Novel Influenza A (H1N1) infection vs. common Influenza-Like Illness: A prospective study
Identifieur interne : 000B65 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000B64; suivant : 000B66Novel Influenza A (H1N1) infection vs. common Influenza-Like Illness: A prospective study
Auteurs : Evangelos Voudoukis [Grèce] ; Apostolos Pappas [Grèce] ; Athanasios Panoutsopoulos [Grèce] ; Konstantinos Xynos [Grèce] ; Fotini Rozi [Grèce] ; Konstantina Giannakopoulou [Grèce] ; Maria Paulaki [Grèce] ; Euthimia Stofa [Grèce] ; Charalampos Seretis [Grèce] ; Emmanouil Lagoudianakis [Grèce] ; George Andrianopoulos [Grèce]Source :
- Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research [ 1234-1010 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
On June 11th, 2009 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Data regarding the clinical characteristics and course of this viral infectious disease are still being assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the possible differences in clinical course and outcome between H1N1-positive [H1N1(+)] and negative [H1N1(−)] patients.
This prospective study was conducted between July 2009 and January 2010 in a regional hospital in Greece. The study population consisted of 165 patients aged 14 years or older, with influenza-like illness (ILI) who, according to CDC recommendations, fulfilled the criteria for diagnostic influenza testing. Enrolled patients underwent a detailed diagnostic work-up. Infection by the H1N1 virus was diagnosed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, from pharyngeal swab specimens.
We identified 81 H1N1 (+) (49%) patients. Statistical analysis revealed that H1N1(+) patients were significantly younger (median age 27
The clinical characteristics of the new influenza virus appear to be mild and to resemble those of common influenza-like illnesses (ILI). The patients who tested positive for the H1N1 virus were younger and had an increased percentage of monocytes compared to the H1N1-negative patients.
Url:
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.881713
PubMed: 21455103
PubMed Central: 3539528
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xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rozi, Fotini" sort="Rozi, Fotini" uniqKey="Rozi F" first="Fotini" last="Rozi">Fotini Rozi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giannakopoulou, Konstantina" sort="Giannakopoulou, Konstantina" uniqKey="Giannakopoulou K" first="Konstantina" last="Giannakopoulou">Konstantina Giannakopoulou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paulaki, Maria" sort="Paulaki, Maria" uniqKey="Paulaki M" first="Maria" last="Paulaki">Maria Paulaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stofa, Euthimia" sort="Stofa, Euthimia" uniqKey="Stofa E" first="Euthimia" last="Stofa">Euthimia Stofa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seretis, Charalampos" sort="Seretis, Charalampos" uniqKey="Seretis C" first="Charalampos" last="Seretis">Charalampos Seretis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">2<sup>nd</sup> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagoudianakis, Emmanouil" sort="Lagoudianakis, Emmanouil" uniqKey="Lagoudianakis E" first="Emmanouil" last="Lagoudianakis">Emmanouil Lagoudianakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">2<sup>nd</sup> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrianopoulos, George" sort="Andrianopoulos, George" uniqKey="Andrianopoulos G" first="George" last="Andrianopoulos">George Andrianopoulos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21455103</idno><idno type="pmc">3539528</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539528</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3539528</idno><idno type="doi">10.12659/MSM.881713</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000B65</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000B65</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000B65</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000B65</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Novel Influenza A (H1N1) infection <italic>vs</italic>. common Influenza-Like Illness: A prospective study</title><author><name sortKey="Voudoukis, Evangelos" sort="Voudoukis, Evangelos" uniqKey="Voudoukis E" first="Evangelos" last="Voudoukis">Evangelos Voudoukis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pappas, Apostolos" sort="Pappas, Apostolos" uniqKey="Pappas A" first="Apostolos" last="Pappas">Apostolos Pappas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panoutsopoulos, Athanasios" sort="Panoutsopoulos, Athanasios" uniqKey="Panoutsopoulos A" first="Athanasios" last="Panoutsopoulos">Athanasios Panoutsopoulos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xynos, Konstantinos" sort="Xynos, Konstantinos" uniqKey="Xynos K" first="Konstantinos" last="Xynos">Konstantinos Xynos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rozi, Fotini" sort="Rozi, Fotini" uniqKey="Rozi F" first="Fotini" last="Rozi">Fotini Rozi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giannakopoulou, Konstantina" sort="Giannakopoulou, Konstantina" uniqKey="Giannakopoulou K" first="Konstantina" last="Giannakopoulou">Konstantina Giannakopoulou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paulaki, Maria" sort="Paulaki, Maria" uniqKey="Paulaki M" first="Maria" last="Paulaki">Maria Paulaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stofa, Euthimia" sort="Stofa, Euthimia" uniqKey="Stofa E" first="Euthimia" last="Stofa">Euthimia Stofa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seretis, Charalampos" sort="Seretis, Charalampos" uniqKey="Seretis C" first="Charalampos" last="Seretis">Charalampos Seretis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">2<sup>nd</sup> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagoudianakis, Emmanouil" sort="Lagoudianakis, Emmanouil" uniqKey="Lagoudianakis E" first="Emmanouil" last="Lagoudianakis">Emmanouil Lagoudianakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">2<sup>nd</sup> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrianopoulos, George" sort="Andrianopoulos, George" uniqKey="Andrianopoulos G" first="George" last="Andrianopoulos">George Andrianopoulos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research</title><idno type="ISSN">1234-1010</idno><idno type="eISSN">1643-3750</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>On June 11<sup>th</sup>, 2009 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the first influenza pandemic of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. Data regarding the clinical characteristics and course of this viral infectious disease are still being assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the possible differences in clinical course and outcome between H1N1-positive [H1N1(+)] and negative [H1N1(−)] patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Material/Methods</title><p>This prospective study was conducted between July 2009 and January 2010 in a regional hospital in Greece. The study population consisted of 165 patients aged 14 years or older, with influenza-like illness (ILI) who, according to CDC recommendations, fulfilled the criteria for diagnostic influenza testing. Enrolled patients underwent a detailed diagnostic work-up. Infection by the H1N1 virus was diagnosed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, from pharyngeal swab specimens.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>We identified 81 H1N1 (+) (49%) patients. Statistical analysis revealed that H1N1(+) patients were significantly younger (median age 27 <italic>vs.</italic> 35 years, p<0.05), had a decreased white blood cell count (median 7.200 <italic>vs.</italic> 8.415, p<0.05) and an increased percentage of monocytes (55.6% <italic>vs.</italic> 27.4%, p<0.05) compared to the H1N1(−) patients. The clinical presentation at the emergency department, as well as the hospital admission and disease complication rate, were not significantly different between the 2 groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The clinical characteristics of the new influenza virus appear to be mild and to resemble those of common influenza-like illnesses (ILI). The patients who tested positive for the H1N1 virus were younger and had an increased percentage of monocytes compared to the H1N1-negative patients.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zimmer, Sm" uniqKey="Zimmer S">SM Zimmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burke, Ds" uniqKey="Burke D">DS Burke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garten, Rj" uniqKey="Garten R">RJ Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Ct" uniqKey="Davis C">CT Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, Ca" uniqKey="Russell C">CA Russell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Echevarria Zuno, S" uniqKey="Echevarria Zuno S">S Echevarría-Zuno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mejia Arangure, Jm" uniqKey="Mejia Arangure J">JM Mejía-Aranguré</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mar Obeso, Aj" uniqKey="Mar Obeso A">AJ Mar-Obeso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perez Padilla, R" uniqKey="Perez Padilla R">R Perez-Padilla</name></author><author><name sortKey="De La Rosa Zamboni, D" uniqKey="De La Rosa Zamboni D">D de la Rosa-Zamboni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ponce De Leon, S" uniqKey="Ponce De Leon S">S Ponce de Leon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Archer, B" uniqKey="Archer B">B Archer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, C" uniqKey="Cohen C">C Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, D" uniqKey="Naidoo D">D Naidoo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Louie, Jk" uniqKey="Louie J">JK Louie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acosta, M" uniqKey="Acosta M">M Acosta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, K" uniqKey="Winter K">K Winter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hancock, K" uniqKey="Hancock K">K Hancock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veguilla, V" uniqKey="Veguilla V">V Veguilla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, X" uniqKey="Lu X">X Lu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plennevaux, E" uniqKey="Plennevaux E">E Plennevaux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheldon, E" uniqKey="Sheldon E">E Sheldon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blatter, M" uniqKey="Blatter M">M Blatter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deans, Gd" uniqKey="Deans G">GD Deans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stiver, Hg" uniqKey="Stiver H">HG Stiver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcelhaney, Je" uniqKey="Mcelhaney J">JE McElhaney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fraser, C" uniqKey="Fraser C">C Fraser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Ca" uniqKey="Donnelly C">CA Donnelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cauchemez, S" uniqKey="Cauchemez S">S Cauchemez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bermejo Martin, Jf" uniqKey="Bermejo Martin J">JF Bermejo-Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ortiz De Lejarazu, R" uniqKey="Ortiz De Lejarazu R">R Ortiz de Lejarazu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pumarola, T" uniqKey="Pumarola T">T Pumarola</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Giamarellos Bourboulis, Ej" uniqKey="Giamarellos Bourboulis E">EJ Giamarellos-Bourboulis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raftogiannis, M" uniqKey="Raftogiannis M">M Raftogiannis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antonopoulou, A" uniqKey="Antonopoulou A">A Antonopoulou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liang, Xf" uniqKey="Liang X">XF Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Hq" uniqKey="Wang H">HQ Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Jz" uniqKey="Wang J">JZ Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vajo, Z" uniqKey="Vajo Z">Z Vajo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamas, F" uniqKey="Tamas F">F Tamas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sinka, L" uniqKey="Sinka L">L Sinka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jankovics, I" uniqKey="Jankovics I">I Jankovics</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pfeifer, D" uniqKey="Pfeifer D">D Pfeifer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alfonso, C" uniqKey="Alfonso C">C Alfonso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, D" uniqKey="Wood D">D Wood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Med Sci Monit</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Med. Sci. Monit</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Science Monitor</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1234-1010</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1643-3750</issn><publisher><publisher-name>International Scientific Literature, Inc.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21455103</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3539528</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12659/MSM.881713</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">881713</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Novel Influenza A (H1N1) infection <italic>vs</italic>. common Influenza-Like Illness: A prospective study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Voudoukis</surname><given-names>Evangelos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">A</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">B</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">C</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pappas</surname><given-names>Apostolos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">A</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">B</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">C</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Panoutsopoulos</surname><given-names>Athanasios</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">A</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">B</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">C</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xynos</surname><given-names>Konstantinos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn4-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">D</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn5-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">E</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rozi</surname><given-names>Fotini</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn4-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">D</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn5-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">E</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Giannakopoulou</surname><given-names>Konstantina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn4-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">D</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn5-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">E</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paulaki</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">C</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn4-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">D</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn5-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">E</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stofa</surname><given-names>Euthimia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">C</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn4-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">D</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn5-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">E</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seretis</surname><given-names>Charalampos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">C</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn6-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">F</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn7-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">G</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lagoudianakis</surname><given-names>Emmanouil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">C</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn6-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">F</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn7-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">G</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andrianopoulos</surname><given-names>George</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn4-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">D</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn5-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">E</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn6-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">F</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>1</label>Department of Internal Medicine of General Hospital of Argos, Argos, Greece</aff><aff id="af2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>2</label>2<sup>nd</sup> Department of Surgery, 401 Army General Hospital, Athens, Greece</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185">Charalampos Seretis, 2<sup>nd</sup> Department of Surgery,401 General Army Hospital, Athens, Greece, e-mail: <email>babismed@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn id="fn1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>A</label><p>Study Design</p></fn><fn id="fn2-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>B</label><p>Data Collection</p></fn><fn id="fn3-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>C</label><p>Statistical Analysis</p></fn><fn id="fn4-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>D</label><p>Data Interpretation</p></fn><fn id="fn5-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>E</label><p>Manuscript Preparation</p></fn><fn id="fn6-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>F</label><p>Literature Search</p></fn><fn id="fn7-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><label>G</label><p>Funds Collection</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>4</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>CR185</fpage><lpage>CR188</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>10</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Med Sci Monit, 2011</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><title>Summary</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>On June 11<sup>th</sup>, 2009 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the first influenza pandemic of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. Data regarding the clinical characteristics and course of this viral infectious disease are still being assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the possible differences in clinical course and outcome between H1N1-positive [H1N1(+)] and negative [H1N1(−)] patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Material/Methods</title><p>This prospective study was conducted between July 2009 and January 2010 in a regional hospital in Greece. The study population consisted of 165 patients aged 14 years or older, with influenza-like illness (ILI) who, according to CDC recommendations, fulfilled the criteria for diagnostic influenza testing. Enrolled patients underwent a detailed diagnostic work-up. Infection by the H1N1 virus was diagnosed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, from pharyngeal swab specimens.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>We identified 81 H1N1 (+) (49%) patients. Statistical analysis revealed that H1N1(+) patients were significantly younger (median age 27 <italic>vs.</italic> 35 years, p<0.05), had a decreased white blood cell count (median 7.200 <italic>vs.</italic> 8.415, p<0.05) and an increased percentage of monocytes (55.6% <italic>vs.</italic> 27.4%, p<0.05) compared to the H1N1(−) patients. The clinical presentation at the emergency department, as well as the hospital admission and disease complication rate, were not significantly different between the 2 groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The clinical characteristics of the new influenza virus appear to be mild and to resemble those of common influenza-like illnesses (ILI). The patients who tested positive for the H1N1 virus were younger and had an increased percentage of monocytes compared to the H1N1-negative patients.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>H1NI</kwd><kwd>influenza virus</kwd><kwd>infections</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Patients’ clinical and laboratory data.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1N1(−) (N=84)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1N1(+) (N=81)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P VALUE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (median [IQR])</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 [24,48]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 [18,45]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.05</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WBC(median [IQR])</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.415 [6.470,11.467]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.200 [5.120,9.615]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.05</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of Illness(days)(mean ±SD)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.86±1.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.18±1.85</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender (male/female)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46/38 (54.8%/45.2%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37/44 (45.7%/54.3%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WBC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (66.7%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (67.9%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (26.2%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (16%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (7.1%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (16%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neutrophilles percentage</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (57.1%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (71.6%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (38.1%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (22.2%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (4.8%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (6.2%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lymphocytes percentage</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (47.6%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (54.3%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (11.9%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (9.9%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (40.5%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (35.8%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monocytes percentage</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (72.6%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (44.4%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (27.4%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (55.6%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hospital admission(no/yes)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (70.2%)/25 (29.8%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (64.2%)/29 (35.8%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pneumonia (no/yes)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (84.5%)/13 (15.5%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72 (88.9%)/9 (11.1%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sore throat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.5%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.3%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhinorrhoea</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.9%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.0%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dyspnea</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.6%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cough</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.4%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.9%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myalgias</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.5%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.8%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Headache</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.8%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diarrhea</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.8%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vomiting</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-medscimonit-17-4-cr185"><p>WBC – White Blood Cells; NS – not statistically 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