Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Cameroon during the 2014-2016 influenza seasons
Identifieur interne : 000C62 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000C61; suivant : 000C63Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Cameroon during the 2014-2016 influenza seasons
Auteurs : Chavely Gwladys Monamele [Cameroun] ; Hermann Landry Munshili Njifon [Cameroun] ; Marie-Astrid Vernet [Cameroun] ; Mohamadou Ripa Njankouo [Cameroun] ; Sebastien Kenmoe [Cameroun] ; Ali Ahmed Yahaya ; Louis Deweerdt [Cameroun] ; Raphael Nono [Cameroun] ; Wilfred Mbacham [Cameroun] ; Damian Nota Anong [Cameroun] ; Jane Francis Akoachere [Cameroun] ; Richard Njouom [Cameroun]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
In 2009, Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century with high mortality rates of about 284 500 deaths. This virus, however, continues to circulate as a seasonal influenza virus and to cause illness and deaths worldwide. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between 2014 and 2016 in Cameroon. Three gene segments (HA, NA and M) of Cameroon strains were studied. The phylogenetic tree of the coding nucleotide sequences was generated by MEGA version 6.0 using a Maximum Likelihood method. The NA and M protein coding sequences were analyzed for the reported genetic markers of resistance against neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, while predicted vaccine efficacy was estimated using the Pepitope method. Overall 39 strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 showed that Cameroon strains belonged to two major clades. The 2014 Cameroon sequences belonged to clade 6C while all sequences collected between 2015 and 2016 belonged to clade 6B. Majority of the samples had some mutations in the NA gene notably: I117M, N248D, and N369K while the amantadine-resistant M mutant, S31N, was found to be absent only in the two sequences collected in 2014. Overall, A/California/07/2009 vaccine strain showed a predicted vaccine efficacy of 24.55% to 35.77% against Cameroon A(H1N1)pdm09 strains circulating between 2014 and 2016. Our findings confirms the fast evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 since its first introduction and highlights on the importance of influenza vaccine in reducing the burden caused by influenza in the community.
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210119
PubMed: 30640922
PubMed Central: 6331099
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Ali Ahmed Yahaya<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>World Health Organisation, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akoachere, Jane Francis" sort="Akoachere, Jane Francis" uniqKey="Akoachere J" first="Jane Francis" last="Akoachere">Jane Francis Akoachere</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njouom, Richard" sort="Njouom, Richard" uniqKey="Njouom R" first="Richard" last="Njouom">Richard Njouom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">30640922</idno><idno type="pmc">6331099</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6331099</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6331099</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0210119</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C62</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C62</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000C62</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000C62</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Cameroon during the 2014-2016 influenza seasons</title><author><name sortKey="Monamele, Chavely Gwladys" sort="Monamele, Chavely Gwladys" uniqKey="Monamele C" first="Chavely Gwladys" last="Monamele">Chavely Gwladys Monamele</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munshili Njifon, Hermann Landry" sort="Munshili Njifon, Hermann Landry" uniqKey="Munshili Njifon H" first="Hermann Landry" last="Munshili Njifon">Hermann Landry Munshili Njifon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vernet, Marie Astrid" sort="Vernet, Marie Astrid" uniqKey="Vernet M" first="Marie-Astrid" last="Vernet">Marie-Astrid Vernet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njankouo, Mohamadou Ripa" sort="Njankouo, Mohamadou Ripa" uniqKey="Njankouo M" first="Mohamadou Ripa" last="Njankouo">Mohamadou Ripa Njankouo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenmoe, Sebastien" sort="Kenmoe, Sebastien" uniqKey="Kenmoe S" first="Sebastien" last="Kenmoe">Sebastien Kenmoe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yahaya, Ali Ahmed" sort="Yahaya, Ali Ahmed" uniqKey="Yahaya A" first="Ali Ahmed" last="Yahaya">Ali Ahmed Yahaya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>World Health Organisation, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deweerdt, Louis" sort="Deweerdt, Louis" uniqKey="Deweerdt L" first="Louis" last="Deweerdt">Louis Deweerdt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nono, Raphael" sort="Nono, Raphael" uniqKey="Nono R" first="Raphael" last="Nono">Raphael Nono</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mbacham, Wilfred" sort="Mbacham, Wilfred" uniqKey="Mbacham W" first="Wilfred" last="Mbacham">Wilfred Mbacham</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anong, Damian Nota" sort="Anong, Damian Nota" uniqKey="Anong D" first="Damian Nota" last="Anong">Damian Nota Anong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akoachere, Jane Francis" sort="Akoachere, Jane Francis" uniqKey="Akoachere J" first="Jane Francis" last="Akoachere">Jane Francis Akoachere</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njouom, Richard" sort="Njouom, Richard" uniqKey="Njouom R" first="Richard" last="Njouom">Richard Njouom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In 2009, Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century with high mortality rates of about 284 500 deaths. This virus, however, continues to circulate as a seasonal influenza virus and to cause illness and deaths worldwide. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between 2014 and 2016 in Cameroon. Three gene segments (HA, NA and M) of Cameroon strains were studied. The phylogenetic tree of the coding nucleotide sequences was generated by MEGA version 6.0 using a Maximum Likelihood method. The NA and M protein coding sequences were analyzed for the reported genetic markers of resistance against neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, while predicted vaccine efficacy was estimated using the P<sub>epitope</sub> method. Overall 39 strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 showed that Cameroon strains belonged to two major clades. The 2014 Cameroon sequences belonged to clade 6C while all sequences collected between 2015 and 2016 belonged to clade 6B. Majority of the samples had some mutations in the NA gene notably: I117M, N248D, and N369K while the amantadine-resistant M mutant, S31N, was found to be absent only in the two sequences collected in 2014. Overall, A/California/07/2009 vaccine strain showed a predicted vaccine efficacy of 24.55% to 35.77% against Cameroon A(H1N1)pdm09 strains circulating between 2014 and 2016. Our findings confirms the fast evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 since its first introduction and highlights on the importance of influenza vaccine in reducing the burden caused by influenza in the community.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morens, Dm" uniqKey="Morens D">DM Morens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schrauwen, Eja" uniqKey="Schrauwen E">EJA Schrauwen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fouchier, Ram" uniqKey="Fouchier R">RAM Fouchier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kilbourne, Ed" uniqKey="Kilbourne E">ED Kilbourne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dawood, Fs" uniqKey="Dawood F">FS Dawood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iuliano, Ad" uniqKey="Iuliano A">AD Iuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, C" uniqKey="Reed C">C Reed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meltzer, Mi" uniqKey="Meltzer M">MI Meltzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shay, Dk" uniqKey="Shay D">DK Shay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, P Y" uniqKey="Cheng P">P-Y Cheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lamb, Ra" uniqKey="Lamb R">RA Lamb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krug, Rm" uniqKey="Krug R">RM Krug</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knipe, Dm" uniqKey="Knipe D">DM Knipe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howley, P M" uniqKey="Howley P">P.M. 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Tewawong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prachayangprecha, S" uniqKey="Prachayangprecha S">S Prachayangprecha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vichiwattana, P" uniqKey="Vichiwattana P">P Vichiwattana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Korkong, S" uniqKey="Korkong S">S Korkong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klinfueng, S" uniqKey="Klinfueng S">S Klinfueng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vongpunsawad, S" uniqKey="Vongpunsawad S">S Vongpunsawad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wedde, M" uniqKey="Wedde M">M Wedde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biere, B" uniqKey="Biere B">B Biere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolff, T" uniqKey="Wolff T">T Wolff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schweiger, B" uniqKey="Schweiger B">B Schweiger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, Y" uniqKey="Han Y">Y Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, N" uniqKey="Sun N">N Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lv, Q Y" uniqKey="Lv Q">Q-y Lv</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, D H" uniqKey="Liu D">D-h Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, D P" uniqKey="Liu D">D-p Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Njouom, R" uniqKey="Njouom R">R Njouom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mba, Sa" uniqKey="Mba S">SA Mba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noah, Dn" uniqKey="Noah D">DN Noah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregory, V" uniqKey="Gregory V">V Gregory</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, P" uniqKey="Collins P">P Collins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cappy, P" uniqKey="Cappy P">P Cappy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Potdar, Va" uniqKey="Potdar V">VA Potdar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dakhave, Mr" uniqKey="Dakhave M">MR Dakhave</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, Pb" uniqKey="Kulkarni 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">30640922</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6331099</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0210119</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-18-27217</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Disease Control</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>RNA viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Orthomyxoviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza Viruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Orthomyxoviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza Viruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Orthomyxoviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza Viruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Orthomyxoviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza Viruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Glycobiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Glycosylation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Proteins</subject><subj-group><subject>Post-Translational Modification</subject><subj-group><subject>Glycosylation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Geographical Locations</subject><subj-group><subject>Africa</subject><subj-group><subject>Cameroon</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Disease Control</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccines</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Virology</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Systematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subj-group><subject>Phylogenetic Analysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Taxonomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Systematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subj-group><subject>Phylogenetic Analysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Data Management</subject><subj-group><subject>Taxonomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Systematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subj-group><subject>Phylogenetic Analysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and analysis methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Database and informatics methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Bioinformatics</subject><subj-group><subject>Sequence analysis</subject><subj-group><subject>DNA sequence analysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Cameroon during the 2014-2016 influenza seasons</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">A(H1N1)pdm09 in Cameroon from 2014 to 2016</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Monamele</surname><given-names>Chavely Gwladys</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Munshili Njifon</surname><given-names>Hermann Landry</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vernet</surname><given-names>Marie-Astrid</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Njankouo</surname><given-names>Mohamadou Ripa</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kenmoe</surname><given-names>Sebastien</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yahaya</surname><given-names>Ali Ahmed</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deweerdt</surname><given-names>Louis</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nono</surname><given-names>Raphael</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mbacham</surname><given-names>Wilfred</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anong</surname><given-names>Damian Nota</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akoachere</surname><given-names>Jane Francis</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-6370</contrib-id><name><surname>Njouom</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>National Influenza Centre, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Annex of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>World Health Organisation, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Richard</surname><given-names>Mathilde</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Erasmus University Medical Center, NETHERLANDS</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="econtrib001"><p>‡ These authors are first authors on this work.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>njouom@pasteur-yaounde.org</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>1</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>e0210119</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>9</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 Monamele et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Monamele et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0210119.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>In 2009, Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century with high mortality rates of about 284 500 deaths. This virus, however, continues to circulate as a seasonal influenza virus and to cause illness and deaths worldwide. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between 2014 and 2016 in Cameroon. Three gene segments (HA, NA and M) of Cameroon strains were studied. The phylogenetic tree of the coding nucleotide sequences was generated by MEGA version 6.0 using a Maximum Likelihood method. The NA and M protein coding sequences were analyzed for the reported genetic markers of resistance against neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, while predicted vaccine efficacy was estimated using the P<sub>epitope</sub> method. Overall 39 strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 showed that Cameroon strains belonged to two major clades. The 2014 Cameroon sequences belonged to clade 6C while all sequences collected between 2015 and 2016 belonged to clade 6B. Majority of the samples had some mutations in the NA gene notably: I117M, N248D, and N369K while the amantadine-resistant M mutant, S31N, was found to be absent only in the two sequences collected in 2014. Overall, A/California/07/2009 vaccine strain showed a predicted vaccine efficacy of 24.55% to 35.77% against Cameroon A(H1N1)pdm09 strains circulating between 2014 and 2016. Our findings confirms the fast evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 since its first introduction and highlights on the importance of influenza vaccine in reducing the burden caused by influenza in the community.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000016</institution-id><institution>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>6 DESP060001-01-01</award-id><principal-award-recipient><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-6370</contrib-id><name><surname>Njouom</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) grant number 6 DESP060001-01-01 via the International Network of Pasteur Institutes. The funder did not play any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count><table-count count="1"></table-count><page-count count="11"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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