A Large Proportion of the Mexican Population Remained Susceptible to A(H1N1)pdm09 Infection One Year after the Emergence of 2009 Influenza Pandemic
Identifieur interne : 000327 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000326; suivant : 000328A Large Proportion of the Mexican Population Remained Susceptible to A(H1N1)pdm09 Infection One Year after the Emergence of 2009 Influenza Pandemic
Auteurs : Vic Veguilla [États-Unis] ; Hugo L Pez-Gatell [Mexique] ; Irma L Pez-Martínez [Mexique] ; Rodrigo Aparicio-Antonio [Mexique] ; Gisela Barrera-Badillo [Mexique] ; Julieta Rojo-Medina [Mexique] ; Felicia Liaini Gross [États-Unis] ; Stacie N. Jefferson [États-Unis] ; Jacqueline M. Katz [États-Unis] ; Mauricio Hernández-Ávila [Mexique] ; Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda [Mexique]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic initially affected Mexico from April 2009 to July 2010. By August 2010, a fourth of the population had received the monovalent vaccine against the pandemic virus (A(H1N1)pdm09). To assess the proportion of the Mexican population who remained potentially susceptible to infection throughout the summer of 2010, we estimated the population seroprevalence to A(H1N1)pdm09 in a serosurvey of blood donors.
We evaluated baseline cross-reactivity to the pandemic strain and set the threshold for seropositivity using pre-pandemic (2005–2008) stored serum samples and sera from confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 infected individuals. Between June and September 2010, a convenience sample serosurvey of adult blood donors, children, and adolescents was conducted in six states of Mexico. Sera were tested by the microneutralization (MN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays, and regarded seropositive if antibody titers were equal or exceeded 1:40 for MN and 1:20 for HI. Age-standardized seroprevalence were calculated using the 2010 National Census population.
Sera from 1,484 individuals were analyzed; 1,363 (92%) were blood donors, and 121 (8%) children or adolescents aged ≤19 years. Mean age (standard deviation) was 31.4 (11.5) years, and 276 (19%) were women. A total of 516 (35%) participants declared history of influenza vaccination after April 2009. The age-standardized seroprevalence to A(H1N1)pdm09 was 48% by the MN and 41% by the HI assays, respectively. The youngest quintile, aged 1 to 22 years, had the highest the seroprevalence; 61% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56, 66%) for MN, and 56% (95% CI: 51, 62%) for HI.
Despite high transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 observed immediately after its emergence and extensive vaccination, over a half of the Mexican population remained potentially susceptible to A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Subsequent influenza seasons with high transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09, as 2011–2012 and 2013–2014, are compatible with these findings.
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150428
PubMed: 27003409
PubMed Central: 4803193
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Jefferson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, Jacqueline M" sort="Katz, Jacqueline M" uniqKey="Katz J" first="Jacqueline M." last="Katz">Jacqueline M. Katz</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Vila, Mauricio" sort="Hernandez Vila, Mauricio" uniqKey="Hernandez Vila M" first="Mauricio" last="Hernández-Ávila">Mauricio Hernández-Ávila</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alpuche Aranda, Celia M" sort="Alpuche Aranda, Celia M" uniqKey="Alpuche Aranda C" first="Celia M." last="Alpuche-Aranda">Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Dirección General Adjunta del Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Dirección General Adjunta del Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27003409</idno><idno type="pmc">4803193</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4803193</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4803193</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0150428</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C44</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C44</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000C44</idno><idno 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Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Gatell, Hugo" sort="L Pez Gatell, Hugo" uniqKey="L Pez Gatell H" first="Hugo" last="L Pez-Gatell">Hugo L Pez-Gatell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Dirección General Adjunta de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Dirección General Adjunta de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Martinez, Irma" sort="L Pez Martinez, Irma" uniqKey="L Pez Martinez I" first="Irma" last="L Pez-Martínez">Irma L Pez-Martínez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aparicio Antonio, Rodrigo" sort="Aparicio Antonio, Rodrigo" uniqKey="Aparicio Antonio R" first="Rodrigo" last="Aparicio-Antonio">Rodrigo Aparicio-Antonio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrera Badillo, Gisela" sort="Barrera Badillo, Gisela" uniqKey="Barrera Badillo G" first="Gisela" last="Barrera-Badillo">Gisela Barrera-Badillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rojo Medina, Julieta" sort="Rojo Medina, Julieta" uniqKey="Rojo Medina J" first="Julieta" last="Rojo-Medina">Julieta Rojo-Medina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Centro Nacional de la Transfusión Sanguínea, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro Nacional de la Transfusión Sanguínea, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gross, Felicia Liaini" sort="Gross, Felicia Liaini" uniqKey="Gross F" first="Felicia Liaini" last="Gross">Felicia Liaini Gross</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jefferson, Stacie N" sort="Jefferson, Stacie N" uniqKey="Jefferson S" first="Stacie N." last="Jefferson">Stacie N. Jefferson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, Jacqueline M" sort="Katz, Jacqueline M" uniqKey="Katz J" first="Jacqueline M." last="Katz">Jacqueline M. Katz</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Vila, Mauricio" sort="Hernandez Vila, Mauricio" uniqKey="Hernandez Vila M" first="Mauricio" last="Hernández-Ávila">Mauricio Hernández-Ávila</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alpuche Aranda, Celia M" sort="Alpuche Aranda, Celia M" uniqKey="Alpuche Aranda C" first="Celia M." last="Alpuche-Aranda">Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Dirección General Adjunta del Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, México</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Dirección General Adjunta del Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic initially affected Mexico from April 2009 to July 2010. By August 2010, a fourth of the population had received the monovalent vaccine against the pandemic virus (A(H1N1)pdm09). To assess the proportion of the Mexican population who remained potentially susceptible to infection throughout the summer of 2010, we estimated the population seroprevalence to A(H1N1)pdm09 in a serosurvey of blood donors.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>We evaluated baseline cross-reactivity to the pandemic strain and set the threshold for seropositivity using pre-pandemic (2005–2008) stored serum samples and sera from confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 infected individuals. Between June and September 2010, a convenience sample serosurvey of adult blood donors, children, and adolescents was conducted in six states of Mexico. Sera were tested by the microneutralization (MN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays, and regarded seropositive if antibody titers were equal or exceeded 1:40 for MN and 1:20 for HI. Age-standardized seroprevalence were calculated using the 2010 National Census population.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>Sera from 1,484 individuals were analyzed; 1,363 (92%) were blood donors, and 121 (8%) children or adolescents aged ≤19 years. Mean age (standard deviation) was 31.4 (11.5) years, and 276 (19%) were women. A total of 516 (35%) participants declared history of influenza vaccination after April 2009. The age-standardized seroprevalence to A(H1N1)pdm09 was 48% by the MN and 41% by the HI assays, respectively. The youngest quintile, aged 1 to 22 years, had the highest the seroprevalence; 61% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56, 66%) for MN, and 56% (95% CI: 51, 62%) for HI.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Despite high transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 observed immediately after its emergence and extensive vaccination, over a half of the Mexican population remained potentially susceptible to A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Subsequent influenza seasons with high transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09, as 2011–2012 and 2013–2014, are compatible with these findings.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chowell, G" uniqKey="Chowell G">G Chowell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Echevarria Zuno, S" uniqKey="Echevarria Zuno S">S Echevarría-Zuno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viboud, C" uniqKey="Viboud C">C Viboud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simonsen, L" uniqKey="Simonsen L">L Simonsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamerius, J" uniqKey="Tamerius J">J Tamerius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Ma" uniqKey="Miller M">MA Miller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Broberg, Ee" uniqKey="Broberg E">EE Broberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicoll, Aa" uniqKey="Nicoll A">AA Nicoll</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amato Gauci, Aa" uniqKey="Amato Gauci A">AA 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27003409</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4803193</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0150428</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-22718</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccination and Immunization</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccination and Immunization</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Public and Occupational Health</subject><subj-group><subject>Preventive Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccination and Immunization</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and places</subject><subj-group><subject>Geographical locations</subject><subj-group><subject>North America</subject><subj-group><subject>Mexico</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccination and Immunization</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccination and Immunization</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Public and Occupational Health</subject><subj-group><subject>Preventive Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccination and Immunization</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Immune Physiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Antibodies</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Immune Physiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Antibodies</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Immune System Proteins</subject><subj-group><subject>Antibodies</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunology</subject><subj-group><subject>Immune System Proteins</subject><subj-group><subject>Antibodies</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Proteins</subject><subj-group><subject>Immune System Proteins</subject><subj-group><subject>Antibodies</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Health Care</subject><subj-group><subject>Blood Donors</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Population Groupings</subject><subj-group><subject>Ethnicities</subject><subj-group><subject>Mexican People</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunologic Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Hemagglutination Inhibition Test</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Large Proportion of the Mexican Population Remained Susceptible to A(H1N1)pdm09 Infection One Year after the Emergence of 2009 Influenza Pandemic</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Seroprevalence of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Mexico</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Veguilla</surname><given-names>Vic</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>López-Gatell</surname><given-names>Hugo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff001"><sup>¤a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>López-Martínez</surname><given-names>Irma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aparicio-Antonio</surname><given-names>Rodrigo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barrera-Badillo</surname><given-names>Gisela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rojo-Medina</surname><given-names>Julieta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gross</surname><given-names>Felicia Liaini</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jefferson</surname><given-names>Stacie N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>Jacqueline M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hernández-Ávila</surname><given-names>Mauricio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff002"><sup>¤b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alpuche-Aranda</surname><given-names>Celia M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff001"><sup>¤a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Dirección General Adjunta de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, México</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Centro Nacional de la Transfusión Sanguínea, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>Dirección General Adjunta del Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, México</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>Zhiping</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>US Food and Drug Administration, UNITED STATES</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: CAA HLG VV ILM JMK MHA. Performed the experiments: RAA GBB FLG SNJ VV. Analyzed the data: HLG VV CAA JMK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JRM ILM RAA GBB VV. Wrote the paper: HLG VV CAA JMK MHA JRM. Provided serum samples from blood donors: JRM. Standardized the diagnostic assays and trained laboratory personnel: VV.</p></fn><fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff001"><label>¤a</label><p>Current address: Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México</p></fn><fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff002"><label>¤b</label><p>Current address: Dirección General, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="econtrib001"><p>‡ VV and HLG are joint first authors on this work.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>celia.alpuche@insp.mx</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>e0150428</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>1</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">Creative Commons CC0</ext-link> public domain dedication.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0150428.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic initially affected Mexico from April 2009 to July 2010. By August 2010, a fourth of the population had received the monovalent vaccine against the pandemic virus (A(H1N1)pdm09). To assess the proportion of the Mexican population who remained potentially susceptible to infection throughout the summer of 2010, we estimated the population seroprevalence to A(H1N1)pdm09 in a serosurvey of blood donors.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>We evaluated baseline cross-reactivity to the pandemic strain and set the threshold for seropositivity using pre-pandemic (2005–2008) stored serum samples and sera from confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 infected individuals. Between June and September 2010, a convenience sample serosurvey of adult blood donors, children, and adolescents was conducted in six states of Mexico. Sera were tested by the microneutralization (MN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays, and regarded seropositive if antibody titers were equal or exceeded 1:40 for MN and 1:20 for HI. Age-standardized seroprevalence were calculated using the 2010 National Census population.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>Sera from 1,484 individuals were analyzed; 1,363 (92%) were blood donors, and 121 (8%) children or adolescents aged ≤19 years. Mean age (standard deviation) was 31.4 (11.5) years, and 276 (19%) were women. A total of 516 (35%) participants declared history of influenza vaccination after April 2009. The age-standardized seroprevalence to A(H1N1)pdm09 was 48% by the MN and 41% by the HI assays, respectively. The youngest quintile, aged 1 to 22 years, had the highest the seroprevalence; 61% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56, 66%) for MN, and 56% (95% CI: 51, 62%) for HI.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Despite high transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 observed immediately after its emergence and extensive vaccination, over a half of the Mexican population remained potentially susceptible to A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Subsequent influenza seasons with high transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09, as 2011–2012 and 2013–2014, are compatible with these findings.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>Laboratory equipment, materials, and reagents for this study were provided by the Institute for Epidemiologic Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE), Secretaria de Salud, México, and the Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The authors receive no specific funding for this work.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="3"></table-count><page-count count="9"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Mexique</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li></region></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Géorgie (États-Unis)"><name sortKey="Veguilla, Vic" sort="Veguilla, Vic" uniqKey="Veguilla V" first="Vic" last="Veguilla">Vic Veguilla</name></region><name sortKey="Gross, Felicia Liaini" sort="Gross, Felicia Liaini" uniqKey="Gross F" first="Felicia Liaini" last="Gross">Felicia Liaini Gross</name><name sortKey="Jefferson, Stacie N" sort="Jefferson, Stacie N" uniqKey="Jefferson S" first="Stacie N." last="Jefferson">Stacie N. Jefferson</name><name sortKey="Katz, Jacqueline M" sort="Katz, Jacqueline M" uniqKey="Katz J" first="Jacqueline M." last="Katz">Jacqueline M. Katz</name></country><country name="Mexique"><noRegion><name sortKey="L Pez Gatell, Hugo" sort="L Pez Gatell, Hugo" uniqKey="L Pez Gatell H" first="Hugo" last="L Pez-Gatell">Hugo L Pez-Gatell</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Alpuche Aranda, Celia M" sort="Alpuche Aranda, Celia M" uniqKey="Alpuche Aranda C" first="Celia M." last="Alpuche-Aranda">Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda</name><name sortKey="Aparicio Antonio, Rodrigo" sort="Aparicio Antonio, Rodrigo" uniqKey="Aparicio Antonio R" first="Rodrigo" last="Aparicio-Antonio">Rodrigo Aparicio-Antonio</name><name sortKey="Barrera Badillo, Gisela" sort="Barrera Badillo, Gisela" uniqKey="Barrera Badillo G" first="Gisela" last="Barrera-Badillo">Gisela Barrera-Badillo</name><name sortKey="Hernandez Vila, Mauricio" sort="Hernandez Vila, Mauricio" uniqKey="Hernandez Vila M" first="Mauricio" last="Hernández-Ávila">Mauricio Hernández-Ávila</name><name sortKey="L Pez Martinez, Irma" sort="L Pez Martinez, Irma" uniqKey="L Pez Martinez I" first="Irma" last="L Pez-Martínez">Irma L Pez-Martínez</name><name sortKey="Rojo Medina, Julieta" sort="Rojo Medina, Julieta" uniqKey="Rojo Medina J" first="Julieta" last="Rojo-Medina">Julieta Rojo-Medina</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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