Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Cameroon during the 2014-2016 influenza seasons.
Identifieur interne : 000179 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000178; suivant : 000180Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Cameroon during the 2014-2016 influenza seasons.
Auteurs : Chavely Gwladys Monamele ; Hermann Landry Munshili Njifon ; Marie-Astrid Vernet ; Mohamadou Ripa Njankouo ; Sebastien Kenmoe ; Ali Ahmed Yahaya ; Louis Deweerdt ; Raphael Nono ; Wilfred Mbacham ; Damian Nota Anong ; Jane Francis Akoachere ; Richard NjouomSource :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2019.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Amantadine (pharmacology), Amantadine (therapeutic use), Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Cameroon, Drug Resistance, Viral (genetics), Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus (genetics), Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics), Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology), Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (isolation & purification), Influenza Vaccines (immunology), Influenza, Human (drug therapy), Influenza, Human (prevention & control), Influenza, Human (virology), Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mutation, Mutation Rate, Neuraminidase (genetics), Phylogeny, RNA, Viral (genetics).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus, Neuraminidase, RNA, Viral.
- chemical , immunology : Influenza Vaccines.
- chemical , pharmacology : Amantadine, Antiviral Agents.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Amantadine, Antiviral Agents.
- geographic : Cameroon.
- drug therapy : Influenza, Human.
- genetics : Drug Resistance, Viral, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype.
- immunology : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype.
- isolation & purification : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype.
- prevention & control : Influenza, Human.
- virology : Influenza, Human.
- Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mutation, Mutation Rate, Phylogeny.
Abstract
In 2009, Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century with high mortality rates of about 284 500 deaths. This virus, however, continues to circulate as a seasonal influenza virus and to cause illness and deaths worldwide. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between 2014 and 2016 in Cameroon. Three gene segments (HA, NA and M) of Cameroon strains were studied. The phylogenetic tree of the coding nucleotide sequences was generated by MEGA version 6.0 using a Maximum Likelihood method. The NA and M protein coding sequences were analyzed for the reported genetic markers of resistance against neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, while predicted vaccine efficacy was estimated using the Pepitope method. Overall 39 strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 showed that Cameroon strains belonged to two major clades. The 2014 Cameroon sequences belonged to clade 6C while all sequences collected between 2015 and 2016 belonged to clade 6B. Majority of the samples had some mutations in the NA gene notably: I117M, N248D, and N369K while the amantadine-resistant M mutant, S31N, was found to be absent only in the two sequences collected in 2014. Overall, A/California/07/2009 vaccine strain showed a predicted vaccine efficacy of 24.55% to 35.77% against Cameroon A(H1N1)pdm09 strains circulating between 2014 and 2016. Our findings confirms the fast evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 since its first introduction and highlights on the importance of influenza vaccine in reducing the burden caused by influenza in the community.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210119
PubMed: 30640922
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:30640922Le document en format XML
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Anong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akoachere, Jane Francis" sort="Akoachere, Jane Francis" uniqKey="Akoachere J" first="Jane Francis" last="Akoachere">Jane Francis Akoachere</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njouom, Richard" sort="Njouom, Richard" uniqKey="Njouom R" first="Richard" last="Njouom">Richard Njouom</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:30640922</idno><idno type="pmid">30640922</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0210119</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000179</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" 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first="Marie-Astrid" last="Vernet">Marie-Astrid Vernet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njankouo, Mohamadou Ripa" sort="Njankouo, Mohamadou Ripa" uniqKey="Njankouo M" first="Mohamadou Ripa" last="Njankouo">Mohamadou Ripa Njankouo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenmoe, Sebastien" sort="Kenmoe, Sebastien" uniqKey="Kenmoe S" first="Sebastien" last="Kenmoe">Sebastien Kenmoe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yahaya, Ali Ahmed" sort="Yahaya, Ali Ahmed" uniqKey="Yahaya A" first="Ali Ahmed" last="Yahaya">Ali Ahmed Yahaya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organisation, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deweerdt, Louis" sort="Deweerdt, Louis" uniqKey="Deweerdt L" first="Louis" last="Deweerdt">Louis Deweerdt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nono, Raphael" sort="Nono, Raphael" uniqKey="Nono R" first="Raphael" last="Nono">Raphael Nono</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mbacham, Wilfred" sort="Mbacham, Wilfred" uniqKey="Mbacham W" first="Wilfred" last="Mbacham">Wilfred Mbacham</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anong, Damian Nota" sort="Anong, Damian Nota" uniqKey="Anong D" first="Damian Nota" last="Anong">Damian Nota Anong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akoachere, Jane Francis" sort="Akoachere, Jane Francis" uniqKey="Akoachere J" first="Jane Francis" last="Akoachere">Jane Francis Akoachere</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njouom, Richard" sort="Njouom, Richard" uniqKey="Njouom R" first="Richard" last="Njouom">Richard Njouom</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Amantadine (pharmacology)</term><term>Amantadine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Cameroon</term><term>Drug Resistance, Viral (genetics)</term><term>Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus (genetics)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (isolation & purification)</term><term>Influenza Vaccines (immunology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (drug therapy)</term><term>Influenza, Human (prevention & control)</term><term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Mutation Rate</term><term>Neuraminidase (genetics)</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>RNA, Viral (genetics)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus</term><term>Neuraminidase</term><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Vaccines</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Amantadine</term><term>Antiviral Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Amantadine</term><term>Antiviral Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Cameroon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Resistance, Viral</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Mutation Rate</term><term>Phylogeny</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In 2009, Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century with high mortality rates of about 284 500 deaths. This virus, however, continues to circulate as a seasonal influenza virus and to cause illness and deaths worldwide. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between 2014 and 2016 in Cameroon. Three gene segments (HA, NA and M) of Cameroon strains were studied. The phylogenetic tree of the coding nucleotide sequences was generated by MEGA version 6.0 using a Maximum Likelihood method. The NA and M protein coding sequences were analyzed for the reported genetic markers of resistance against neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, while predicted vaccine efficacy was estimated using the Pepitope method. Overall 39 strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 showed that Cameroon strains belonged to two major clades. The 2014 Cameroon sequences belonged to clade 6C while all sequences collected between 2015 and 2016 belonged to clade 6B. Majority of the samples had some mutations in the NA gene notably: I117M, N248D, and N369K while the amantadine-resistant M mutant, S31N, was found to be absent only in the two sequences collected in 2014. Overall, A/California/07/2009 vaccine strain showed a predicted vaccine efficacy of 24.55% to 35.77% against Cameroon A(H1N1)pdm09 strains circulating between 2014 and 2016. Our findings confirms the fast evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 since its first introduction and highlights on the importance of influenza vaccine in reducing the burden caused by influenza in the community.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">30640922</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2019</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>27</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>09</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2019</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS ONE</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Cameroon during the 2014-2016 influenza seasons.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0210119</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0210119</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>In 2009, Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century with high mortality rates of about 284 500 deaths. This virus, however, continues to circulate as a seasonal influenza virus and to cause illness and deaths worldwide. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between 2014 and 2016 in Cameroon. Three gene segments (HA, NA and M) of Cameroon strains were studied. The phylogenetic tree of the coding nucleotide sequences was generated by MEGA version 6.0 using a Maximum Likelihood method. The NA and M protein coding sequences were analyzed for the reported genetic markers of resistance against neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, while predicted vaccine efficacy was estimated using the Pepitope method. Overall 39 strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 showed that Cameroon strains belonged to two major clades. The 2014 Cameroon sequences belonged to clade 6C while all sequences collected between 2015 and 2016 belonged to clade 6B. Majority of the samples had some mutations in the NA gene notably: I117M, N248D, and N369K while the amantadine-resistant M mutant, S31N, was found to be absent only in the two sequences collected in 2014. Overall, A/California/07/2009 vaccine strain showed a predicted vaccine efficacy of 24.55% to 35.77% against Cameroon A(H1N1)pdm09 strains circulating between 2014 and 2016. Our findings confirms the fast evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 since its first introduction and highlights on the importance of influenza vaccine in reducing the burden caused by influenza in the community.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Monamele</LastName><ForeName>Chavely Gwladys</ForeName><Initials>CG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Munshili Njifon</LastName><ForeName>Hermann Landry</ForeName><Initials>HL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vernet</LastName><ForeName>Marie-Astrid</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Njankouo</LastName><ForeName>Mohamadou Ripa</ForeName><Initials>MR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kenmoe</LastName><ForeName>Sebastien</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yahaya</LastName><ForeName>Ali Ahmed</ForeName><Initials>AA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>World Health Organisation, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Deweerdt</LastName><ForeName>Louis</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nono</LastName><ForeName>Raphael</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mbacham</LastName><ForeName>Wilfred</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anong</LastName><ForeName>Damian Nota</ForeName><Initials>DN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akoachere</LastName><ForeName>Jane Francis</ForeName><Initials>JF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Njouom</LastName><ForeName>Richard</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3112-6370</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>001</GrantID><Agency>World Health Organization</Agency><Country>International</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2019</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>14</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C543345">H1N1 virus hemagglutinin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019267">Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007252">Influenza Vaccines</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012367">RNA, Viral</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>BF4C9Z1J53</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000547">Amantadine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.2.1.18</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009439">Neuraminidase</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000547" MajorTopicYN="N">Amantadine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002163" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Cameroon</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D024882" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Resistance, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019267" MajorTopicYN="N">Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053118" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007252" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza Vaccines</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007251" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza, Human</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="Y">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008826" MajorTopicYN="N">Microbial Sensitivity Tests</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009154" MajorTopicYN="N">Mutation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D059645" MajorTopicYN="N">Mutation Rate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009439" MajorTopicYN="N">Neuraminidase</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010802" MajorTopicYN="Y">Phylogeny</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012367" MajorTopicYN="N">RNA, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>18</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2019</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2019</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2019</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>29</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">30640922</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0210119</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">PONE-D-18-27217</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC6331099</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 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