Local Surface Potential of π‐Conjugated Nanostructures by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Effect of the Sampling Depth
Identifieur interne : 001507 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001506; suivant : 001508Local Surface Potential of π‐Conjugated Nanostructures by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Effect of the Sampling Depth
Auteurs : Andrea Liscio ; Vincenzo Palermo ; Oliver Fenwick ; Slawomir Braun ; Klaus Müllen ; Mats Fahlman ; Franco Cacialli ; Paolo SamoríSource :
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Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is usually applied to map the local surface potential of nanostructured materials at surfaces and interfaces. KPFM is commonly defined as a ‘surface technique’, even if this assumption is not fully justified. However, a quantification of the surface sensitivity of this technique is crucial to explore electrical properties at the nanoscale. Here a versatile 3D model is presented which provides a quantitative explanation of KPFM results, taking into account the vertical structure of the sample. The model is tested on nanostructured films obtained from two relevant semiconducting systems for field‐effect transistor and solar cell applications showing different interfacial properties, i.e., poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and perylene‐bis‐dicarboximide (PDI). These findings are especially important since they enable quantitative determination of the local surface potential of conjugated nanostructures, and thereby pave the way towards optimization of the electronic properties of nanoscale architectures for organic electronic applications.
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DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001770
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Potential of π‐Conjugated Nanostructures by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Effect of the Sampling Depth</title><author><name sortKey="Liscio, Andrea" sort="Liscio, Andrea" uniqKey="Liscio A" first="Andrea" last="Liscio">Andrea Liscio</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palermo, Vincenzo" sort="Palermo, Vincenzo" uniqKey="Palermo V" first="Vincenzo" last="Palermo">Vincenzo Palermo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fenwick, Oliver" sort="Fenwick, Oliver" uniqKey="Fenwick O" first="Oliver" last="Fenwick">Oliver Fenwick</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braun, Slawomir" sort="Braun, Slawomir" uniqKey="Braun S" first="Slawomir" last="Braun">Slawomir Braun</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mullen, Klaus" sort="Mullen, Klaus" uniqKey="Mullen K" first="Klaus" last="Müllen">Klaus Müllen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55124 Mainz, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fahlman, Mats" sort="Fahlman, Mats" uniqKey="Fahlman M" first="Mats" last="Fahlman">Mats Fahlman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cacialli, Franco" sort="Cacialli, Franco" uniqKey="Cacialli F" first="Franco" last="Cacialli">Franco Cacialli</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samori, Paolo" sort="Samori, Paolo" uniqKey="Samori P" first="Paolo" last="Samorí">Paolo Samorí</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Small</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Small</title><idno type="ISSN">1613-6810</idno><idno type="eISSN">1613-6829</idno><imprint><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Weinheim</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-03-07">2011-03-07</date><biblScope unit="volume">7</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="634">634</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="639">639</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1613-6810</idno></series><idno type="istex">247B010E9EA58A069FF3C8CDA973D2C3585DD365</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/smll.201001770</idno><idno type="ArticleID">SMLL201001770</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1613-6810</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy</term><term>charge injection</term><term>conjugated nanostructures</term><term>interfaces</term><term>organic electronics</term><term>surface potential</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is usually applied to map the local surface potential of nanostructured materials at surfaces and interfaces. KPFM is commonly defined as a ‘surface technique’, even if this assumption is not fully justified. However, a quantification of the surface sensitivity of this technique is crucial to explore electrical properties at the nanoscale. Here a versatile 3D model is presented which provides a quantitative explanation of KPFM results, taking into account the vertical structure of the sample. The model is tested on nanostructured films obtained from two relevant semiconducting systems for field‐effect transistor and solar cell applications showing different interfacial properties, i.e., poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and perylene‐bis‐dicarboximide (PDI). These findings are especially important since they enable quantitative determination of the local surface potential of conjugated nanostructures, and thereby pave the way towards optimization of the electronic properties of nanoscale architectures for organic electronic applications.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Andrea Liscio</name><affiliations><json:string>Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Vincenzo Palermo</name><affiliations><json:string>Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, Italy</json:string><json:string>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Oliver Fenwick</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Slawomir Braun</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Klaus Müllen</name><affiliations><json:string>Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55124 Mainz, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Mats Fahlman</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Franco Cacialli</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK</json:string><json:string>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Paolo Samorí</name><affiliations><json:string>Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France</json:string><json:string>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>organic electronics</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>charge injection</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>surface potential</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>interfaces</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>conjugated nanostructures</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>SMLL201001770</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is usually applied to map the local surface potential of nanostructured materials at surfaces and interfaces. KPFM is commonly defined as a ‘surface technique’, even if this assumption is not fully justified. However, a quantification of the surface sensitivity of this technique is crucial to explore electrical properties at the nanoscale. Here a versatile 3D model is presented which provides a quantitative explanation of KPFM results, taking into account the vertical structure of the sample. The model is tested on nanostructured films obtained from two relevant semiconducting systems for field‐effect transistor and solar cell applications showing different interfacial properties, i.e., poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and perylene‐bis‐dicarboximide (PDI). These findings are especially important since they enable quantitative determination of the local surface potential of conjugated nanostructures, and thereby pave the way towards optimization of the electronic properties of nanoscale architectures for organic electronic applications.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>6.99</score><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 793.701 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1085</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>4738</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>26980</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>6</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>146</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Local Surface Potential of π‐Conjugated Nanostructures by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Effect of the Sampling Depth</title><refBibs><json:item><host><volume>11</volume><pages><first>605</first></pages><author></author><title>Adv. 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KGaA, Weinheim</p></availability><date>2011</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Local Surface Potential of π‐Conjugated Nanostructures by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Effect of the Sampling Depth</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Andrea</forename><surname>Liscio</surname></persName><affiliation>Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, Italy</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Vincenzo</forename><surname>Palermo</surname></persName><affiliation>Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, Italy</affiliation><affiliation>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Oliver</forename><surname>Fenwick</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Slawomir</forename><surname>Braun</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Klaus</forename><surname>Müllen</surname></persName><affiliation>Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55124 Mainz, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Mats</forename><surname>Fahlman</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">Franco</forename><surname>Cacialli</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">Paolo</forename><surname>Samorí</surname></persName><affiliation>Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France</affiliation><affiliation>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Small</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Small</title><idno type="pISSN">1613-6810</idno><idno type="eISSN">1613-6829</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1613-6829</idno><imprint><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Weinheim</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-03-07"></date><biblScope unit="volume">7</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="634">634</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="639">639</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">247B010E9EA58A069FF3C8CDA973D2C3585DD365</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/smll.201001770</idno><idno type="ArticleID">SMLL201001770</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2011</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is usually applied to map the local surface potential of nanostructured materials at surfaces and interfaces. KPFM is commonly defined as a ‘surface technique’, even if this assumption is not fully justified. However, a quantification of the surface sensitivity of this technique is crucial to explore electrical properties at the nanoscale. Here a versatile 3D model is presented which provides a quantitative explanation of KPFM results, taking into account the vertical structure of the sample. The model is tested on nanostructured films obtained from two relevant semiconducting systems for field‐effect transistor and solar cell applications showing different interfacial properties, i.e., poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and perylene‐bis‐dicarboximide (PDI). These findings are especially important since they enable quantitative determination of the local surface potential of conjugated nanostructures, and thereby pave the way towards optimization of the electronic properties of nanoscale architectures for organic electronic applications.</p></abstract><abstract><p>The structural and electronic properties of conjugated nanostructures, important for organic electronics, are quantitatively studied using Kelvin probe force microscopy with spatial and voltage resolutions of a few nanometers and millivolts, respectively. 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Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Oliver</namePart><namePart type="family">Fenwick</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Slawomir</namePart><namePart type="family">Braun</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Klaus</namePart><namePart type="family">Müllen</namePart><affiliation>Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55124 Mainz, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Mats</namePart><namePart type="family">Fahlman</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Franco</namePart><namePart type="family">Cacialli</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Paolo</namePart><namePart type="family">Samorí</namePart><affiliation>Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France</affiliation><affiliation>Vincenzo Palermo, Instituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività‐Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, I‐40129 Bologna, ItalyFranco Cacialli, Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UKPaolo Samorí, Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS, Université de 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interfaces. KPFM is commonly defined as a ‘surface technique’, even if this assumption is not fully justified. However, a quantification of the surface sensitivity of this technique is crucial to explore electrical properties at the nanoscale. Here a versatile 3D model is presented which provides a quantitative explanation of KPFM results, taking into account the vertical structure of the sample. The model is tested on nanostructured films obtained from two relevant semiconducting systems for field‐effect transistor and solar cell applications showing different interfacial properties, i.e., poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and perylene‐bis‐dicarboximide (PDI). These findings are especially important since they enable quantitative determination of the local surface potential of conjugated nanostructures, and thereby pave the way towards optimization of the electronic properties of nanoscale architectures for organic electronic applications.</abstract><abstract>The structural and electronic properties of conjugated nanostructures, important for organic electronics, are quantitatively studied using Kelvin probe force microscopy with spatial and voltage resolutions of a few nanometers and millivolts, respectively. A comprehensive model is presented describing the precise 3D surface‐potential mapping in functional electroactive nano‐objects such as ultrathin layers of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and needles of perylene‐bis‐dicarboximide.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>organic electronics</topic><topic>charge injection</topic><topic>Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy</topic><topic>surface potential</topic><topic>interfaces</topic><topic>conjugated nanostructures</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Small</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Small</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><note type="content"> Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer‐reviewed, but not copy‐edited or typeset. 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