A comparative analysis of host responses to avian influenza infection in ducks and chickens highlights a role for the interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in viral resistance.
Identifieur interne : 000698 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000697; suivant : 000699A comparative analysis of host responses to avian influenza infection in ducks and chickens highlights a role for the interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in viral resistance.
Auteurs : Jacqueline Smith [Royaume-Uni] ; Nikki Smith [Royaume-Uni] ; Le Yu [Royaume-Uni] ; Ian R. Paton [Royaume-Uni] ; Maria Weronika Gutowska [Royaume-Uni] ; Heather L. Forrest [États-Unis] ; Angela F. Danner [États-Unis] ; J Patrick Seiler [États-Unis] ; Paul Digard [Royaume-Uni] ; Robert G. Webster [États-Unis] ; David W. Burt [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- BMC genomics [ 1471-2164 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux, Canards (génétique), Canards (virologie), Grippe chez les oiseaux (génétique), Grippe chez les oiseaux (virologie), Humains, Inducteurs de l'interféron (métabolisme), Interférons (génétique), Interférons (immunologie), Pandémies, Phylogénie, Poulets (génétique), Poulets (virologie), Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A (génétique), Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité), Sous-type H5N2 du virus de la grippe A (génétique), Sous-type H5N2 du virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité).
- MESH :
- génétique : Canards, Grippe chez les oiseaux, Interférons, Poulets, Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A, Sous-type H5N2 du virus de la grippe A.
- immunologie : Interférons.
- métabolisme : Inducteurs de l'interféron.
- pathogénicité : Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A, Sous-type H5N2 du virus de la grippe A.
- virologie : Canards, Grippe chez les oiseaux, Poulets.
- Animaux, Humains, Pandémies, Phylogénie.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Chickens (genetics), Chickens (virology), Ducks (genetics), Ducks (virology), Humans, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype (genetics), Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype (pathogenicity), Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype (genetics), Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype (pathogenicity), Influenza in Birds (genetics), Influenza in Birds (virology), Interferon Inducers (metabolism), Interferons (genetics), Interferons (immunology), Pandemics, Phylogeny.
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Interferons.
- chemical , immunology : Interferons.
- chemical , metabolism : Interferon Inducers.
- genetics : Chickens, Ducks, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype, Influenza in Birds.
- pathogenicity : Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype.
- virology : Chickens, Ducks, Influenza in Birds.
- Animals, Humans, Pandemics, Phylogeny.
Abstract
Chickens are susceptible to infection with a limited number of Influenza A viruses and are a potential source of a human influenza pandemic. In particular, H5 and H7 haemagglutinin subtypes can evolve from low to highly pathogenic strains in gallinaceous poultry. Ducks on the other hand are a natural reservoir for these viruses and are able to withstand most avian influenza strains.
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1778-8
PubMed: 26238195
Affiliations:
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pubmed:26238195Le document en format XML
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Jacqueline.smith@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Nikki" sort="Smith, Nikki" uniqKey="Smith N" first="Nikki" last="Smith">Nikki Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Nikki.smith@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Le" sort="Yu, Le" uniqKey="Yu L" first="Le" last="Yu">Le Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Le.yu@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paton, Ian R" sort="Paton, Ian R" uniqKey="Paton I" first="Ian R" last="Paton">Ian R. Paton</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Bob.paton@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gutowska, Maria Weronika" sort="Gutowska, Maria Weronika" uniqKey="Gutowska M" first="Maria Weronika" last="Gutowska">Maria Weronika Gutowska</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. MW.Gutowska@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forrest, Heather L" sort="Forrest, Heather L" uniqKey="Forrest H" first="Heather L" last="Forrest">Heather L. Forrest</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. Heather.Forrest@stjude.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38105</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Danner, Angela F" sort="Danner, Angela F" uniqKey="Danner A" first="Angela F" last="Danner">Angela F. Danner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. Angela.Danner@stjude.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38105</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seiler, J Patrick" sort="Seiler, J Patrick" uniqKey="Seiler J" first="J Patrick" last="Seiler">J Patrick Seiler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. Jon.Seiler@stjude.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38105</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Digard, Paul" sort="Digard, Paul" uniqKey="Digard P" first="Paul" last="Digard">Paul Digard</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Paul.digard@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Webster, Robert G" sort="Webster, Robert G" uniqKey="Webster R" first="Robert G" last="Webster">Robert G. Webster</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. Robert.Webster@STJUDE.ORG.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38105</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burt, David W" sort="Burt, David W" uniqKey="Burt D" first="David W" last="Burt">David W. Burt</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Dave.burt@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC genomics</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2164</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Chickens (genetics)</term><term>Chickens (virology)</term><term>Ducks (genetics)</term><term>Ducks (virology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype (genetics)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype (pathogenicity)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype (genetics)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype (pathogenicity)</term><term>Influenza in Birds (genetics)</term><term>Influenza in Birds (virology)</term><term>Interferon Inducers (metabolism)</term><term>Interferons (genetics)</term><term>Interferons (immunology)</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Phylogeny</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Canards (génétique)</term><term>Canards (virologie)</term><term>Grippe chez les oiseaux (génétique)</term><term>Grippe chez les oiseaux (virologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Inducteurs de l'interféron (métabolisme)</term><term>Interférons (génétique)</term><term>Interférons (immunologie)</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Poulets (génétique)</term><term>Poulets (virologie)</term><term>Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A (génétique)</term><term>Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité)</term><term>Sous-type H5N2 du virus de la grippe A (génétique)</term><term>Sous-type H5N2 du virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Interferons</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Interferons</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Interferon Inducers</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Chickens</term><term>Ducks</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype</term><term>Influenza in Birds</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Canards</term><term>Grippe chez les oiseaux</term><term>Interférons</term><term>Poulets</term><term>Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Sous-type H5N2 du virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Interférons</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Inducteurs de l'interféron</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Sous-type H5N2 du virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Canards</term><term>Grippe chez les oiseaux</term><term>Poulets</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Chickens</term><term>Ducks</term><term>Influenza in Birds</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Humans</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Phylogeny</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Humains</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Phylogénie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Chickens are susceptible to infection with a limited number of Influenza A viruses and are a potential source of a human influenza pandemic. In particular, H5 and H7 haemagglutinin subtypes can evolve from low to highly pathogenic strains in gallinaceous poultry. Ducks on the other hand are a natural reservoir for these viruses and are able to withstand most avian influenza strains.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26238195</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>22</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>11</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1471-2164</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>16</Volume><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Aug</Month><Day>04</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMC genomics</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMC Genomics</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A comparative analysis of host responses to avian influenza infection in ducks and chickens highlights a role for the interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in viral resistance.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>574</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12864-015-1778-8</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Chickens are susceptible to infection with a limited number of Influenza A viruses and are a potential source of a human influenza pandemic. In particular, H5 and H7 haemagglutinin subtypes can evolve from low to highly pathogenic strains in gallinaceous poultry. Ducks on the other hand are a natural reservoir for these viruses and are able to withstand most avian influenza strains.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Transcriptomic sequencing of lung and ileum tissue samples from birds infected with high (H5N1) and low (H5N2) pathogenic influenza viruses has allowed us to compare the early host response to these infections in both these species. Chickens (but not ducks) lack the intracellular receptor for viral ssRNA, RIG-I and the gene for an important RIG-I binding protein, RNF135. These differences in gene content partly explain the differences in host responses to low pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chicken and ducks. We reveal very different patterns of expression of members of the interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) gene family in ducks and chickens. In ducks, IFITM1, 2 and 3 are strongly up regulated in response to highly pathogenic avian influenza, where little response is seen in chickens. Clustering of gene expression profiles suggests IFITM1 and 2 have an anti-viral response and IFITM3 may restrict avian influenza virus through cell membrane fusion. We also show, through molecular phylogenetic analyses, that avian IFITM1 and IFITM3 genes have been subject to both episodic and pervasive positive selection at specific codons. In particular, avian IFITM1 showed evidence of positive selection in the duck lineage at sites known to restrict influenza virus infection.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Taken together these results support a model where the IFITM123 protein family and RIG-I all play a crucial role in the tolerance of ducks to highly pathogenic and low pathogenic strains of avian influenza viruses when compared to the chicken.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>Jacqueline</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Jacqueline.smith@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>Nikki</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Nikki.smith@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yu</LastName><ForeName>Le</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Le.yu@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paton</LastName><ForeName>Ian R</ForeName><Initials>IR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Bob.paton@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gutowska</LastName><ForeName>Maria Weronika</ForeName><Initials>MW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. MW.Gutowska@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Forrest</LastName><ForeName>Heather L</ForeName><Initials>HL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. Heather.Forrest@stjude.org.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Danner</LastName><ForeName>Angela F</ForeName><Initials>AF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. Angela.Danner@stjude.org.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seiler</LastName><ForeName>J Patrick</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. Jon.Seiler@stjude.org.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Digard</LastName><ForeName>Paul</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Paul.digard@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Webster</LastName><ForeName>Robert G</ForeName><Initials>RG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. Robert.Webster@STJUDE.ORG.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Burt</LastName><ForeName>David W</ForeName><Initials>DW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Dave.burt@roslin.ed.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>BBS/E/D/20320000</GrantID><Acronym>BB_</Acronym><Agency>Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>G0900740</GrantID><Acronym>MRC_</Acronym><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>HHSN272201400006C</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>MR/K001744/1</GrantID><Acronym>MRC_</Acronym><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>04</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>BMC Genomics</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100965258</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1471-2164</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007369">Interferon Inducers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>9008-11-1</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007372">Interferons</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002645" MajorTopicYN="N">Chickens</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004372" MajorTopicYN="N">Ducks</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053124" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053125" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005585" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza in 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Danner</name><name sortKey="Seiler, J Patrick" sort="Seiler, J Patrick" uniqKey="Seiler J" first="J Patrick" last="Seiler">J Patrick Seiler</name><name sortKey="Webster, Robert G" sort="Webster, Robert G" uniqKey="Webster R" first="Robert G" last="Webster">Robert G. Webster</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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