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Characterization In Vitro and In Vivo of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Patients

Identifieur interne : 001400 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001399; suivant : 001401

Characterization In Vitro and In Vivo of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Patients

Auteurs : Tokiko Watanabe [États-Unis, Japon] ; Masaki Imai [États-Unis] ; Shinji Watanabe [États-Unis, Japon] ; Kyoko Shinya [Japon] ; Masato Hatta [États-Unis] ; Chengjun Li [États-Unis] ; Gabriele Neumann [États-Unis] ; Makoto Ozawa [États-Unis] ; Anthony Hanson [États-Unis] ; Gongxun Zhong [États-Unis] ; Satoshi Fukuyama [Japon] ; Eiryo Kawakami [Japon] ; Heather A. Simmons [États-Unis] ; Daniel Schenkman [États-Unis] ; Kevin Brunner [États-Unis] ; Saverio V. Capuano [États-Unis] ; Jason T. Weinfurter [États-Unis] ; Anette Kilander [Norvège] ; Susanne G. Dudman [Norvège] ; M. Suresh [États-Unis] ; Olav Hungnes [Norvège] ; Thomas C. Friedrich [États-Unis] ; Yoshihiro Kawaoka [États-Unis, Japon]

Source :

RBID : PMC:3416174

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was caused by novel H1N1 viruses that emerged in early 2009. Molecular evolutionary analyses of the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus revealed two major clusters, cluster I and cluster II. Although the pathogenicity of viruses belonging to cluster I, which became extinct by the end of 2009, has been examined in a nonhuman primate model, the pathogenic potential of viruses belonging to cluster II, which has spread more widely in the world, has not been studied in this animal model. Here, we characterized two Norwegian isolates belonging to cluster II, namely, A/Norway/3568/2009 (Norway3568) and A/Norway/3487-2/2009 (Norway3487), which caused distinct clinical symptoms, despite their genetic similarity. We observed more efficient replication in cultured cells and delayed virus clearance from ferret respiratory organs for Norway3487 virus, which was isolated from a severe case, compared with the efficiency of replication and time of clearance of Norway3568 virus, which was isolated from a mild case. Moreover, Norway3487 virus to some extent caused more severe lung damage in nonhuman primates than did Norway3568 virus. Our data suggest that the distinct replicative and pathogenic potentials of these two viruses may result from differences in their biological properties (e.g., the receptor-binding specificity of hemagglutinin and viral polymerase activity).


Url:
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01214-12
PubMed: 22718834
PubMed Central: 3416174

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PMC:3416174

Le document en format XML

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and
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<name sortKey="Ozawa, Makoto" sort="Ozawa, Makoto" uniqKey="Ozawa M" first="Makoto" last="Ozawa">Makoto Ozawa</name>
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<name sortKey="Simmons, Heather A" sort="Simmons, Heather A" uniqKey="Simmons H" first="Heather A." last="Simmons">Heather A. Simmons</name>
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<name sortKey="Capuano, Saverio V" sort="Capuano, Saverio V" uniqKey="Capuano S" first="Saverio V." last="Capuano">Saverio V. Capuano</name>
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<name sortKey="Weinfurter, Jason T" sort="Weinfurter, Jason T" uniqKey="Weinfurter J" first="Jason T." last="Weinfurter">Jason T. Weinfurter</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Kilander, Anette" sort="Kilander, Anette" uniqKey="Kilander A" first="Anette" last="Kilander">Anette Kilander</name>
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<name sortKey="Dudman, Susanne G" sort="Dudman, Susanne G" uniqKey="Dudman S" first="Susanne G." last="Dudman">Susanne G. Dudman</name>
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<name sortKey="Suresh, M" sort="Suresh, M" uniqKey="Suresh M" first="M." last="Suresh">M. Suresh</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<name sortKey="Hungnes, Olav" sort="Hungnes, Olav" uniqKey="Hungnes O" first="Olav" last="Hungnes">Olav Hungnes</name>
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<name sortKey="Friedrich, Thomas C" sort="Friedrich, Thomas C" uniqKey="Friedrich T" first="Thomas C." last="Friedrich">Thomas C. Friedrich</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
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<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
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</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<name sortKey="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" sort="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y" first="Yoshihiro" last="Kawaoka">Yoshihiro Kawaoka</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
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<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
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<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
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<orgName type="university" n="3">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
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<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hyogo</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="province">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
</affiliation>
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<nlm:aff id="aff7">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
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<orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Characterization
<italic>In Vitro</italic>
and
<italic>In Vivo</italic>
of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Patients</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Watanabe, Tokiko" sort="Watanabe, Tokiko" uniqKey="Watanabe T" first="Tokiko" last="Watanabe">Tokiko Watanabe</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
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</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Imai, Masaki" sort="Imai, Masaki" uniqKey="Imai M" first="Masaki" last="Imai">Masaki Imai</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Watanabe, Shinji" sort="Watanabe, Shinji" uniqKey="Watanabe S" first="Shinji" last="Watanabe">Shinji Watanabe</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Shinya, Kyoko" sort="Shinya, Kyoko" uniqKey="Shinya K" first="Kyoko" last="Shinya">Kyoko Shinya</name>
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<name sortKey="Hatta, Masato" sort="Hatta, Masato" uniqKey="Hatta M" first="Masato" last="Hatta">Masato Hatta</name>
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<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<name sortKey="Li, Chengjun" sort="Li, Chengjun" uniqKey="Li C" first="Chengjun" last="Li">Chengjun Li</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<name sortKey="Ozawa, Makoto" sort="Ozawa, Makoto" uniqKey="Ozawa M" first="Makoto" last="Ozawa">Makoto Ozawa</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<name sortKey="Hanson, Anthony" sort="Hanson, Anthony" uniqKey="Hanson A" first="Anthony" last="Hanson">Anthony Hanson</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Zhong, Gongxun" sort="Zhong, Gongxun" uniqKey="Zhong G" first="Gongxun" last="Zhong">Gongxun Zhong</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fukuyama, Satoshi" sort="Fukuyama, Satoshi" uniqKey="Fukuyama S" first="Satoshi" last="Fukuyama">Satoshi Fukuyama</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawakami, Eiryo" sort="Kawakami, Eiryo" uniqKey="Kawakami E" first="Eiryo" last="Kawakami">Eiryo Kawakami</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simmons, Heather A" sort="Simmons, Heather A" uniqKey="Simmons H" first="Heather A." last="Simmons">Heather A. Simmons</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<name sortKey="Schenkman, Daniel" sort="Schenkman, Daniel" uniqKey="Schenkman D" first="Daniel" last="Schenkman">Daniel Schenkman</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Brunner, Kevin" sort="Brunner, Kevin" uniqKey="Brunner K" first="Kevin" last="Brunner">Kevin Brunner</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Capuano, Saverio V" sort="Capuano, Saverio V" uniqKey="Capuano S" first="Saverio V." last="Capuano">Saverio V. Capuano</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weinfurter, Jason T" sort="Weinfurter, Jason T" uniqKey="Weinfurter J" first="Jason T." last="Weinfurter">Jason T. Weinfurter</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<name sortKey="Kilander, Anette" sort="Kilander, Anette" uniqKey="Kilander A" first="Anette" last="Kilander">Anette Kilander</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
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</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Dudman, Susanne G" sort="Dudman, Susanne G" uniqKey="Dudman S" first="Susanne G." last="Dudman">Susanne G. Dudman</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Suresh, M" sort="Suresh, M" uniqKey="Suresh M" first="M." last="Suresh">M. Suresh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hungnes, Olav" sort="Hungnes, Olav" uniqKey="Hungnes O" first="Olav" last="Hungnes">Olav Hungnes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Friedrich, Thomas C" sort="Friedrich, Thomas C" uniqKey="Friedrich T" first="Thomas C." last="Friedrich">Thomas C. Friedrich</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
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<nlm:aff id="aff5">AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" sort="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y" first="Yoshihiro" last="Kawaoka">Yoshihiro Kawaoka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="province">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hyogo</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="province">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
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<series>
<title level="j">Journal of Virology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno>
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<date when="2012">2012</date>
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<term>Amino Acid Sequence</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Ferrets</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics)</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (pathogenicity)</term>
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<term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term>
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<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Norway (epidemiology)</term>
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<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Furets</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Macaca</term>
<term>Norvège (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
<term>Protéines virales (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines virales (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Réplication virale</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (génétique)</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (physiologie)</term>
<term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en">
<term>Viral Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Norway</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Influenza, Human</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en">
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Protéines virales</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en">
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en">
<term>Viral Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Protéines virales</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en">
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Influenza, Human</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
<term>Norvège</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Amino Acid Sequence</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Ferrets</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Macaca</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
<term>Virus Replication</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Furets</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Macaca</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
<term>Réplication virale</term>
<term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Norvège</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was caused by novel H1N1 viruses that emerged in early 2009. Molecular evolutionary analyses of the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus revealed two major clusters, cluster I and cluster II. Although the pathogenicity of viruses belonging to cluster I, which became extinct by the end of 2009, has been examined in a nonhuman primate model, the pathogenic potential of viruses belonging to cluster II, which has spread more widely in the world, has not been studied in this animal model. Here, we characterized two Norwegian isolates belonging to cluster II, namely, A/Norway/3568/2009 (Norway3568) and A/Norway/3487-2/2009 (Norway3487), which caused distinct clinical symptoms, despite their genetic similarity. We observed more efficient replication in cultured cells and delayed virus clearance from ferret respiratory organs for Norway3487 virus, which was isolated from a severe case, compared with the efficiency of replication and time of clearance of Norway3568 virus, which was isolated from a mild case. Moreover, Norway3487 virus to some extent caused more severe lung damage in nonhuman primates than did Norway3568 virus. Our data suggest that the distinct replicative and pathogenic potentials of these two viruses may result from differences in their biological properties (e.g., the receptor-binding specificity of hemagglutinin and viral polymerase activity).</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<double pmid="22718834">
<pmc>
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Characterization
<italic>In Vitro</italic>
and
<italic>In Vivo</italic>
of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Patients</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Watanabe, Tokiko" sort="Watanabe, Tokiko" uniqKey="Watanabe T" first="Tokiko" last="Watanabe">Tokiko Watanabe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Imai, Masaki" sort="Imai, Masaki" uniqKey="Imai M" first="Masaki" last="Imai">Masaki Imai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Watanabe, Shinji" sort="Watanabe, Shinji" uniqKey="Watanabe S" first="Shinji" last="Watanabe">Shinji Watanabe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shinya, Kyoko" sort="Shinya, Kyoko" uniqKey="Shinya K" first="Kyoko" last="Shinya">Kyoko Shinya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hyogo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hatta, Masato" sort="Hatta, Masato" uniqKey="Hatta M" first="Masato" last="Hatta">Masato Hatta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, Chengjun" sort="Li, Chengjun" uniqKey="Li C" first="Chengjun" last="Li">Chengjun Li</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neumann, Gabriele" sort="Neumann, Gabriele" uniqKey="Neumann G" first="Gabriele" last="Neumann">Gabriele Neumann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ozawa, Makoto" sort="Ozawa, Makoto" uniqKey="Ozawa M" first="Makoto" last="Ozawa">Makoto Ozawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hanson, Anthony" sort="Hanson, Anthony" uniqKey="Hanson A" first="Anthony" last="Hanson">Anthony Hanson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhong, Gongxun" sort="Zhong, Gongxun" uniqKey="Zhong G" first="Gongxun" last="Zhong">Gongxun Zhong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fukuyama, Satoshi" sort="Fukuyama, Satoshi" uniqKey="Fukuyama S" first="Satoshi" last="Fukuyama">Satoshi Fukuyama</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawakami, Eiryo" sort="Kawakami, Eiryo" uniqKey="Kawakami E" first="Eiryo" last="Kawakami">Eiryo Kawakami</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simmons, Heather A" sort="Simmons, Heather A" uniqKey="Simmons H" first="Heather A." last="Simmons">Heather A. Simmons</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schenkman, Daniel" sort="Schenkman, Daniel" uniqKey="Schenkman D" first="Daniel" last="Schenkman">Daniel Schenkman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brunner, Kevin" sort="Brunner, Kevin" uniqKey="Brunner K" first="Kevin" last="Brunner">Kevin Brunner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Capuano, Saverio V" sort="Capuano, Saverio V" uniqKey="Capuano S" first="Saverio V." last="Capuano">Saverio V. Capuano</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weinfurter, Jason T" sort="Weinfurter, Jason T" uniqKey="Weinfurter J" first="Jason T." last="Weinfurter">Jason T. Weinfurter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kilander, Anette" sort="Kilander, Anette" uniqKey="Kilander A" first="Anette" last="Kilander">Anette Kilander</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dudman, Susanne G" sort="Dudman, Susanne G" uniqKey="Dudman S" first="Susanne G." last="Dudman">Susanne G. Dudman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suresh, M" sort="Suresh, M" uniqKey="Suresh M" first="M." last="Suresh">M. Suresh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hungnes, Olav" sort="Hungnes, Olav" uniqKey="Hungnes O" first="Olav" last="Hungnes">Olav Hungnes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Friedrich, Thomas C" sort="Friedrich, Thomas C" uniqKey="Friedrich T" first="Thomas C." last="Friedrich">Thomas C. Friedrich</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" sort="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y" first="Yoshihiro" last="Kawaoka">Yoshihiro Kawaoka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="province">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hyogo</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="province">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
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<idno type="pmid">22718834</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3416174</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3416174</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3416174</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1128/JVI.01214-12</idno>
<date when="2012">2012</date>
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<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Characterization
<italic>In Vitro</italic>
and
<italic>In Vivo</italic>
of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Patients</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Watanabe, Tokiko" sort="Watanabe, Tokiko" uniqKey="Watanabe T" first="Tokiko" last="Watanabe">Tokiko Watanabe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Imai, Masaki" sort="Imai, Masaki" uniqKey="Imai M" first="Masaki" last="Imai">Masaki Imai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Watanabe, Shinji" sort="Watanabe, Shinji" uniqKey="Watanabe S" first="Shinji" last="Watanabe">Shinji Watanabe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shinya, Kyoko" sort="Shinya, Kyoko" uniqKey="Shinya K" first="Kyoko" last="Shinya">Kyoko Shinya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hyogo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hatta, Masato" sort="Hatta, Masato" uniqKey="Hatta M" first="Masato" last="Hatta">Masato Hatta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, Chengjun" sort="Li, Chengjun" uniqKey="Li C" first="Chengjun" last="Li">Chengjun Li</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neumann, Gabriele" sort="Neumann, Gabriele" uniqKey="Neumann G" first="Gabriele" last="Neumann">Gabriele Neumann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ozawa, Makoto" sort="Ozawa, Makoto" uniqKey="Ozawa M" first="Makoto" last="Ozawa">Makoto Ozawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hanson, Anthony" sort="Hanson, Anthony" uniqKey="Hanson A" first="Anthony" last="Hanson">Anthony Hanson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhong, Gongxun" sort="Zhong, Gongxun" uniqKey="Zhong G" first="Gongxun" last="Zhong">Gongxun Zhong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fukuyama, Satoshi" sort="Fukuyama, Satoshi" uniqKey="Fukuyama S" first="Satoshi" last="Fukuyama">Satoshi Fukuyama</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawakami, Eiryo" sort="Kawakami, Eiryo" uniqKey="Kawakami E" first="Eiryo" last="Kawakami">Eiryo Kawakami</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simmons, Heather A" sort="Simmons, Heather A" uniqKey="Simmons H" first="Heather A." last="Simmons">Heather A. Simmons</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schenkman, Daniel" sort="Schenkman, Daniel" uniqKey="Schenkman D" first="Daniel" last="Schenkman">Daniel Schenkman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brunner, Kevin" sort="Brunner, Kevin" uniqKey="Brunner K" first="Kevin" last="Brunner">Kevin Brunner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Capuano, Saverio V" sort="Capuano, Saverio V" uniqKey="Capuano S" first="Saverio V." last="Capuano">Saverio V. Capuano</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weinfurter, Jason T" sort="Weinfurter, Jason T" uniqKey="Weinfurter J" first="Jason T." last="Weinfurter">Jason T. Weinfurter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kilander, Anette" sort="Kilander, Anette" uniqKey="Kilander A" first="Anette" last="Kilander">Anette Kilander</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dudman, Susanne G" sort="Dudman, Susanne G" uniqKey="Dudman S" first="Susanne G." last="Dudman">Susanne G. Dudman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suresh, M" sort="Suresh, M" uniqKey="Suresh M" first="M." last="Suresh">M. Suresh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hungnes, Olav" sort="Hungnes, Olav" uniqKey="Hungnes O" first="Olav" last="Hungnes">Olav Hungnes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Friedrich, Thomas C" sort="Friedrich, Thomas C" uniqKey="Friedrich T" first="Thomas C." last="Friedrich">Thomas C. Friedrich</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" sort="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y" first="Yoshihiro" last="Kawaoka">Yoshihiro Kawaoka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saitama</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="province">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hyogo</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="province">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madison (Wisconsin)</settlement>
<region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Wisconsin à Madison</orgName>
</affiliation>
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<nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
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<p>The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was caused by novel H1N1 viruses that emerged in early 2009. Molecular evolutionary analyses of the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus revealed two major clusters, cluster I and cluster II. Although the pathogenicity of viruses belonging to cluster I, which became extinct by the end of 2009, has been examined in a nonhuman primate model, the pathogenic potential of viruses belonging to cluster II, which has spread more widely in the world, has not been studied in this animal model. Here, we characterized two Norwegian isolates belonging to cluster II, namely, A/Norway/3568/2009 (Norway3568) and A/Norway/3487-2/2009 (Norway3487), which caused distinct clinical symptoms, despite their genetic similarity. We observed more efficient replication in cultured cells and delayed virus clearance from ferret respiratory organs for Norway3487 virus, which was isolated from a severe case, compared with the efficiency of replication and time of clearance of Norway3568 virus, which was isolated from a mild case. Moreover, Norway3487 virus to some extent caused more severe lung damage in nonhuman primates than did Norway3568 virus. Our data suggest that the distinct replicative and pathogenic potentials of these two viruses may result from differences in their biological properties (e.g., the receptor-binding specificity of hemagglutinin and viral polymerase activity).</p>
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<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Ferrets</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics)</term>
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<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was caused by novel H1N1 viruses that emerged in early 2009. Molecular evolutionary analyses of the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus revealed two major clusters, cluster I and cluster II. Although the pathogenicity of viruses belonging to cluster I, which became extinct by the end of 2009, has been examined in a nonhuman primate model, the pathogenic potential of viruses belonging to cluster II, which has spread more widely in the world, has not been studied in this animal model. Here, we characterized two Norwegian isolates belonging to cluster II, namely, A/Norway/3568/2009 (Norway3568) and A/Norway/3487-2/2009 (Norway3487), which caused distinct clinical symptoms, despite their genetic similarity. We observed more efficient replication in cultured cells and delayed virus clearance from ferret respiratory organs for Norway3487 virus, which was isolated from a severe case, compared with the efficiency of replication and time of clearance of Norway3568 virus, which was isolated from a mild case. Moreover, Norway3487 virus to some extent caused more severe lung damage in nonhuman primates than did Norway3568 virus. Our data suggest that the distinct replicative and pathogenic potentials of these two viruses may result from differences in their biological properties (e.g., the receptor-binding specificity of hemagglutinin and viral polymerase activity).</div>
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