</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Oufadem, Myriam" sort="Oufadem, Myriam" uniqKey="Oufadem M" first="Myriam" last="Oufadem">Myriam Oufadem</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sikkema Raddatz, Birgit" sort="Sikkema Raddatz, Birgit" uniqKey="Sikkema Raddatz B" first="Birgit" last="Sikkema-Raddatz">Birgit Sikkema-Raddatz</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stewart, Alison" sort="Stewart, Alison" uniqKey="Stewart A" first="Alison" last="Stewart">Alison Stewart</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palmer, Rodger" sort="Palmer, Rodger" uniqKey="Palmer R" first="Rodger" last="Palmer">Rodger Palmer</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcgowan, Ruth" sort="Mcgowan, Ruth" uniqKey="Mcgowan R" first="Ruth" last="Mcgowan">Ruth Mcgowan</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>North Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Ashgrove House, Aberdeen, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Petit, Florence" sort="Petit, Florence" uniqKey="Petit F" first="Florence" last="Petit">Florence Petit</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Delobel, Bruno" sort="Delobel, Bruno" uniqKey="Delobel B" first="Bruno" last="Delobel">Bruno Delobel</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique, Hôpital St Vincent de Paul, Lille, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Speicher, Michael R" sort="Speicher, Michael R" uniqKey="Speicher M" first="Michael R" last="Speicher">Michael R. Speicher</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aurora, Paul" sort="Aurora, Paul" uniqKey="Aurora P" first="Paul" last="Aurora">Paul Aurora</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Respiratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kilner, David" sort="Kilner, David" uniqKey="Kilner D" first="David" last="Kilner">David Kilner</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Respiratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pellerin, Philippe" sort="Pellerin, Philippe" uniqKey="Pellerin P" first="Philippe" last="Pellerin">Philippe Pellerin</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Centre de Référence des Malformations Cranio-maxillo-faciales Rares, CHRU Lille, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simon, Marie" sort="Simon, Marie" uniqKey="Simon M" first="Marie" last="Simon">Marie Simon</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bonnefont, Jean Paul" sort="Bonnefont, Jean Paul" uniqKey="Bonnefont J" first="Jean-Paul" last="Bonnefont">Jean-Paul Bonnefont</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tobias, Edward S" sort="Tobias, Edward S" uniqKey="Tobias E" first="Edward S" last="Tobias">Edward S. Tobias</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garcia Mi Aur, Sixto" sort="Garcia Mi Aur, Sixto" uniqKey="Garcia Mi Aur S" first="Sixto" last="García-Mi Aúr">Sixto García-Mi Aúr</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bitner Glindzicz, Maria" sort="Bitner Glindzicz, Maria" uniqKey="Bitner Glindzicz M" first="Maria" last="Bitner-Glindzicz">Maria Bitner-Glindzicz</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lindholm, Pernille" sort="Lindholm, Pernille" uniqKey="Lindholm P" first="Pernille" last="Lindholm">Pernille Lindholm</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meijer, Brigitte A" sort="Meijer, Brigitte A" uniqKey="Meijer B" first="Brigitte A" last="Meijer">Brigitte A. Meijer</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Abadie, Veronique" sort="Abadie, Veronique" uniqKey="Abadie V" first="Véronique" last="Abadie">Véronique Abadie</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Denoyelle, Francoise" sort="Denoyelle, Francoise" uniqKey="Denoyelle F" first="Françoise" last="Denoyelle">Françoise Denoyelle</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM UMR-S587 and Pediatric Otolaryngology Department, Armand-Trousseau Children's Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 6 University, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vazquez, Marie Paule" sort="Vazquez, Marie Paule" uniqKey="Vazquez M" first="Marie-Paule" last="Vazquez">Marie-Paule Vazquez</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Plastique, CRMR des Malformations de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Université Paris 5, UFR de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR S 872, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rotky Fast, Christa" sort="Rotky Fast, Christa" uniqKey="Rotky Fast C" first="Christa" last="Rotky-Fast">Christa Rotky-Fast</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Couloigner, Vincent" sort="Couloigner, Vincent" uniqKey="Couloigner V" first="Vincent" last="Couloigner">Vincent Couloigner</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pierrot, Sebastien" sort="Pierrot, Sebastien" uniqKey="Pierrot S" first="Sébastien" last="Pierrot">Sébastien Pierrot</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Manach, Yves" sort="Manach, Yves" uniqKey="Manach Y" first="Yves" last="Manach">Yves Manach</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Breton, Sylvain" sort="Breton, Sylvain" uniqKey="Breton S" first="Sylvain" last="Breton">Sylvain Breton</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Service d'Imagerie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hendriks, Yvonne M C" sort="Hendriks, Yvonne M C" uniqKey="Hendriks Y" first="Yvonne M C" last="Hendriks">Yvonne M C. Hendriks</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Munnich, Arnold" sort="Munnich, Arnold" uniqKey="Munnich A" first="Arnold" last="Munnich">Arnold Munnich</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jakobsen, Linda" sort="Jakobsen, Linda" uniqKey="Jakobsen L" first="Linda" last="Jakobsen">Linda Jakobsen</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kroisel, Peter" sort="Kroisel, Peter" uniqKey="Kroisel P" first="Peter" last="Kroisel">Peter Kroisel</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lin, Angela" sort="Lin, Angela" uniqKey="Lin A" first="Angela" last="Lin">Angela Lin</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaban, Leonard B" sort="Kaban, Leonard B" uniqKey="Kaban L" first="Leonard B" last="Kaban">Leonard B. Kaban</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Basel Vanagaite, Lina" sort="Basel Vanagaite, Lina" uniqKey="Basel Vanagaite L" first="Lina" last="Basel-Vanagaite">Lina Basel-Vanagaite</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilson, Louise" sort="Wilson, Louise" uniqKey="Wilson L" first="Louise" last="Wilson">Louise Wilson</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cunningham, Michael L" sort="Cunningham, Michael L" uniqKey="Cunningham M" first="Michael L" last="Cunningham">Michael L. Cunningham</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center, Seattle, Washington, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lyonnet, Stanislas" sort="Lyonnet, Stanislas" uniqKey="Lyonnet S" first="Stanislas" last="Lyonnet">Stanislas Lyonnet</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Amiel, Jeanne" sort="Amiel, Jeanne" uniqKey="Amiel J" first="Jeanne" last="Amiel">Jeanne Amiel</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series>
<title level="j">Journal of Medical Genetics</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">J Med Genet</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-2593</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1468-6244</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher>
<date type="published" when="2013-03">2013-03</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">50</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="174">174</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-2593</idno>
</series>
<idno type="istex">7348F3B9E6763856063CA42E9C7451B169BAE498</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101331</idno>
<idno type="href">jmedgenet-50-174.pdf</idno>
<idno type="ArticleID">jmedgenet-2012-101331</idno>
<idno type="PMID">23315542</idno>
<idno type="local">jmedgenet;50/3/174</idno>
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<idno type="ISSN">0022-2593</idno>
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<textClass></textClass>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
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<front>
<div type="abstract">Background Auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS) is a rare craniofacial disorder consisting of micrognathia, mandibular condyle hypoplasia and a specific malformation of the ear at the junction between the lobe and helix. Missense heterozygous mutations in the phospholipase C, β 4 (PLCB4) and guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), α inhibiting activity polypeptide 3 (GNAI3) genes have recently been identified in ACS patients by exome sequencing. These genes are predicted to function within the G protein-coupled endothelin receptor pathway during craniofacial development. Results We report eight additional cases ascribed to PLCB4 or GNAI3 gene lesions, comprising six heterozygous PLCB4 missense mutations, one heterozygous GNAI3 missense mutation and one homozygous PLCB4 intragenic deletion. Certain residues represent mutational hotspots; of the total of 11 ACS PLCB4 missense mutations now described, five disrupt Arg621 and two disrupt Asp360. The narrow distribution of mutations within protein space suggests that the mutations may result in dominantly interfering proteins, rather than haploinsufficiency. The consanguineous parents of the patient with a homozygous PLCB4 deletion each harboured the heterozygous deletion, but did not present the ACS phenotype, further suggesting that ACS is not caused by PLCB4 haploinsufficiency. In addition to ACS, the patient harbouring a homozygous deletion presented with central apnoea, a phenotype that has not been previously reported in ACS patients. Conclusions These findings indicate that ACS is not only genetically heterogeneous but also an autosomal dominant or recessive condition according to the nature of the PLCB4 gene lesion.</div>
</front>
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<corpusName>bmj</corpusName>
<author>
<json:item>
<name>Christopher T Gordon</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Alice Vuillot</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Sandrine Marlin</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Centre de référence des surdités génétiques, Service de génétique médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau AP-HP, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Erica Gerkes</name>
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<json:string>Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Alex Henderson</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Adila AlKindy</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Department of Genetics, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Muriel Holder-Espinasse</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Sarah S Park</name>
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<json:string>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Asma Omarjee</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Mateo Sanchis-Borja</name>
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<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Eya Ben Bdira</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
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</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Myriam Oufadem</name>
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<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Birgit Sikkema-Raddatz</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands</json:string>
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</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Alison Stewart</name>
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<json:string>West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham, UK</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Rodger Palmer</name>
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<json:string>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Ruth McGowan</name>
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<json:string>North Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Ashgrove House, Aberdeen, UK</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Florence Petit</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Bruno Delobel</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique, Hôpital St Vincent de Paul, Lille, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Michael R Speicher</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Paul Aurora</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Respiratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>David Kilner</name>
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<json:string>Respiratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Philippe Pellerin</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Centre de Référence des Malformations Cranio-maxillo-faciales Rares, CHRU Lille, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Marie Simon</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Jean-Paul Bonnefont</name>
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<json:string>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Edward S Tobias</name>
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<json:string>School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Sixto García-Miñaúr</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Maria Bitner-Glindzicz</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Pernille Lindholm</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark</json:string>
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</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Brigitte A Meijer</name>
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<json:string>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Véronique Abadie</name>
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<json:string>Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Françoise Denoyelle</name>
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<name>Marie-Paule Vazquez</name>
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<json:string>Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Plastique, CRMR des Malformations de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France</json:string>
<json:string>Université Paris 5, UFR de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</json:string>
<json:string>Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR S 872, Paris, France</json:string>
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</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Christa Rotky-Fast</name>
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<json:string>Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</json:string>
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</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Vincent Couloigner</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Sébastien Pierrot</name>
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<json:string>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</json:string>
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</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Yves Manach</name>
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<json:string>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</json:string>
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</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Sylvain Breton</name>
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<json:string>AP-HP, Service d'Imagerie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</json:string>
<json:string>Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</json:string>
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</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Yvonne M C Hendriks</name>
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<json:string>Department of Clinical Genetics, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Arnold Munnich</name>
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<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
<json:string>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Linda Jakobsen</name>
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<json:string>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark</json:string>
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<name>Peter Kroisel</name>
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<json:string>Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</json:string>
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<name>Angela Lin</name>
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<json:string>Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</json:string>
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<name>Leonard B Kaban</name>
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<json:string>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</json:string>
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<name>Lina Basel-Vanagaite</name>
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<json:string>Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel</json:string>
<json:string>Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;</json:string>
<json:string>Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel</json:string>
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<name>Louise Wilson</name>
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<json:string>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</json:string>
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<json:item>
<name>Michael L Cunningham</name>
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<json:string>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA</json:string>
<json:string>Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center, Seattle, Washington, USA</json:string>
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<name>Stanislas Lyonnet</name>
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<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
<json:string>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Jeanne Amiel</name>
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<json:string>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</json:string>
<json:string>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</json:string>
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<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
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<value>PLCB4</value>
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<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>GNAI3</value>
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<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>auriculocondylar syndrome</value>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>question mark ear</value>
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<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>micrognathia</value>
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<json:string>jmedgenet-2012-101331</json:string>
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<json:string>eng</json:string>
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<abstract>Background Auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS) is a rare craniofacial disorder consisting of micrognathia, mandibular condyle hypoplasia and a specific malformation of the ear at the junction between the lobe and helix. Missense heterozygous mutations in the phospholipase C, β 4 (PLCB4) and guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), α inhibiting activity polypeptide 3 (GNAI3) genes have recently been identified in ACS patients by exome sequencing. These genes are predicted to function within the G protein-coupled endothelin receptor pathway during craniofacial development. Results We report eight additional cases ascribed to PLCB4 or GNAI3 gene lesions, comprising six heterozygous PLCB4 missense mutations, one heterozygous GNAI3 missense mutation and one homozygous PLCB4 intragenic deletion. Certain residues represent mutational hotspots; of the total of 11 ACS PLCB4 missense mutations now described, five disrupt Arg621 and two disrupt Asp360. The narrow distribution of mutations within protein space suggests that the mutations may result in dominantly interfering proteins, rather than haploinsufficiency. The consanguineous parents of the patient with a homozygous PLCB4 deletion each harboured the heterozygous deletion, but did not present the ACS phenotype, further suggesting that ACS is not caused by PLCB4 haploinsufficiency. In addition to ACS, the patient harbouring a homozygous deletion presented with central apnoea, a phenotype that has not been previously reported in ACS patients. Conclusions These findings indicate that ACS is not only genetically heterogeneous but also an autosomal dominant or recessive condition according to the nature of the PLCB4 gene lesion.</abstract>
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<title>Heterogeneity of mutational mechanisms and modes of inheritance in auriculocondylar syndrome</title>
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<affiliation>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</affiliation>
</author>
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<persName>
<forename type="first">Sylvain</forename>
<surname>Breton</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Service d'Imagerie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-38">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Yvonne M C</forename>
<surname>Hendriks</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-39">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Arnold</forename>
<surname>Munnich</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-40">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Linda</forename>
<surname>Jakobsen</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-41">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Peter</forename>
<surname>Kroisel</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-42">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Angela</forename>
<surname>Lin</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-43">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Leonard B</forename>
<surname>Kaban</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-44">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Lina</forename>
<surname>Basel-Vanagaite</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel</affiliation>
<affiliation>Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;</affiliation>
<affiliation>Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-45">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Louise</forename>
<surname>Wilson</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-46">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Michael L</forename>
<surname>Cunningham</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center, Seattle, Washington, USA</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-47">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Stanislas</forename>
<surname>Lyonnet</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-48">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Jeanne</forename>
<surname>Amiel</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr>
<title level="j">Journal of Medical Genetics</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">J Med Genet</title>
<idno type="pISSN">0022-2593</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1468-6244</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher>
<date type="published" when="2013-03"></date>
<biblScope unit="volume">50</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="174">174</biblScope>
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<idno type="istex">7348F3B9E6763856063CA42E9C7451B169BAE498</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101331</idno>
<idno type="href">jmedgenet-50-174.pdf</idno>
<idno type="ArticleID">jmedgenet-2012-101331</idno>
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<date>2013-01-12</date>
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<p>Background Auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS) is a rare craniofacial disorder consisting of micrognathia, mandibular condyle hypoplasia and a specific malformation of the ear at the junction between the lobe and helix. Missense heterozygous mutations in the phospholipase C, β 4 (PLCB4) and guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), α inhibiting activity polypeptide 3 (GNAI3) genes have recently been identified in ACS patients by exome sequencing. These genes are predicted to function within the G protein-coupled endothelin receptor pathway during craniofacial development. Results We report eight additional cases ascribed to PLCB4 or GNAI3 gene lesions, comprising six heterozygous PLCB4 missense mutations, one heterozygous GNAI3 missense mutation and one homozygous PLCB4 intragenic deletion. Certain residues represent mutational hotspots; of the total of 11 ACS PLCB4 missense mutations now described, five disrupt Arg621 and two disrupt Asp360. The narrow distribution of mutations within protein space suggests that the mutations may result in dominantly interfering proteins, rather than haploinsufficiency. The consanguineous parents of the patient with a homozygous PLCB4 deletion each harboured the heterozygous deletion, but did not present the ACS phenotype, further suggesting that ACS is not caused by PLCB4 haploinsufficiency. In addition to ACS, the patient harbouring a homozygous deletion presented with central apnoea, a phenotype that has not been previously reported in ACS patients. Conclusions These findings indicate that ACS is not only genetically heterogeneous but also an autosomal dominant or recessive condition according to the nature of the PLCB4 gene lesion.</p>
</abstract>
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<item>
<term>PLCB4</term>
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<item>
<term>GNAI3</term>
</item>
<item>
<term>auriculocondylar syndrome</term>
</item>
<item>
<term>question mark ear</term>
</item>
<item>
<term>micrognathia</term>
</item>
</list>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Med Genet</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jmg</journal-id>
<journal-title>Journal of Medical Genetics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">J Med Genet</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>J Med Genet</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0022-2593</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1468-6244</issn>
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<publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher-name>
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<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jmedgenet-2012-101331</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101331</article-id>
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<subject>Developmental defects</subject>
</subj-group>
<series-title>Original article</series-title>
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<title-group>
<article-title>Heterogeneity of mutational mechanisms and modes of inheritance in auriculocondylar syndrome</article-title>
</title-group>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gordon</surname>
<given-names>Christopher T</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vuillot</surname>
<given-names>Alice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Marlin</surname>
<given-names>Sandrine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref>
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<name>
<surname>Gerkes</surname>
<given-names>Erica</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref>
</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Henderson</surname>
<given-names>Alex</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref>
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<name>
<surname>AlKindy</surname>
<given-names>Adila</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref>
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<name>
<surname>Holder-Espinasse</surname>
<given-names>Muriel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>Sarah S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref>
</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Omarjee</surname>
<given-names>Asma</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Sanchis-Borja</surname>
<given-names>Mateo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Bdira</surname>
<given-names>Eya Ben</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Oufadem</surname>
<given-names>Myriam</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sikkema-Raddatz</surname>
<given-names>Birgit</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stewart</surname>
<given-names>Alison</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Palmer</surname>
<given-names>Rodger</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>McGowan</surname>
<given-names>Ruth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Petit</surname>
<given-names>Florence</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Delobel</surname>
<given-names>Bruno</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af11">11</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Speicher</surname>
<given-names>Michael R</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af12">12</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aurora</surname>
<given-names>Paul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kilner</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pellerin</surname>
<given-names>Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af14">14</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Simon</surname>
<given-names>Marie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bonnefont</surname>
<given-names>Jean-Paul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tobias</surname>
<given-names>Edward S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af16">16</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García-Miñaúr</surname>
<given-names>Sixto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af17">17</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bitner-Glindzicz</surname>
<given-names>Maria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af18">18</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lindholm</surname>
<given-names>Pernille</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19">19</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Meijer</surname>
<given-names>Brigitte A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af20">20</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abadie</surname>
<given-names>Véronique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af21">21</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Denoyelle</surname>
<given-names>Françoise</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af22">22</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vazquez</surname>
<given-names>Marie-Paule</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af23">23</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af24">24</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af25">25</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rotky-Fast</surname>
<given-names>Christa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af26">26</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Couloigner</surname>
<given-names>Vincent</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af27">27</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pierrot</surname>
<given-names>Sébastien</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af27">27</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Manach</surname>
<given-names>Yves</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af27">27</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Breton</surname>
<given-names>Sylvain</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af28">28</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af29">29</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hendriks</surname>
<given-names>Yvonne M C</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af30">30</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Munnich</surname>
<given-names>Arnold</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jakobsen</surname>
<given-names>Linda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19">19</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kroisel</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af12">12</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>Angela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af31">31</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kaban</surname>
<given-names>Leonard B</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af32">32</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Basel-Vanagaite</surname>
<given-names>Lina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af33">33</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af34">34</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af35">35</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wilson</surname>
<given-names>Louise</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cunningham</surname>
<given-names>Michael L</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af36">36</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lyonnet</surname>
<given-names>Stanislas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Amiel</surname>
<given-names>Jeanne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>INSERM U781</addr-line>
,
<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af2">
<label>2</label>
<institution>Centre de référence des surdités génétiques</institution>
,
<institution>Service de génétique médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau AP-HP</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Genetics</addr-line>
,
<institution>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen</institution>
,
<addr-line>Groningen</addr-line>
,
<country>the Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Northern Genetics Service</addr-line>
,
<institution>Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust</institution>
,
<addr-line>Newcastle Upon Tyne</addr-line>
,
<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Genetics</addr-line>
,
<institution>Sultan Qaboos University Hospital</institution>
,
<addr-line>Muscat</addr-line>
,
<country>Oman</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Service de Génétique Clinique</addr-line>
,
<institution>Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre</institution>
,
<addr-line>CHRU Lille</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences</addr-line>
,
<institution>Seattle Children's Research Institute</institution>
,
<addr-line>Seattle</addr-line>
,
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham</addr-line>
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<country>UK</country>
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<aff id="af9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service</addr-line>
,
<institution>Great Ormond Street Hospital</institution>
,
<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,
<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>North Scotland Regional Genetics Service</addr-line>
,
<institution>Ashgrove House</institution>
,
<addr-line>Aberdeen</addr-line>
,
<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique</addr-line>
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<institution>Hôpital St Vincent de Paul</institution>
,
<addr-line>Lille</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af12">
<label>12</label>
<institution>Institute of Human Genetics</institution>
,
<institution>Medical University of Graz</institution>
,
<addr-line>Graz</addr-line>
,
<country>Austria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Respiratory Medicine</addr-line>
,
<institution>Great Ormond Street Hospital</institution>
,
<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,
<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af14">
<label>14</label>
<institution>Centre de Référence des Malformations Cranio-maxillo-faciales Rares</institution>
,
<addr-line>CHRU Lille</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>AP-HP, Département de Génétique</addr-line>
,
<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af16">
<label>16</label>
<institution>School of Medicine</institution>
,
<institution>University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospital</institution>
,
<addr-line>Glasgow</addr-line>
,
<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af17">
<label>17</label>
<institution>Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital</institution>
,
<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>
,
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af18">
<label>18</label>
<addr-line>Clinical and Molecular Genetics</addr-line>
,
<institution>Institute of Child Health, UCL</institution>
,
<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,
<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af19">
<label>19</label>
<addr-line>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</addr-line>
,
<institution>Copenhagen University Hospital</institution>
,
<addr-line>Rigshospitalet</addr-line>
,
<country>Denmark</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af20">
<label>20</label>
<addr-line>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery</addr-line>
,
<institution>Kennemer Gasthuis</institution>
,
<addr-line>Haarlem</addr-line>
,
<country>The Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af21">
<label>21</label>
<addr-line>Service de Pédiatrie Générale</addr-line>
,
<institution>Université Paris Descartes</institution>
,
<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af22">
<label>22</label>
<addr-line>INSERM UMR-S587 and Pediatric Otolaryngology Department</addr-line>
,
<institution>Armand-Trousseau Children's Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 6 University</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af23">
<label>23</label>
<addr-line>Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Plastique</addr-line>
,
<institution>CRMR des Malformations de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP,</institution>
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af24">
<label>24</label>
Université Paris 5, UFR de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</aff>
<aff id="af25">
<label>25</label>
<institution>Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR S 872</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af26">
<label>26</label>
<addr-line>Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine</addr-line>
,
<institution>Medical University of Graz</institution>
,
<addr-line>Graz</addr-line>
,
<country>Austria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af27">
<label>27</label>
<addr-line>Service d'ORL Pediatrique</addr-line>
,
<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af28">
<label>28</label>
<addr-line>AP-HP, Service d'Imagerie Pédiatrique</addr-line>
,
<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af29">
<label>29</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire d'Anatomie</addr-line>
,
<institution>Université Paris-Descartes</institution>
,
<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af30">
<label>30</label>
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,
<institution>Free University Medical Center</institution>
,
<addr-line>Amsterdam</addr-line>
,
<country>The Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af31">
<label>31</label>
<addr-line>Genetics Unit</addr-line>
,
<institution>MassGeneral Hospital for Children</institution>
,
<addr-line>Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line>
,
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af32">
<label>32</label>
<addr-line>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery</addr-line>
,
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital</institution>
,
<addr-line>Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line>
,
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af33">
<label>33</label>
Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel</aff>
<aff id="af34">
<label>34</label>
<addr-line>Sackler Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>
,
<institution>Tel Aviv University</institution>
,
<addr-line>Tel Aviv</addr-line>
,
<country>Israel</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="af35">
<label>35</label>
<addr-line>Felsenstein Medical Research Center</addr-line>
,
<institution>Rabin Medical Center</institution>
,
<addr-line>Petah Tikva</addr-line>
,
<country>Israel</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af36">
<label>36</label>
<addr-line>Department of Pediatrics</addr-line>
,
<institution>University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center</institution>
,
<addr-line>Seattle</addr-line>
, Washington,
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp>
<label>Correspondence to</label>
Dr Christopher T Gordon and Professor Jeanne Amiel, INSERM U781, Tour Lavoisier 2ème étage, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris 75015, France;
<email>chris.gordon@inserm.fr</email>
,
<email>jeanne.amiel@inserm.fr</email>
</corresp>
<fn>
<p> CTG and AV contributed equally</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>3</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-original">
<day>12</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<volume-id pub-id-type="other">50</volume-id>
<volume-id pub-id-type="other">50</volume-id>
<issue>3</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="other">jmedgenet;50/3</issue-id>
<issue-id pub-id-type="other">3</issue-id>
<issue-id pub-id-type="other">50/3</issue-id>
<fpage>174</fpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>1</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>6</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>7</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:role="full-text" xlink:href="jmedgenet-50-174.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract>
<sec>
<title>Background</title>
<p>Auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS) is a rare craniofacial disorder consisting of micrognathia, mandibular condyle hypoplasia and a specific malformation of the ear at the junction between the lobe and helix. Missense heterozygous mutations in the phospholipase C, β 4 (
<italic>PLCB4</italic>
) and guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), α inhibiting activity polypeptide 3 (
<italic>GNAI3</italic>
) genes have recently been identified in ACS patients by exome sequencing. These genes are predicted to function within the G protein-coupled endothelin receptor pathway during craniofacial development.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>We report eight additional cases ascribed to
<italic>PLCB4</italic>
or
<italic>GNAI3</italic>
gene lesions, comprising six heterozygous
<italic>PLCB4</italic>
missense mutations, one heterozygous
<italic>GNAI3</italic>
missense mutation and one homozygous
<italic>PLCB4</italic>
intragenic deletion. Certain residues represent mutational hotspots; of the total of 11 ACS
<italic>PLCB4</italic>
missense mutations now described, five disrupt Arg621 and two disrupt Asp360. The narrow distribution of mutations within protein space suggests that the mutations may result in dominantly interfering proteins, rather than haploinsufficiency. The consanguineous parents of the patient with a homozygous
<italic>PLCB4</italic>
deletion each harboured the heterozygous deletion, but did not present the ACS phenotype, further suggesting that ACS is not caused by
<italic>PLCB4</italic>
haploinsufficiency. In addition to ACS, the patient harbouring a homozygous deletion presented with central apnoea, a phenotype that has not been previously reported in ACS patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>These findings indicate that ACS is not only genetically heterogeneous but also an autosomal dominant or recessive condition according to the nature of the
<italic>PLCB4</italic>
gene lesion.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>PLCB4</kwd>
<kwd>GNAI3</kwd>
<kwd>auriculocondylar syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>question mark ear</kwd>
<kwd>micrognathia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>
</istex:document>
</istex:metadataXml>
<mods version="3.6">
<titleInfo>
<title>Heterogeneity of mutational mechanisms and modes of inheritance in auriculocondylar syndrome</title>
<partName>Original article</partName>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA">
<title>Heterogeneity of mutational mechanisms and modes of inheritance in auriculocondylar syndrome</title>
<partName>Original article</partName>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Christopher T</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Gordon</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Alice</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Vuillot</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Sandrine</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Marlin</namePart>
<affiliation>Centre de référence des surdités génétiques, Service de génétique médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau AP-HP, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Erica</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Gerkes</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Alex</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Henderson</namePart>
<affiliation>Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Adila</namePart>
<namePart type="family">AlKindy</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Genetics, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Muriel</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Holder-Espinasse</namePart>
<affiliation>Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Sarah S</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Park</namePart>
<affiliation>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Asma</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Omarjee</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Mateo</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Sanchis-Borja</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Eya Ben</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Bdira</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Myriam</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Oufadem</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Birgit</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Sikkema-Raddatz</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Alison</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Stewart</namePart>
<affiliation>West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Rodger</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Palmer</namePart>
<affiliation>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Ruth</namePart>
<namePart type="family">McGowan</namePart>
<affiliation>North Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Ashgrove House, Aberdeen, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Florence</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Petit</namePart>
<affiliation>Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Bruno</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Delobel</namePart>
<affiliation>Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique, Hôpital St Vincent de Paul, Lille, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Michael R</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Speicher</namePart>
<affiliation>Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Paul</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Aurora</namePart>
<affiliation>Respiratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">David</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Kilner</namePart>
<affiliation>Respiratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Philippe</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Pellerin</namePart>
<affiliation>Centre de Référence des Malformations Cranio-maxillo-faciales Rares, CHRU Lille, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Marie</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Simon</namePart>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Jean-Paul</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Bonnefont</namePart>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Edward S</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Tobias</namePart>
<affiliation>School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Sixto</namePart>
<namePart type="family">García-Miñaúr</namePart>
<affiliation>Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Maria</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Bitner-Glindzicz</namePart>
<affiliation>Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Pernille</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Lindholm</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Brigitte A</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Meijer</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Véronique</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Abadie</namePart>
<affiliation>Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Françoise</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Denoyelle</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM UMR-S587 and Pediatric Otolaryngology Department, Armand-Trousseau Children's Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 6 University, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Marie-Paule</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Vazquez</namePart>
<affiliation>Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Plastique, CRMR des Malformations de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>Université Paris 5, UFR de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR S 872, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Christa</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Rotky-Fast</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Vincent</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Couloigner</namePart>
<affiliation>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Sébastien</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Pierrot</namePart>
<affiliation>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Yves</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Manach</namePart>
<affiliation>Service d'ORL Pediatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris 5, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Sylvain</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Breton</namePart>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Service d'Imagerie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Yvonne M C</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Hendriks</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Arnold</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Munnich</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Linda</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Jakobsen</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Peter</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Kroisel</namePart>
<affiliation>Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Angela</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Lin</namePart>
<affiliation>Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Leonard B</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Kaban</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Lina</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Basel-Vanagaite</namePart>
<affiliation>Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel</affiliation>
<affiliation>Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;</affiliation>
<affiliation>Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Louise</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Wilson</namePart>
<affiliation>North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Michael L</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Cunningham</namePart>
<affiliation>Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center, Seattle, Washington, USA</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Stanislas</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Lyonnet</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Jeanne</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Amiel</namePart>
<affiliation>INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France</affiliation>
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<publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2013-03</dateIssued>
<dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2013-01-12</dateCreated>
<copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2013</copyrightDate>
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<abstract>Background Auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS) is a rare craniofacial disorder consisting of micrognathia, mandibular condyle hypoplasia and a specific malformation of the ear at the junction between the lobe and helix. Missense heterozygous mutations in the phospholipase C, β 4 (PLCB4) and guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), α inhibiting activity polypeptide 3 (GNAI3) genes have recently been identified in ACS patients by exome sequencing. These genes are predicted to function within the G protein-coupled endothelin receptor pathway during craniofacial development. Results We report eight additional cases ascribed to PLCB4 or GNAI3 gene lesions, comprising six heterozygous PLCB4 missense mutations, one heterozygous GNAI3 missense mutation and one homozygous PLCB4 intragenic deletion. Certain residues represent mutational hotspots; of the total of 11 ACS PLCB4 missense mutations now described, five disrupt Arg621 and two disrupt Asp360. The narrow distribution of mutations within protein space suggests that the mutations may result in dominantly interfering proteins, rather than haploinsufficiency. The consanguineous parents of the patient with a homozygous PLCB4 deletion each harboured the heterozygous deletion, but did not present the ACS phenotype, further suggesting that ACS is not caused by PLCB4 haploinsufficiency. In addition to ACS, the patient harbouring a homozygous deletion presented with central apnoea, a phenotype that has not been previously reported in ACS patients. Conclusions These findings indicate that ACS is not only genetically heterogeneous but also an autosomal dominant or recessive condition according to the nature of the PLCB4 gene lesion.</abstract>
<note type="footnotes"> CTG and AV contributed equally</note>
<subject>
<genre>keywords</genre>
<topic>PLCB4</topic>
<topic>GNAI3</topic>
<topic>auriculocondylar syndrome</topic>
<topic>question mark ear</topic>
<topic>micrognathia</topic>
</subject>
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<title>Journal of Medical Genetics</title>
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<titleInfo type="abbreviated">
<title>J Med Genet</title>
</titleInfo>
<genre type="journal">journal</genre>
<identifier type="ISSN">0022-2593</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1468-6244</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">jmg</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">jmedgenet</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID-nlm-ta">J Med Genet</identifier>
<part>
<date>2013</date>
<detail type="volume">
<caption>vol.</caption>
<number>50</number>
</detail>
<detail type="issue">
<caption>no.</caption>
<number>3</number>
</detail>
<extent unit="pages">
<start>174</start>
</extent>
</part>
</relatedItem>
<identifier type="istex">7348F3B9E6763856063CA42E9C7451B169BAE498</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101331</identifier>
<identifier type="href">jmedgenet-50-174.pdf</identifier>
<identifier type="ArticleID">jmedgenet-2012-101331</identifier>
<identifier type="PMID">23315542</identifier>
<identifier type="local">jmedgenet;50/3/174</identifier>
<accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions</accessCondition>
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