Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico
Identifieur interne : 001B69 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001B68; suivant : 001B70Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico
Auteurs : Ignacio Mena [États-Unis] ; Martha I. Nelson [États-Unis] ; Francisco Quezada-Monroy [Mexique] ; Jayeeta Dutta [États-Unis] ; Refugio Cortes-Fernández [Mexique] ; J Horacio Lara-Puente [Mexique] ; Felipa Castro-Peralta [Mexique] ; Luis F. Cunha [États-Unis] ; Nídia S. Trovão [États-Unis, Belgique] ; Bernardo Lozano-Dubernard [Mexique] ; Andrew Rambaut [États-Unis, Royaume-Uni] ; Harm Van Bakel [États-Unis] ; Adolfo García-Sastre [États-Unis]Source :
- eLife [ 2050-084X ] ; ????.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Analyse de séquence d'ADN, Animaux, Grippe humaine (virologie), Grippe humaine (épidémiologie), Humains, Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (médecine vétérinaire), Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (virologie), Maladies des porcs (virologie), Maladies des porcs (épidémiologie), Mexique, Pandémies, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (), Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (génétique), Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (isolement et purification), Suidae, Zoonoses (virologie), Zoonoses (épidémiologie), Évolution moléculaire.
- MESH :
- génétique : Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A.
- isolement et purification : Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A.
- médecine vétérinaire : Infections à Orthomyxoviridae.
- virologie : Grippe humaine, Infections à Orthomyxoviridae, Maladies des porcs, Zoonoses.
- épidémiologie : Grippe humaine, Maladies des porcs, Zoonoses.
- Analyse de séquence d'ADN, Animaux, Humains, Mexique, Pandémies, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A, Suidae, Évolution moléculaire.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Evolution, Molecular, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (classification), Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics), Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (isolation & purification), Influenza, Human (epidemiology), Influenza, Human (virology), Mexico, Orthomyxoviridae Infections (veterinary), Orthomyxoviridae Infections (virology), Pandemics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Swine, Swine Diseases (epidemiology), Swine Diseases (virology), Zoonoses (epidemiology), Zoonoses (virology).
- MESH :
- classification : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype.
- epidemiology : Influenza, Human, Swine Diseases, Zoonoses.
- genetics : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype.
- isolation & purification : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype.
- veterinary : Orthomyxoviridae Infections.
- virology : Influenza, Human, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Swine Diseases, Zoonoses.
- Animals, Evolution, Molecular, Humans, Mexico, Pandemics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Swine.
Abstract
Asia is considered an important source of influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics, owing to large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. However, the zoonotic origins of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) remain unclear, due to conflicting evidence from swine and humans. There is strong evidence that the first human outbreak of pdmH1N1 occurred in Mexico in early 2009. However, no related swine viruses have been detected in Mexico or any part of the Americas, and to date the most closely related ancestor viruses were identified in Asian swine. Here, we use 58 new whole-genome sequences from IAVs collected in Mexican swine to establish that the swine virus responsible for the 2009 pandemic evolved in central Mexico. This finding highlights how the 2009 pandemic arose from a region not considered a pandemic risk, owing to an expansion of IAV diversity in swine resulting from long-distance live swine trade.
Url:
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.16777
PubMed: 27350259
PubMed Central: 4957980
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PMC:4957980Le document en format XML
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pandemic in swine in Mexico</title><author><name sortKey="Mena, Ignacio" sort="Mena, Ignacio" uniqKey="Mena I" first="Ignacio" last="Mena">Ignacio Mena</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Martha I" sort="Nelson, Martha I" uniqKey="Nelson M" first="Martha I" last="Nelson">Martha I. Nelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" sort="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" uniqKey="Quezada Monroy F" first="Francisco" last="Quezada-Monroy">Francisco Quezada-Monroy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutta, Jayeeta" sort="Dutta, Jayeeta" uniqKey="Dutta J" first="Jayeeta" last="Dutta">Jayeeta Dutta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" sort="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" uniqKey="Cortes Fernandez R" first="Refugio" last="Cortes-Fernández">Refugio Cortes-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lara Puente, J Horacio" sort="Lara Puente, J Horacio" uniqKey="Lara Puente J" first="J Horacio" last="Lara-Puente">J Horacio Lara-Puente</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro Peralta, Felipa" sort="Castro Peralta, Felipa" uniqKey="Castro Peralta F" first="Felipa" last="Castro-Peralta">Felipa Castro-Peralta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cunha, Luis F" sort="Cunha, Luis F" uniqKey="Cunha L" first="Luis F" last="Cunha">Luis F. Cunha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trovao, Nidia S" sort="Trovao, Nidia S" uniqKey="Trovao N" first="Nídia S" last="Trovão">Nídia S. Trovão</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology and Immunology</institution>,<institution>Rega Institute, University of Leuven</institution>,<addr-line>Leuven</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" sort="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" uniqKey="Lozano Dubernard B" first="Bernardo" last="Lozano-Dubernard">Bernardo Lozano-Dubernard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Institute of Evolutionary Biology</institution>,<institution>University of Edinburgh</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution content-type="dept">Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution</institution>,<institution>University of Edinburgh</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bakel, Harm" sort="Van Bakel, Harm" uniqKey="Van Bakel H" first="Harm" last="Van Bakel">Harm Van Bakel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" sort="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" uniqKey="Garcia Sastre A" first="Adolfo" last="García-Sastre">Adolfo García-Sastre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (classification)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (isolation & purification)</term><term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term><term>Mexico</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (veterinary)</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (virology)</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term><term>Swine</term><term>Swine Diseases (epidemiology)</term><term>Swine Diseases (virology)</term><term>Zoonoses (epidemiology)</term><term>Zoonoses (virology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term><term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (médecine vétérinaire)</term><term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (virologie)</term><term>Maladies des porcs (virologie)</term><term>Maladies des porcs (épidémiologie)</term><term>Mexique</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A ()</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (génétique)</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (isolement et purification)</term><term>Suidae</term><term>Zoonoses (virologie)</term><term>Zoonoses (épidémiologie)</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term><term>Swine Diseases</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="médecine vétérinaire" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="veterinary" xml:lang="en"><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae</term><term>Maladies des porcs</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term><term>Swine Diseases</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Maladies des porcs</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mexico</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term><term>Swine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mexique</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Suidae</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Asia is considered an important source of influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics, owing to large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. However, the zoonotic origins of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) remain unclear, due to conflicting evidence from swine and humans. There is strong evidence that the first human outbreak of pdmH1N1 occurred in Mexico in early 2009. However, no related swine viruses have been detected in Mexico or any part of the Americas, and to date the most closely related ancestor viruses were identified in Asian swine. Here, we use 58 new whole-genome sequences from IAVs collected in Mexican swine to establish that the swine virus responsible for the 2009 pandemic evolved in central Mexico. This finding highlights how the 2009 pandemic arose from a region not considered a pandemic risk, owing to an expansion of IAV diversity in swine resulting from long-distance live swine trade.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.16777.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16777.001</ext-link></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Tk" uniqKey="Anderson T">TK Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Mi" uniqKey="Nelson M">MI Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitikoon, P" uniqKey="Kitikoon P">P Kitikoon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swenson, Sl" uniqKey="Swenson S">SL Swenson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Korslund, Ja" uniqKey="Korslund J">JA Korslund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vincent, Al" uniqKey="Vincent A">AL Vincent</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bao, Y" 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content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Martha I" sort="Nelson, Martha I" uniqKey="Nelson M" first="Martha I" last="Nelson">Martha I. Nelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" sort="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" uniqKey="Quezada Monroy F" first="Francisco" last="Quezada-Monroy">Francisco Quezada-Monroy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutta, Jayeeta" sort="Dutta, Jayeeta" uniqKey="Dutta J" first="Jayeeta" last="Dutta">Jayeeta Dutta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" sort="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" uniqKey="Cortes Fernandez R" first="Refugio" last="Cortes-Fernández">Refugio Cortes-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lara Puente, J Horacio" sort="Lara Puente, J Horacio" uniqKey="Lara Puente J" first="J Horacio" last="Lara-Puente">J Horacio Lara-Puente</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro Peralta, Felipa" sort="Castro Peralta, Felipa" uniqKey="Castro Peralta F" first="Felipa" last="Castro-Peralta">Felipa Castro-Peralta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cunha, Luis F" sort="Cunha, Luis F" uniqKey="Cunha L" first="Luis F" last="Cunha">Luis F. Cunha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trovao, Nidia S" sort="Trovao, Nidia S" uniqKey="Trovao N" first="Nídia S" last="Trovão">Nídia S. Trovão</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology and Immunology</institution>,<institution>Rega Institute, University of Leuven</institution>,<addr-line>Leuven</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" sort="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" uniqKey="Lozano Dubernard B" first="Bernardo" last="Lozano-Dubernard">Bernardo Lozano-Dubernard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Institute of Evolutionary Biology</institution>,<institution>University of Edinburgh</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution content-type="dept">Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution</institution>,<institution>University of Edinburgh</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bakel, Harm" sort="Van Bakel, Harm" uniqKey="Van Bakel H" first="Harm" last="Van Bakel">Harm Van Bakel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" sort="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" uniqKey="Garcia Sastre A" first="Adolfo" last="García-Sastre">Adolfo García-Sastre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27350259</idno><idno type="pmc">4957980</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4957980</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4957980</idno><idno type="doi">10.7554/eLife.16777</idno><date when="????">????</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000090</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000090</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000090</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000090</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000F72</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000F72</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico</title><author><name sortKey="Mena, Ignacio" sort="Mena, Ignacio" uniqKey="Mena I" first="Ignacio" last="Mena">Ignacio Mena</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Martha I" sort="Nelson, Martha I" uniqKey="Nelson M" first="Martha I" last="Nelson">Martha I. Nelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" sort="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" uniqKey="Quezada Monroy F" first="Francisco" last="Quezada-Monroy">Francisco Quezada-Monroy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutta, Jayeeta" sort="Dutta, Jayeeta" uniqKey="Dutta J" first="Jayeeta" last="Dutta">Jayeeta Dutta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" sort="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" uniqKey="Cortes Fernandez R" first="Refugio" last="Cortes-Fernández">Refugio Cortes-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lara Puente, J Horacio" sort="Lara Puente, J Horacio" uniqKey="Lara Puente J" first="J Horacio" last="Lara-Puente">J Horacio Lara-Puente</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro Peralta, Felipa" sort="Castro Peralta, Felipa" uniqKey="Castro Peralta F" first="Felipa" last="Castro-Peralta">Felipa Castro-Peralta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cunha, Luis F" sort="Cunha, Luis F" uniqKey="Cunha L" first="Luis F" last="Cunha">Luis F. Cunha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trovao, Nidia S" sort="Trovao, Nidia S" uniqKey="Trovao N" first="Nídia S" last="Trovão">Nídia S. Trovão</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology and Immunology</institution>,<institution>Rega Institute, University of Leuven</institution>,<addr-line>Leuven</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" sort="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" uniqKey="Lozano Dubernard B" first="Bernardo" last="Lozano-Dubernard">Bernardo Lozano-Dubernard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Laboratorio Avi-Mex</institution>,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Bethesda</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Institute of Evolutionary Biology</institution>,<institution>University of Edinburgh</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution content-type="dept">Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution</institution>,<institution>University of Edinburgh</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bakel, Harm" sort="Van Bakel, Harm" uniqKey="Van Bakel H" first="Harm" last="Van Bakel">Harm Van Bakel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Genetics and Genomic Sciences</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" sort="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" uniqKey="Garcia Sastre A" first="Adolfo" last="García-Sastre">Adolfo García-Sastre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Microbiology</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases</institution>,<institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>,<addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Asia is considered an important source of influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics, owing to large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. However, the zoonotic origins of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) remain unclear, due to conflicting evidence from swine and humans. There is strong evidence that the first human outbreak of pdmH1N1 occurred in Mexico in early 2009. However, no related swine viruses have been detected in Mexico or any part of the Americas, and to date the most closely related ancestor viruses were identified in Asian swine. Here, we use 58 new whole-genome sequences from IAVs collected in Mexican swine to establish that the swine virus responsible for the 2009 pandemic evolved in central Mexico. This finding highlights how the 2009 pandemic arose from a region not considered a pandemic risk, owing to an expansion of IAV diversity in swine resulting from long-distance live swine trade.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.16777.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16777.001</ext-link></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Tk" uniqKey="Anderson T">TK Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Mi" uniqKey="Nelson M">MI Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitikoon, P" uniqKey="Kitikoon P">P Kitikoon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swenson, Sl" uniqKey="Swenson S">SL Swenson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Korslund, Ja" uniqKey="Korslund J">JA Korslund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vincent, Al" uniqKey="Vincent A">AL Vincent</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bao, Y" 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I" uniqKey="Nelson M" first="Martha I" last="Nelson">Martha I. Nelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" sort="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" uniqKey="Quezada Monroy F" first="Francisco" last="Quezada-Monroy">Francisco Quezada-Monroy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutta, Jayeeta" sort="Dutta, Jayeeta" uniqKey="Dutta J" first="Jayeeta" last="Dutta">Jayeeta Dutta</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" sort="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" uniqKey="Cortes Fernandez R" first="Refugio" last="Cortes-Fernández">Refugio Cortes-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lara Puente, J Horacio" sort="Lara Puente, J Horacio" uniqKey="Lara Puente J" first="J Horacio" last="Lara-Puente">J Horacio Lara-Puente</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro Peralta, Felipa" sort="Castro Peralta, Felipa" uniqKey="Castro Peralta F" first="Felipa" last="Castro-Peralta">Felipa Castro-Peralta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cunha, Luis F" sort="Cunha, Luis F" uniqKey="Cunha L" first="Luis F" last="Cunha">Luis F. Cunha</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trovao, Nidia S" sort="Trovao, Nidia S" uniqKey="Trovao N" first="Nídia S" last="Trovão">Nídia S. Trovão</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" sort="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" uniqKey="Lozano Dubernard B" first="Bernardo" last="Lozano-Dubernard">Bernardo Lozano-Dubernard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bakel, Harm" sort="Van Bakel, Harm" uniqKey="Van Bakel H" first="Harm" last="Van Bakel">Harm Van Bakel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" sort="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" uniqKey="Garcia Sastre A" first="Adolfo" last="García-Sastre">Adolfo García-Sastre</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27350259</idno><idno type="pmid">27350259</idno><idno type="doi">10.7554/eLife.16777</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000520</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000520</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000520</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000520</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000481</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000481</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico.</title><author><name sortKey="Mena, Ignacio" sort="Mena, Ignacio" uniqKey="Mena I" first="Ignacio" last="Mena">Ignacio Mena</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Martha I" sort="Nelson, Martha I" uniqKey="Nelson M" first="Martha I" last="Nelson">Martha I. Nelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" sort="Quezada Monroy, Francisco" uniqKey="Quezada Monroy F" first="Francisco" last="Quezada-Monroy">Francisco Quezada-Monroy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutta, Jayeeta" sort="Dutta, Jayeeta" uniqKey="Dutta J" first="Jayeeta" last="Dutta">Jayeeta Dutta</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" sort="Cortes Fernandez, Refugio" uniqKey="Cortes Fernandez R" first="Refugio" last="Cortes-Fernández">Refugio Cortes-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lara Puente, J Horacio" sort="Lara Puente, J Horacio" uniqKey="Lara Puente J" first="J Horacio" last="Lara-Puente">J Horacio Lara-Puente</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro Peralta, Felipa" sort="Castro Peralta, Felipa" uniqKey="Castro Peralta F" first="Felipa" last="Castro-Peralta">Felipa Castro-Peralta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cunha, Luis F" sort="Cunha, Luis F" uniqKey="Cunha L" first="Luis F" last="Cunha">Luis F. Cunha</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trovao, Nidia S" sort="Trovao, Nidia S" uniqKey="Trovao N" first="Nídia S" last="Trovão">Nídia S. Trovão</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" sort="Lozano Dubernard, Bernardo" uniqKey="Lozano Dubernard B" first="Bernardo" last="Lozano-Dubernard">Bernardo Lozano-Dubernard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio Avi-Mex, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bakel, Harm" sort="Van Bakel, Harm" uniqKey="Van Bakel H" first="Harm" last="Van Bakel">Harm Van Bakel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" sort="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" uniqKey="Garcia Sastre A" first="Adolfo" last="García-Sastre">Adolfo García-Sastre</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (classification)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (isolation & purification)</term><term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term><term>Mexico</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (veterinary)</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (virology)</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term><term>Swine</term><term>Swine Diseases (epidemiology)</term><term>Swine Diseases (virology)</term><term>Zoonoses (epidemiology)</term><term>Zoonoses (virology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term><term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (médecine vétérinaire)</term><term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (virologie)</term><term>Maladies des porcs (virologie)</term><term>Maladies des porcs (épidémiologie)</term><term>Mexique</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A ()</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (génétique)</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (isolement et purification)</term><term>Suidae</term><term>Zoonoses (virologie)</term><term>Zoonoses (épidémiologie)</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term><term>Swine Diseases</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="médecine vétérinaire" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="veterinary" xml:lang="en"><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae</term><term>Maladies des porcs</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term><term>Swine Diseases</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Maladies des porcs</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mexico</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term><term>Swine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mexique</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Suidae</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Asia is considered an important source of influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics, owing to large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. However, the zoonotic origins of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) remain unclear, due to conflicting evidence from swine and humans. There is strong evidence that the first human outbreak of pdmH1N1 occurred in Mexico in early 2009. However, no related swine viruses have been detected in Mexico or any part of the Americas, and to date the most closely related ancestor viruses were identified in Asian swine. Here, we use 58 new whole-genome sequences from IAVs collected in Mexican swine to establish that the swine virus responsible for the 2009 pandemic evolved in central Mexico. This finding highlights how the 2009 pandemic arose from a region not considered a pandemic risk, owing to an expansion of IAV diversity in swine resulting from long-distance live swine trade.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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