Egg-Independent Influenza Vaccines and Vaccine Candidates
Identifieur interne : 000241 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000240; suivant : 000242Egg-Independent Influenza Vaccines and Vaccine Candidates
Auteurs : Ilaria Manini ; Claudia Maria Trombetta ; Giacomo Lazzeri ; Teresa Pozzi ; Stefania Rossi ; Emanuele Montomoli [Italie]Source :
- Vaccines [ 2076-393X ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Vaccination remains the principal way to control seasonal infections and is the most effective method of reducing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. Since the 1940s, the main method of producing influenza vaccines has been an egg-based production process. However, in the event of a pandemic, this method has a significant limitation, as the time lag from strain isolation to final dose formulation and validation is six months. Indeed, production in eggs is a relatively slow process and production yields are both unpredictable and highly variable from strain to strain. In particular, if the next influenza pandemic were to arise from an avian influenza virus, and thus reduce the egg-laying hen population, there would be a shortage of embryonated eggs available for vaccine manufacturing. Although the production of egg-derived vaccines will continue, new technological developments have generated a cell-culture-based influenza vaccine and other more recent platforms, such as synthetic influenza vaccines.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030018
PubMed: 28718786
PubMed Central: 5620549
Affiliations:
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PMC:5620549Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Egg-Independent Influenza Vaccines and Vaccine Candidates</title><author><name sortKey="Manini, Ilaria" sort="Manini, Ilaria" uniqKey="Manini I" first="Ilaria" last="Manini">Ilaria Manini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trombetta, Claudia Maria" sort="Trombetta, Claudia Maria" uniqKey="Trombetta C" first="Claudia Maria" last="Trombetta">Claudia Maria Trombetta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazzeri, Giacomo" sort="Lazzeri, Giacomo" uniqKey="Lazzeri G" first="Giacomo" last="Lazzeri">Giacomo Lazzeri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pozzi, Teresa" sort="Pozzi, Teresa" uniqKey="Pozzi T" first="Teresa" last="Pozzi">Teresa Pozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Stefania" sort="Rossi, Stefania" uniqKey="Rossi S" first="Stefania" last="Rossi">Stefania Rossi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montomoli, Emanuele" sort="Montomoli, Emanuele" uniqKey="Montomoli E" first="Emanuele" last="Montomoli">Emanuele Montomoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-vaccines-05-00018">VisMederi S.r.l., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>VisMederi S.r.l., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53100 Siena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28718786</idno><idno type="pmc">5620549</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5620549</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5620549</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/vaccines5030018</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F67</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000F67</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000F67</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000F67</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000241</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000241</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Egg-Independent Influenza Vaccines and Vaccine Candidates</title><author><name sortKey="Manini, Ilaria" sort="Manini, Ilaria" uniqKey="Manini I" first="Ilaria" last="Manini">Ilaria Manini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trombetta, Claudia Maria" sort="Trombetta, Claudia Maria" uniqKey="Trombetta C" first="Claudia Maria" last="Trombetta">Claudia Maria Trombetta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazzeri, Giacomo" sort="Lazzeri, Giacomo" uniqKey="Lazzeri G" first="Giacomo" last="Lazzeri">Giacomo Lazzeri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pozzi, Teresa" sort="Pozzi, Teresa" uniqKey="Pozzi T" first="Teresa" last="Pozzi">Teresa Pozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Stefania" sort="Rossi, Stefania" uniqKey="Rossi S" first="Stefania" last="Rossi">Stefania Rossi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montomoli, Emanuele" sort="Montomoli, Emanuele" uniqKey="Montomoli E" first="Emanuele" last="Montomoli">Emanuele Montomoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018">Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-vaccines-05-00018">VisMederi S.r.l., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>VisMederi S.r.l., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53100 Siena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Vaccines</title><idno type="eISSN">2076-393X</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Vaccination remains the principal way to control seasonal infections and is the most effective method of reducing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. Since the 1940s, the main method of producing influenza vaccines has been an egg-based production process. However, in the event of a pandemic, this method has a significant limitation, as the time lag from strain isolation to final dose formulation and validation is six months. Indeed, production in eggs is a relatively slow process and production yields are both unpredictable and highly variable from strain to strain. In particular, if the next influenza pandemic were to arise from an avian influenza virus, and thus reduce the egg-laying hen population, there would be a shortage of embryonated eggs available for vaccine manufacturing. Although the production of egg-derived vaccines will continue, new technological developments have generated a cell-culture-based influenza vaccine and other more recent platforms, such as synthetic influenza vaccines.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salomon, R" uniqKey="Salomon R">R. Salomon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webster, R G" uniqKey="Webster R">R.G. Webster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hilleman, M R" uniqKey="Hilleman M">M.R. Hilleman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kistner, O" uniqKey="Kistner O">O. Kistner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, P N" uniqKey="Barrett P">P.N. Barrett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mundt, W" uniqKey="Mundt W">W. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Vaccines (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Vaccines (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vaccines</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Vaccines</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2076-393X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28718786</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5620549</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/vaccines5030018</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">vaccines-05-00018</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Egg-Independent Influenza Vaccines and Vaccine Candidates</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manini</surname><given-names>Ilaria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-vaccines-05-00018">1</xref><xref rid="c1-vaccines-05-00018" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7229-9919</contrib-id><name><surname>Trombetta</surname><given-names>Claudia Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-vaccines-05-00018">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9095-7652</contrib-id><name><surname>Lazzeri</surname><given-names>Giacomo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-vaccines-05-00018">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pozzi</surname><given-names>Teresa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-vaccines-05-00018">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Stefania</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-vaccines-05-00018">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Montomoli</surname><given-names>Emanuele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-vaccines-05-00018">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-vaccines-05-00018">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Krammer</surname><given-names>Florian</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-vaccines-05-00018"><label>1</label>Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;<email>trombetta@unisi.it</email> (C.M.T.);<email>giacomo.lazzeri@unisi.it</email> (G.L.);<email>teresa.pozzi@unisi.it</email> (T.P.);<email>stefania.rossi@unisi.it</email> (S.R.);<email>emanuele.montomoli@unisi.it</email> (E.M.)</aff><aff id="af2-vaccines-05-00018"><label>2</label>VisMederi S.r.l., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-vaccines-05-00018"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>ilaria.manini@unisi.it</email>; Tel.: +39-057-72-34-209</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>7</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>9</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>18</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>08</day><month>6</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>06</day><month>7</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Vaccination remains the principal way to control seasonal infections and is the most effective method of reducing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. Since the 1940s, the main method of producing influenza vaccines has been an egg-based production process. However, in the event of a pandemic, this method has a significant limitation, as the time lag from strain isolation to final dose formulation and validation is six months. Indeed, production in eggs is a relatively slow process and production yields are both unpredictable and highly variable from strain to strain. In particular, if the next influenza pandemic were to arise from an avian influenza virus, and thus reduce the egg-laying hen population, there would be a shortage of embryonated eggs available for vaccine manufacturing. Although the production of egg-derived vaccines will continue, new technological developments have generated a cell-culture-based influenza vaccine and other more recent platforms, such as synthetic influenza vaccines.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>cell-culture</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>synthetic influenza vaccine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="vaccines-05-00018-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Historical path of the development of influenza vaccine [<xref rid="B11-vaccines-05-00018" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="vaccines-05-00018-g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="vaccines-05-00018-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">vaccines-05-00018-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Available seasonal influenza vaccines in the EU/EEA (2015/2016 season).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manufacturer</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name of Product</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine Type</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjuvant</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Produced in</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age Recommended</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abbot healthcare</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trivalent: Influvac Imuvac</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 6 months</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AstraZeneca</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadrivalent: Fluenz Tetra (Flumist quadrivalent) Trivalent: Fluarix Alpharix Influsplit</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Live attenuated</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 24 months to 17 years <break></break>Trivalent: From 6 months</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GlaxoSmithKline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadrivalent: Fluarix Tetra Alpharix Tetra Influsplit Tetra</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated/split</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 3 years</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Novartis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trivalent: Agrippal Fluvirin Fluad</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated/subunit</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None <break></break>None <break></break>Squalene (MF59)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 6 years <break></break>From 4 years <break></break>From 65 years</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pfizer/CSl Australia</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trivalent: Afluria Enzira</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 5 years</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sanofi Pasteur</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trivalent: Vaxigrip Intanza 9 µg Intanza 15µg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 6 months <break></break>From 18-59 years <break></break>From 60 years</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="vaccines-05-00018-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">vaccines-05-00018-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Available seasonal influenza vaccines in the US (2016/2017 season).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manufacturer</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name of Product</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine Type</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjuvant</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Produced in</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age Recommended</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GlaxoSmithKline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadrivalent: Fluarix</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated/split</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 3 years</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID Biomedical Corp. of Quebec (distributed by GlaxoSmithKline)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadrivalent: FluLaval</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated/split</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 3 years</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sanofi Pasteur</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadrivalent: Fluzone <break></break>Quadrivalent: Fluzone <break></break>Intradermal Trivalent: Fluzone high dose</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated/split Inactivated/split/intradermal Inactivated/split</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 6 through 35 months <break></break>From 36 through 8 years <break></break>From 9 years <break></break>From 18 through 64 years <break></break>From 65 years</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seqirus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trivalent: Afluria Fluvirin Fluad</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated/subunit Inactivated/subunit/adjuvanted</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 5 through 8 years <break></break>From 4 years <break></break>From 65 years</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MedImmune</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadrivalent: FluMist </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Live/attenuated</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 2 through 49 years</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="vaccines-05-00018-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">vaccines-05-00018-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Summary information on published Clinical Trial of Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture-derived influenza vaccine, Novartis.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year of Study Data</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phase</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trial Participants</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Results: Immunogenicity</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Optaflu</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I and II, randomized, observer-blind, controlled, single-center</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240 healthy adults aged 18–40 years and 120 elderly aged > 61 years</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Optaflu and control vaccine met all CHMP criteria in hemagglutination inhibition assay</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Optaflu</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004–2005</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">III, randomized, observer-blind, controlled, multicenter</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1300 healthy adults aged 18–40 years and 1354 elderly aged > 61 years</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Optaflu and control vaccine met all CHMP criteria.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Optaflu</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005–2006</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">III, randomized, observer-blind, controlled, multicenter, lot-to-lot variability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1200 healthy adults aged 18–40 years </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both Optaflu lots and control vaccine met all three CHMP criteria</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Celtura</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I, single center</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176 adults</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satisfactory immune responses</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="vaccines-05-00018-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">vaccines-05-00018-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Summary information on published Clinical Trial of Vero cell culture-derived influenza vaccine, Baxter.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year of Study Data</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phase</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trial Participants</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Results: Immunogenicity</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Celvapan</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I and II, prospective, randomized, open label, multicentre</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 adults and 200 elderly</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine met criteria for immunogenicity responses</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preflucel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008-2009</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind,</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7250 adults, 3210 older</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine met criteria for immunogenicity responses</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="vaccines-05-00018-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">vaccines-05-00018-t005_Table 5</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Summary information on published Clinical Trial of PER.C6 cell culture-derived influenza vaccine, Sanofi Pasteur.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year of Study Data</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phase</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trial Participants</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Results: Immunogenicity</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I, randomized, open label</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 adults</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poor immunogenicity and humoral immune responses</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Italie</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Lazzeri, Giacomo" sort="Lazzeri, Giacomo" uniqKey="Lazzeri G" first="Giacomo" last="Lazzeri">Giacomo Lazzeri</name><name sortKey="Manini, Ilaria" sort="Manini, Ilaria" uniqKey="Manini I" first="Ilaria" last="Manini">Ilaria Manini</name><name sortKey="Pozzi, Teresa" sort="Pozzi, Teresa" uniqKey="Pozzi T" first="Teresa" last="Pozzi">Teresa Pozzi</name><name sortKey="Rossi, Stefania" sort="Rossi, Stefania" uniqKey="Rossi S" first="Stefania" last="Rossi">Stefania Rossi</name><name sortKey="Trombetta, Claudia Maria" sort="Trombetta, Claudia Maria" uniqKey="Trombetta C" first="Claudia Maria" last="Trombetta">Claudia Maria Trombetta</name></noCountry><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Montomoli, Emanuele" sort="Montomoli, Emanuele" uniqKey="Montomoli E" first="Emanuele" last="Montomoli">Emanuele 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