Evaluation of Multivalent H2 Influenza Pandemic Vaccines in Mice
Identifieur interne : 001C38 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001C37; suivant : 001C39Evaluation of Multivalent H2 Influenza Pandemic Vaccines in Mice
Auteurs : Brian J. Lenny [États-Unis] ; Stephanie Sonnberg [États-Unis] ; Angela F. Danner [États-Unis] ; Kimberly Friedman [États-Unis] ; Richard J. Webby [États-Unis] ; Robert G. Webster [États-Unis] ; Jeremy C. Jones [États-Unis]Source :
- Vaccine [ 0264-410X ] ; 2017.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux, Femelle, Grippe humaine (), Grippe humaine (anatomopathologie), Humains, Immunité humorale, Modèles animaux de maladie humaine, Pandémies (), Souris de lignée BALB C, Vaccins antigrippaux (administration et posologie), Vaccins antigrippaux (immunologie), Vaccins antigrippaux (isolement et purification), Vaccins inactivés (administration et posologie), Vaccins inactivés (immunologie), Vaccins inactivés (isolement et purification), Virus de la grippe A (immunologie).
- MESH :
- administration et posologie : Vaccins antigrippaux, Vaccins inactivés.
- anatomopathologie : Grippe humaine.
- immunologie : Vaccins antigrippaux, Vaccins inactivés, Virus de la grippe A.
- isolement et purification : Vaccins antigrippaux, Vaccins inactivés.
- Animaux, Femelle, Grippe humaine, Humains, Immunité humorale, Modèles animaux de maladie humaine, Pandémies, Souris de lignée BALB C.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Immunity, Humoral, Influenza A virus (immunology), Influenza Vaccines (administration & dosage), Influenza Vaccines (immunology), Influenza Vaccines (isolation & purification), Influenza, Human (pathology), Influenza, Human (prevention & control), Mice, Inbred BALB C, Pandemics (prevention & control), Vaccines, Inactivated (administration & dosage), Vaccines, Inactivated (immunology), Vaccines, Inactivated (isolation & purification).
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Influenza Vaccines, Vaccines, Inactivated.
- immunology : Influenza A virus, Influenza Vaccines, Vaccines, Inactivated.
- chemical , isolation & purification : Influenza Vaccines, Vaccines, Inactivated.
- pathology : Influenza, Human.
- prevention & control : Influenza, Human, Pandemics.
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Immunity, Humoral, Mice, Inbred BALB C.
Abstract
Subtype H2 Influenza A viruses were the cause of a severe pandemic in the winter of 1957. However, this subtype no longer circulates in humans and is no longer included in seasonal vaccines. As a result, individuals under 50 years of age are immunologically naïve. H2 viruses persist in aquatic birds, which were a contributing source for the 1957 pandemic, and have also been isolated from swine. Reintroduction of the H2 via zoonotic transmission has been identified as a pandemic risk, so pre-pandemic planning should include preparation and testing of vaccine candidates against this subtype. We evaluated the immunogenicity of two inactivated, whole virus influenza vaccines (IVV) in mice: a monovalent IVV containing human pandemic virus A/Singapore/1/1957 (H2N2), and a multivalent IVV containing human A/Singapore/1/1957, avian A/Duck/HongKong/319/1978 (H2N2), and swine A/Swine/Missouri/2124514/2006 (H2N3) viruses. While both vaccines induced protective immunity compared to naïve animals, the
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.026
PubMed: 28189402
PubMed Central: 5336516
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PMC:5336516Le document en format XML
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<series><title level="j">Vaccine</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0264-410X</idno>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Disease Models, Animal</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immunity, Humoral</term>
<term>Influenza A virus (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenza Vaccines (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Influenza Vaccines (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenza Vaccines (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (pathology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term>
<term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated (immunology)</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated (isolation & purification)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Grippe humaine ()</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Immunité humorale</term>
<term>Modèles animaux de maladie humaine</term>
<term>Pandémies ()</term>
<term>Souris de lignée BALB C</term>
<term>Vaccins antigrippaux (administration et posologie)</term>
<term>Vaccins antigrippaux (immunologie)</term>
<term>Vaccins antigrippaux (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Vaccins inactivés (administration et posologie)</term>
<term>Vaccins inactivés (immunologie)</term>
<term>Vaccins inactivés (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Virus de la grippe A (immunologie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Vaccines</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="administration et posologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Vaccins antigrippaux</term>
<term>Vaccins inactivés</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Vaccins antigrippaux</term>
<term>Vaccins inactivés</term>
<term>Virus de la grippe A</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A virus</term>
<term>Influenza Vaccines</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Vaccines</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Vaccins antigrippaux</term>
<term>Vaccins inactivés</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Disease Models, Animal</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immunity, Humoral</term>
<term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term>
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<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Immunité humorale</term>
<term>Modèles animaux de maladie humaine</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">Subtype H2 Influenza A viruses were the cause of a severe pandemic in the winter of 1957. However, this subtype no longer circulates in humans and is no longer included in seasonal vaccines. As a result, individuals under 50 years of age are immunologically naïve. H2 viruses persist in aquatic birds, which were a contributing source for the 1957 pandemic, and have also been isolated from swine. Reintroduction of the H2 via zoonotic transmission has been identified as a pandemic risk, so pre-pandemic planning should include preparation and testing of vaccine candidates against this subtype. We evaluated the immunogenicity of two inactivated, whole virus influenza vaccines (IVV) in mice: a monovalent IVV containing human pandemic virus A/Singapore/1/1957 (H2N2), and a multivalent IVV containing human A/Singapore/1/1957, avian A/Duck/HongKong/319/1978 (H2N2), and swine A/Swine/Missouri/2124514/2006 (H2N3) viruses. While both vaccines induced protective immunity compared to naïve animals, the <bold>multivalent</bold>
formulation was advantageous over the monovalent in terms of level and breadth of serological responses, <bold>neutralization of infectious virus</bold>
, and reduction of clinical disease and respiratory tissue replication in mice. Therefore, <bold>multivalent</bold>
pandemic H2 vaccines containing diverse viruses from animal reservoirs, are a potential option to improve the immune responses in a pre-pandemic scenario where antigenic identity cannot be predicted.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<double pmid="28189402"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of Multivalent H2 Influenza Pandemic Vaccines in Mice</title>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Sonnberg, Stephanie" sort="Sonnberg, Stephanie" uniqKey="Sonnberg S" first="Stephanie" last="Sonnberg">Stephanie Sonnberg</name>
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<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Danner, Angela F" sort="Danner, Angela F" uniqKey="Danner A" first="Angela F." last="Danner">Angela F. Danner</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Friedman, Kimberly" sort="Friedman, Kimberly" uniqKey="Friedman K" first="Kimberly" last="Friedman">Kimberly Friedman</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webby, Richard J" sort="Webby, Richard J" uniqKey="Webby R" first="Richard J." last="Webby">Richard J. Webby</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Webster, Robert G" sort="Webster, Robert G" uniqKey="Webster R" first="Robert G." last="Webster">Robert G. Webster</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Jones, Jeremy C" sort="Jones, Jeremy C" uniqKey="Jones J" first="Jeremy C." last="Jones">Jeremy C. Jones</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of Multivalent H2 Influenza Pandemic Vaccines in Mice</title>
<author><name sortKey="Lenny, Brian J" sort="Lenny, Brian J" uniqKey="Lenny B" first="Brian J." last="Lenny">Brian J. Lenny</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sonnberg, Stephanie" sort="Sonnberg, Stephanie" uniqKey="Sonnberg S" first="Stephanie" last="Sonnberg">Stephanie Sonnberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Danner, Angela F" sort="Danner, Angela F" uniqKey="Danner A" first="Angela F." last="Danner">Angela F. Danner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Friedman, Kimberly" sort="Friedman, Kimberly" uniqKey="Friedman K" first="Kimberly" last="Friedman">Kimberly Friedman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webby, Richard J" sort="Webby, Richard J" uniqKey="Webby R" first="Richard J." last="Webby">Richard J. Webby</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webster, Robert G" sort="Webster, Robert G" uniqKey="Webster R" first="Robert G." last="Webster">Robert G. Webster</name>
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<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, Jeremy C" sort="Jones, Jeremy C" uniqKey="Jones J" first="Jeremy C." last="Jones">Jeremy C. Jones</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
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<series><title level="j">Vaccine</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0264-410X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1873-2518</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017">2017</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">Subtype H2 Influenza A viruses were the cause of a severe pandemic in the winter of 1957. However, this subtype no longer circulates in humans and is no longer included in seasonal vaccines. As a result, individuals under 50 years of age are immunologically naïve. H2 viruses persist in aquatic birds, which were a contributing source for the 1957 pandemic, and have also been isolated from swine. Reintroduction of the H2 via zoonotic transmission has been identified as a pandemic risk, so pre-pandemic planning should include preparation and testing of vaccine candidates against this subtype. We evaluated the immunogenicity of two inactivated, whole virus influenza vaccines (IVV) in mice: a monovalent IVV containing human pandemic virus A/Singapore/1/1957 (H2N2), and a multivalent IVV containing human A/Singapore/1/1957, avian A/Duck/HongKong/319/1978 (H2N2), and swine A/Swine/Missouri/2124514/2006 (H2N3) viruses. While both vaccines induced protective immunity compared to naïve animals, the <bold>multivalent</bold>
formulation was advantageous over the monovalent in terms of level and breadth of serological responses, <bold>neutralization of infectious virus</bold>
, and reduction of clinical disease and respiratory tissue replication in mice. Therefore, <bold>multivalent</bold>
pandemic H2 vaccines containing diverse viruses from animal reservoirs, are a potential option to improve the immune responses in a pre-pandemic scenario where antigenic identity cannot be predicted.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of multivalent H2 influenza pandemic vaccines in mice.</title>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Sonnberg, Stephanie" sort="Sonnberg, Stephanie" uniqKey="Sonnberg S" first="Stephanie" last="Sonnberg">Stephanie Sonnberg</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Danner, Angela F" sort="Danner, Angela F" uniqKey="Danner A" first="Angela F" last="Danner">Angela F. Danner</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Friedman, Kimberly" sort="Friedman, Kimberly" uniqKey="Friedman K" first="Kimberly" last="Friedman">Kimberly Friedman</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Webby, Richard J" sort="Webby, Richard J" uniqKey="Webby R" first="Richard J" last="Webby">Richard J. Webby</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webster, Robert G" sort="Webster, Robert G" uniqKey="Webster R" first="Robert G" last="Webster">Robert G. Webster</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, Jeremy C" sort="Jones, Jeremy C" uniqKey="Jones J" first="Jeremy C" last="Jones">Jeremy C. Jones</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of multivalent H2 influenza pandemic vaccines in mice.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Lenny, Brian J" sort="Lenny, Brian J" uniqKey="Lenny B" first="Brian J" last="Lenny">Brian J. Lenny</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Sonnberg, Stephanie" sort="Sonnberg, Stephanie" uniqKey="Sonnberg S" first="Stephanie" last="Sonnberg">Stephanie Sonnberg</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Danner, Angela F" sort="Danner, Angela F" uniqKey="Danner A" first="Angela F" last="Danner">Angela F. Danner</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Friedman, Kimberly" sort="Friedman, Kimberly" uniqKey="Friedman K" first="Kimberly" last="Friedman">Kimberly Friedman</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Jones, Jeremy C" sort="Jones, Jeremy C" uniqKey="Jones J" first="Jeremy C" last="Jones">Jeremy C. Jones</name>
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<term>Disease Models, Animal</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immunity, Humoral</term>
<term>Influenza A virus (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenza Vaccines (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Influenza Vaccines (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenza Vaccines (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (pathology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term>
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<term>Vaccines, Inactivated (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated (immunology)</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated (isolation & purification)</term>
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<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Grippe humaine ()</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Immunité humorale</term>
<term>Modèles animaux de maladie humaine</term>
<term>Pandémies ()</term>
<term>Souris de lignée BALB C</term>
<term>Vaccins antigrippaux (administration et posologie)</term>
<term>Vaccins antigrippaux (immunologie)</term>
<term>Vaccins antigrippaux (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Vaccins inactivés (administration et posologie)</term>
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<term>Vaccins inactivés</term>
<term>Virus de la grippe A</term>
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<term>Influenza Vaccines</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Vaccines</term>
<term>Vaccines, Inactivated</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Subtype H2 Influenza A viruses were the cause of a severe pandemic in the winter of 1957. However, this subtype no longer circulates in humans and is no longer included in seasonal vaccines. As a result, individuals under 50years of age are immunologically naïve. H2 viruses persist in aquatic birds, which were a contributing source for the 1957 pandemic, and have also been isolated from swine. Reintroduction of the H2 via zoonotic transmission has been identified as a pandemic risk, so pre-pandemic planning should include preparation and testing of vaccine candidates against this subtype. We evaluated the immunogenicity of two inactivated, whole virus influenza vaccines (IVV) in mice: a monovalent IVV containing human pandemic virus A/Singapore/1/1957 (H2N2), and a multivalent IVV containing human A/Singapore/1/1957, avian A/Duck/HongKong/319/1978 (H2N2), and swine A/Swine/Missouri/2124514/2006 (H2N3) viruses. While both vaccines induced protective immunity compared to naïve animals, the multivalent formulation was advantageous over the monovalent in terms of level and breadth of serological responses, neutralization of infectious virus, and reduction of clinical disease and respiratory tissue replication in mice. Therefore, multivalent pandemic H2 vaccines containing diverse viruses from animal reservoirs, are a potential option to improve the immune responses in a pre-pandemic scenario where antigenic identity cannot be predicted.</div>
</front>
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