The 2009 influenza pandemic begins
Identifieur interne : 000059 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000058; suivant : 000060The 2009 influenza pandemic begins
Auteurs : John M. WoodSource :
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses [ 1750-2640 ] ; 2009.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00099.x
PubMed: 19702580
PubMed Central: 4941548
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The 2009 influenza pandemic begins</title><author><name sortKey="Wood, John M" sort="Wood, John M" uniqKey="Wood J" first="John M." last="Wood">John M. Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff-1-1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19702580</idno><idno type="pmc">4941548</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4941548</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4941548</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00099.x</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000059</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000059</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The 2009 influenza pandemic begins</title><author><name sortKey="Wood, John M" sort="Wood, John M" uniqKey="Wood J" first="John M." last="Wood">John M. Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff-1-1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses</title><idno type="ISSN">1750-2640</idno><idno type="eISSN">1750-2659</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Kg" uniqKey="Nicholson K">KG Nicholson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Kg" uniqKey="Nicholson K">KG Nicholson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="editorial"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Influenza Other Respir Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Influenza Other Respir Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1111/(ISSN)1750-2659</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IRV</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1750-2640</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1750-2659</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Oxford, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19702580</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4941548</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00099.x</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IRV99</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The 2009 influenza pandemic begins</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running-head">Editorial</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="cr1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>John M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1-1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff-1-1"><label><sup>1</sup></label> Reviews Editor
E‐mail:<email>John.Wood@nibsc.hpa.org</email></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>8</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/irv.2009.3.issue-5</issue-id><fpage>197</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</copyright-statement></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="file:IRV-3-197.pdf"></self-uri><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="0"></table-count><page-count count="2"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>September 2009</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.6.9 mode:remove_FC converted:04.11.2015</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>On 11 June 2009, the WHO declared pandemic phase 6<xref rid="b1" ref-type="ref"><sup>1</sup></xref> and we moved into the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. It had taken <6 weeks since the first notification to WHO of the new H1N1 infections in humans and the subsequent spread of this transmissible virus throughout the world. In contrast, past pandemics have taken about 6 months to become established and this is probably a reflection of our increasing global mobility nowadays. To the surprise of many, the new pandemic was not caused by the feared H5N1 virus but by an H1N1 virus recently associated with swine infections. Why should we be surprised? If we look back to recent pandemics in 1957 and 1968, we see that they were caused by genetic reassortment<xref rid="b2" ref-type="ref"><sup>2</sup></xref> and Professor Christoph Scholtissek<xref rid="b3" ref-type="ref"><sup>3</sup></xref> has made convincing arguments that the reassortment events took place in swine prior to both pandemics. However most of us overlooked swine as the source of the next pandemic and instead our attention focussed on H5N1, chickens and SE Asia. In this issue of <italic>Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses</italic>, Brockwell‐Staats <italic>et al.</italic><xref rid="b4" ref-type="ref"><sup>4</sup></xref> provide an elegant description of the evolution of the new pandemic H1N1 virus from its swine origin in 1918, through its promiscuous interaction with different avian, swine and human influenza genes throughout the intervening years. Indeed in a recent publication, Smith <italic>et al.</italic><xref rid="b5" ref-type="ref"><sup>5</sup></xref> have speculated that the reassortment event to create the current pandemic H1N1 virus actually occurred many years ago. There have been regular short‐lived human infections with swine influenza viruses over the years the most notable of course being in 1976 with the Fort Dix episode in the USA.<xref rid="b6" ref-type="ref"><sup>6</sup></xref></p><p>In his editorial for the previous issue of <italic>Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses</italic>, Alan Hampson<xref rid="b7" ref-type="ref"><sup>7</sup></xref> commented that there was initially some confusion over the naming of the new candidate pandemic virus and criticised the WHO nomenclature (novel influenza A(H1N1) or A (H1N1)v) as bland and unrepresentative of its recent swine origins. Eventually the WHO has settled on ‘pandemic (H1N1) 2009’, but the controversy rages on in the pages of the current issue where de Lamballerie and Gould<xref rid="b8" ref-type="ref"><sup>8</sup></xref> argue that the name should follow accepted influenza convention and be named ‘Mexican flu’ after the country where the first outbreak occurred.</p><p>As of 7 July 2009, the H1N1v pandemic had spread to 137 countries and there were an estimated 98 000 infections and >440 deaths.<xref rid="b9" ref-type="ref"><sup>9</sup></xref> However these numbers are likely to be gross underestimates as countries gradually move from a reporting phase to a mitigation phase, so that many cases are no longer reported. On 16 July 2009 WHO announced that it would no longer issue such statistics as the virus is now out of control.<xref rid="b10" ref-type="ref"><sup>10</sup></xref> It is thus timely that this issue contains a report which estimates the likely impact of an influenza pandemic on a large populous country such as China. Yu <italic>et al</italic><xref rid="b11" ref-type="ref"><sup>11</sup></xref> predict that a severe pandemic would overwhelm the Chinese hospital system and would cause great social disruption. Of course, we do not know if the current H1N1v pandemic virus will become more virulent in the coming months, but as Yu <italic>et al.</italic> suggest, we need to prepare for the worst.</p><p>Although H5N1 human infections have not progressed beyond pandemic phase 4 so far, the terrible threat of an H5N1 pandemic has been sufficient to persuade many countries to prepare for the worst and to bring pandemic influenza to the forefront of the scientific, public health and political agenda so that preparations for the H1N1v pandemic are much better than would have been the case without H5N1. At the time of writing many countries are using their stockpiled antivirals, implementing their pandemic plans and waiting anxiously for the first doses of vaccine previously ordered. There are of course areas of uncertainty and concern remaining:</p><p><list list-type="simple" id="l1"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Will the H1N1v vaccines be immunogenicity and safe, as they are likely to have only been tested previously in an H5N1 formulation?</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Who will receive the first vaccine doses and will they be ready in time?</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Will the virus become more virulent and overwhelm our health care systems?</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Will resistance of H1N1v viruses to oseltamivir become more widespread?</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Will the H1N1v virus reassort with seasonal influenza viruses or even worse, H5N1 viruses?</p></list-item></list></p><p>The journal <italic>Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses</italic> is committed to publishing high quality and informative contributions on pandemic influenza in an effort to stimulate debate and contribute to pandemic preparedness.</p></body><back><ref-list id="ss2"><title>References</title><ref id="b1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="cit1"><string-name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>.
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