Existing health inequalities in India: informing preparedness planning for an influenza pandemic.
Identifieur interne : 000E19 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000E18; suivant : 000E20Existing health inequalities in India: informing preparedness planning for an influenza pandemic.
Auteurs : Supriya Kumar ; Sandra C. QuinnSource :
- Health policy and planning [ 1460-2237 ] ; 2012.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : India.
- epidemiology : Influenza, Human.
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Regional Health Planning, Young Adult.
Abstract
On 11 June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the world was in phase 6 of an influenza pandemic. In India, the first case of 2009 H1N1 influenza was reported on 16 May 2009 and by August 2010 (when the pandemic was declared over), 38730 cases of 2009 H1N1 had been confirmed of which there were 2024 deaths. Here, we propose a conceptual model of the sources of health disparities in an influenza pandemic in India. Guided by a published model of the plausible sources of such disparities in the United States, we reviewed the literature for the determinants of the plausible sources of health disparities during a pandemic in India. We find that factors at multiple social levels could determine inequalities in the risk of exposure and susceptibility to influenza, as well as access to treatment once infected: (1) religion, caste and indigenous identity, as well as education and gender at the individual level; (2) wealth at the household level; and (3) the type of location, ratio of health care practitioners to population served, access to transportation and public spending on health care in the geographic area of residence. Such inequalities could lead to unequal levels of disease and death. Whereas causal factors can only be determined by testing the model when incidence and mortality data, collected in conjunction with socio-economic and geographic factors, become available, we put forth recommendations that policy makers can undertake to ensure that the pandemic preparedness plan includes a focus on social inequalities in India in order to prevent their exacerbation in a pandemic.
DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czr075
PubMed: 22131367
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pubmed:22131367Le document en format XML
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Quinn</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Health policy and planning</title><idno type="eISSN">1460-2237</idno><imprint><date when="2012" type="published">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Female</term><term>Health Status Disparities</term><term>Humans</term><term>India (epidemiology)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term><term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Regional Health Planning</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>India</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Female</term><term>Health Status Disparities</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Regional Health Planning</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">On 11 June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the world was in phase 6 of an influenza pandemic. In India, the first case of 2009 H1N1 influenza was reported on 16 May 2009 and by August 2010 (when the pandemic was declared over), 38730 cases of 2009 H1N1 had been confirmed of which there were 2024 deaths. Here, we propose a conceptual model of the sources of health disparities in an influenza pandemic in India. Guided by a published model of the plausible sources of such disparities in the United States, we reviewed the literature for the determinants of the plausible sources of health disparities during a pandemic in India. We find that factors at multiple social levels could determine inequalities in the risk of exposure and susceptibility to influenza, as well as access to treatment once infected: (1) religion, caste and indigenous identity, as well as education and gender at the individual level; (2) wealth at the household level; and (3) the type of location, ratio of health care practitioners to population served, access to transportation and public spending on health care in the geographic area of residence. Such inequalities could lead to unequal levels of disease and death. Whereas causal factors can only be determined by testing the model when incidence and mortality data, collected in conjunction with socio-economic and geographic factors, become available, we put forth recommendations that policy makers can undertake to ensure that the pandemic preparedness plan includes a focus on social inequalities in India in order to prevent their exacerbation in a pandemic.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">22131367</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2013</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>24</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1460-2237</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>27</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><PubDate><Year>2012</Year><Month>Sep</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Health policy and planning</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Health Policy Plan</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Existing health inequalities in India: informing preparedness planning for an influenza pandemic.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>516-26</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/heapol/czr075</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>On 11 June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the world was in phase 6 of an influenza pandemic. In India, the first case of 2009 H1N1 influenza was reported on 16 May 2009 and by August 2010 (when the pandemic was declared over), 38730 cases of 2009 H1N1 had been confirmed of which there were 2024 deaths. Here, we propose a conceptual model of the sources of health disparities in an influenza pandemic in India. Guided by a published model of the plausible sources of such disparities in the United States, we reviewed the literature for the determinants of the plausible sources of health disparities during a pandemic in India. We find that factors at multiple social levels could determine inequalities in the risk of exposure and susceptibility to influenza, as well as access to treatment once infected: (1) religion, caste and indigenous identity, as well as education and gender at the individual level; (2) wealth at the household level; and (3) the type of location, ratio of health care practitioners to population served, access to transportation and public spending on health care in the geographic area of residence. Such inequalities could lead to unequal levels of disease and death. Whereas causal factors can only be determined by testing the model when incidence and mortality data, collected in conjunction with socio-economic and geographic factors, become available, we put forth recommendations that policy makers can undertake to ensure that the pandemic preparedness plan includes a focus on social inequalities in India in order to prevent their exacerbation in a pandemic.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kumar</LastName><ForeName>Supriya</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 717 Parran Hall, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. supriya@pitt.edu</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Quinn</LastName><ForeName>Sandra C</ForeName><Initials>SC</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>P20 MD006737</GrantID><Acronym>MD</Acronym><Agency>NIMHD 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