PandemieGrippaleV1, Ncbi, Merge, bibRecord, 001072

Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications ▿†

Identifieur interne : 001072 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001071; suivant : 001073

Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications ▿†

Auteurs : Alice Fusaro [Italie] ; Isabella Monne [Italie] ; Annalisa Salviato [Italie] ; Viviana Valastro [Italie] ; Alessia Schivo [Italie] ; Nadim Mukhles Amarin [Émirats arabes unis] ; Carlos Gonzalez [Mexique] ; Mahmoud Moussa Ismail [Égypte] ; Abdu-Rahman Al-Ankari ; Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi ; Owais Ahmed Khan [États-Unis] ; Ali Safar Maken Ali [Iran] ; Afshin Hedayati [Iran] ; Juan Garcia Garcia [Chili] ; Ghulam M. Ziay [Afghanistan] ; Abdolhamid Shoushtari [Iran] ; Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani [Qatar] ; Ilaria Capua [Italie] ; Edward C. Holmes [États-Unis] ; Giovanni Cattoli [Italie]

Source :

Journal of Virology [ 0022-538X ] ; 2011.

RBID : PMC:3147996

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, Asia, Central, Base Sequence, Drug Resistance, Viral (genetics), Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Variation, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (drug effects), Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (genetics), Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (pathogenicity), Influenza in Birds (epidemiology), Influenza in Birds (virology), Influenza, Human (epidemiology), Influenza, Human (virology), Middle East, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Poultry, Reassortant Viruses (drug effects), Reassortant Viruses (genetics), Reassortant Viruses (pathogenicity), Risk, Sequence Analysis, RNA.
MESH :
- geographic : Asia, Central, Middle East.
- drug effects : Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, Reassortant Viruses.
- epidemiology : Influenza in Birds, Influenza, Human.
- genetics : Drug Resistance, Viral, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, Reassortant Viruses.
- pathogenicity : Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, Reassortant Viruses.
- virology : Influenza in Birds, Influenza, Human.
- Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Variation, Humans, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Poultry, Risk, Sequence Analysis, RNA.

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have seriously affected the poultry industry of the Far and Middle East since the mid-1990s and are considered one of the most likely candidates to cause a new influenza pandemic in humans. To understand the genesis and epidemiology of these viruses, we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and cocirculating groups (A, B, C, and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter- and intrasubtype reassortments, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than migration between countries. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals, as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk to human health posed by these viruses.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3147996

DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00219-11
PubMed: 21680519
PubMed Central: 3147996

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PMC:3147996

Le document en format XML

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<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"><sup>▿</sup>
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<author><name sortKey="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" sort="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" uniqKey="Amarin N" first="Nadim Mukhles" last="Amarin">Nadim Mukhles Amarin</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Carlos" sort="Gonzalez, Carlos" uniqKey="Gonzalez C" first="Carlos" last="Gonzalez">Carlos Gonzalez</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" sort="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" uniqKey="Ismail M" first="Mahmoud Moussa" last="Ismail">Mahmoud Moussa Ismail</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City, Egypt</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" sort="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" uniqKey="Al Ankari A" first="Abdu-Rahman" last="Al-Ankari">Abdu-Rahman Al-Ankari</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" sort="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" uniqKey="Al Blowi M" first="Mohamed Hamad" last="Al-Blowi">Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Khan, Owais Ahmed" sort="Khan, Owais Ahmed" uniqKey="Khan O" first="Owais Ahmed" last="Khan">Owais Ahmed Khan</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" sort="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" uniqKey="Maken Ali A" first="Ali Safar" last="Maken Ali">Ali Safar Maken Ali</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Hedayati, Afshin" sort="Hedayati, Afshin" uniqKey="Hedayati A" first="Afshin" last="Hedayati">Afshin Hedayati</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Garcia Garcia, Juan" sort="Garcia Garcia, Juan" uniqKey="Garcia Garcia J" first="Juan" last="Garcia Garcia">Juan Garcia Garcia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Food and Agriculture Organization, Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Santiago, Chile</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Ziay, Ghulam M" sort="Ziay, Ghulam M" uniqKey="Ziay G" first="Ghulam M." last="Ziay">Ghulam M. Ziay</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" sort="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" uniqKey="Shoushtari A" first="Abdolhamid" last="Shoushtari">Abdolhamid Shoushtari</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" sort="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" uniqKey="Al Qahtani K" first="Kassem Nasser" last="Al Qahtani">Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park</wicri:cityArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</nlm:aff>
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<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:cityArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Cattoli, Giovanni" sort="Cattoli, Giovanni" uniqKey="Cattoli G" first="Giovanni" last="Cattoli">Giovanni Cattoli</name>
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<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"><sup>▿</sup>
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<author><name sortKey="Monne, Isabella" sort="Monne, Isabella" uniqKey="Monne I" first="Isabella" last="Monne">Isabella Monne</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Salviato, Annalisa" sort="Salviato, Annalisa" uniqKey="Salviato A" first="Annalisa" last="Salviato">Annalisa Salviato</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Valastro, Viviana" sort="Valastro, Viviana" uniqKey="Valastro V" first="Viviana" last="Valastro">Viviana Valastro</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Schivo, Alessia" sort="Schivo, Alessia" uniqKey="Schivo A" first="Alessia" last="Schivo">Alessia Schivo</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" sort="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" uniqKey="Amarin N" first="Nadim Mukhles" last="Amarin">Nadim Mukhles Amarin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Boehringer Ingelheim, Dubai, United Arab Emirates</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Émirats arabes unis</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Dubai</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Carlos" sort="Gonzalez, Carlos" uniqKey="Gonzalez C" first="Carlos" last="Gonzalez">Carlos Gonzalez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Boehringer Ingelheim, S.A de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Boehringer Ingelheim, S.A de C.V., Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" sort="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" uniqKey="Ismail M" first="Mahmoud Moussa" last="Ismail">Mahmoud Moussa Ismail</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City, Egypt</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Kafrelsheikh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" sort="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" uniqKey="Al Ankari A" first="Abdu-Rahman" last="Al-Ankari">Abdu-Rahman Al-Ankari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" sort="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" uniqKey="Al Blowi M" first="Mohamed Hamad" last="Al-Blowi">Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, Owais Ahmed" sort="Khan, Owais Ahmed" uniqKey="Khan O" first="Owais Ahmed" last="Khan">Owais Ahmed Khan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7">College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" sort="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" uniqKey="Maken Ali A" first="Ali Safar" last="Maken Ali">Ali Safar Maken Ali</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Iran Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Office of Animal Health, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Iran Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Office of Animal Health, Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hedayati, Afshin" sort="Hedayati, Afshin" uniqKey="Hedayati A" first="Afshin" last="Hedayati">Afshin Hedayati</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia Garcia, Juan" sort="Garcia Garcia, Juan" uniqKey="Garcia Garcia J" first="Juan" last="Garcia Garcia">Juan Garcia Garcia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Food and Agriculture Organization, Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Santiago, Chile</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Food and Agriculture Organization, Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziay, Ghulam M" sort="Ziay, Ghulam M" uniqKey="Ziay G" first="Ghulam M." last="Ziay">Ghulam M. Ziay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afghanistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Kabul</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" sort="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" uniqKey="Shoushtari A" first="Abdolhamid" last="Shoushtari">Abdolhamid Shoushtari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karaj</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" sort="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" uniqKey="Al Qahtani K" first="Kassem Nasser" last="Al Qahtani">Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Qatar</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Environment, Doha</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Doha</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capua, Ilaria" sort="Capua, Ilaria" uniqKey="Capua I" first="Ilaria" last="Capua">Ilaria Capua</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C." last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cattoli, Giovanni" sort="Cattoli, Giovanni" uniqKey="Cattoli G" first="Giovanni" last="Cattoli">Giovanni Cattoli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Virology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno>
<imprint><date when="2011">2011</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Substitution</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Asia, Central</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Drug Resistance, Viral (genetics)</term>
<term>Evolution, Molecular</term>
<term>Genetic Variation</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (drug effects)</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (genetics)</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>Influenza in Birds (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Influenza in Birds (virology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term>
<term>Middle East</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Phylogeography</term>
<term>Poultry</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses (drug effects)</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses (genetics)</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>Risk</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, RNA</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ARN</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Asie centrale</term>
<term>Grippe chez les oiseaux (virologie)</term>
<term>Grippe chez les oiseaux (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Moyen Orient</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Phylogéographie</term>
<term>Risque</term>
<term>Résistance virale aux médicaments (génétique)</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A ()</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A (génétique)</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Substitution d'acide aminé</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Variation génétique</term>
<term>Virus recombinants ()</term>
<term>Virus recombinants (génétique)</term>
<term>Virus recombinants (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Volaille</term>
<term>Évolution moléculaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Asia, Central</term>
<term>Middle East</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza in Birds</term>
<term>Influenza, Human</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Resistance, Viral</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Résistance virale aux médicaments</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Virus recombinants</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Virus recombinants</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe chez les oiseaux</term>
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza in Birds</term>
<term>Influenza, Human</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe chez les oiseaux</term>
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Substitution</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Evolution, Molecular</term>
<term>Genetic Variation</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Phylogeography</term>
<term>Poultry</term>
<term>Risk</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, RNA</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ARN</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Asie centrale</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Moyen Orient</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Phylogéographie</term>
<term>Risque</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Substitution d'acide aminé</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Variation génétique</term>
<term>Virus recombinants</term>
<term>Volaille</term>
<term>Évolution moléculaire</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have seriously affected the poultry industry of the Far and Middle East since the mid-1990s and are considered one of the most likely candidates to cause a new influenza pandemic in humans. To understand the genesis and epidemiology of these viruses, we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and cocirculating groups (A, B, C, and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter- and intrasubtype reassortments, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than migration between countries. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals, as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk to human health posed by these viruses.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<double pmid="21680519"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"><sup>▿</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">†</xref>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fusaro, Alice" sort="Fusaro, Alice" uniqKey="Fusaro A" first="Alice" last="Fusaro">Alice Fusaro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monne, Isabella" sort="Monne, Isabella" uniqKey="Monne I" first="Isabella" last="Monne">Isabella Monne</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salviato, Annalisa" sort="Salviato, Annalisa" uniqKey="Salviato A" first="Annalisa" last="Salviato">Annalisa Salviato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valastro, Viviana" sort="Valastro, Viviana" uniqKey="Valastro V" first="Viviana" last="Valastro">Viviana Valastro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schivo, Alessia" sort="Schivo, Alessia" uniqKey="Schivo A" first="Alessia" last="Schivo">Alessia Schivo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" sort="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" uniqKey="Amarin N" first="Nadim Mukhles" last="Amarin">Nadim Mukhles Amarin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Boehringer Ingelheim, Dubai, United Arab Emirates</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Émirats arabes unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Boehringer Ingelheim, Dubai</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Dubai</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Carlos" sort="Gonzalez, Carlos" uniqKey="Gonzalez C" first="Carlos" last="Gonzalez">Carlos Gonzalez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Boehringer Ingelheim, S.A de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Boehringer Ingelheim, S.A de C.V., Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" sort="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" uniqKey="Ismail M" first="Mahmoud Moussa" last="Ismail">Mahmoud Moussa Ismail</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City, Egypt</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Kafrelsheikh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" sort="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" uniqKey="Al Ankari A" first="Abdu-Rahman" last="Al-Ankari">Abdu-Rahman Al-Ankari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" sort="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" uniqKey="Al Blowi M" first="Mohamed Hamad" last="Al-Blowi">Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, Owais Ahmed" sort="Khan, Owais Ahmed" uniqKey="Khan O" first="Owais Ahmed" last="Khan">Owais Ahmed Khan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7">College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" sort="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" uniqKey="Maken Ali A" first="Ali Safar" last="Maken Ali">Ali Safar Maken Ali</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Iran Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Office of Animal Health, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Iran Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Office of Animal Health, Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hedayati, Afshin" sort="Hedayati, Afshin" uniqKey="Hedayati A" first="Afshin" last="Hedayati">Afshin Hedayati</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia Garcia, Juan" sort="Garcia Garcia, Juan" uniqKey="Garcia Garcia J" first="Juan" last="Garcia Garcia">Juan Garcia Garcia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Food and Agriculture Organization, Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Santiago, Chile</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Food and Agriculture Organization, Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziay, Ghulam M" sort="Ziay, Ghulam M" uniqKey="Ziay G" first="Ghulam M." last="Ziay">Ghulam M. Ziay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afghanistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Kabul</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" sort="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" uniqKey="Shoushtari A" first="Abdolhamid" last="Shoushtari">Abdolhamid Shoushtari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karaj</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" sort="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" uniqKey="Al Qahtani K" first="Kassem Nasser" last="Al Qahtani">Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Qatar</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Environment, Doha</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Doha</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capua, Ilaria" sort="Capua, Ilaria" uniqKey="Capua I" first="Ilaria" last="Capua">Ilaria Capua</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C." last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cattoli, Giovanni" sort="Cattoli, Giovanni" uniqKey="Cattoli G" first="Giovanni" last="Cattoli">Giovanni Cattoli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">21680519</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3147996</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3147996</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3147996</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1128/JVI.00219-11</idno>
<date when="2011">2011</date>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000834</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000834</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"><sup>▿</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">†</xref>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fusaro, Alice" sort="Fusaro, Alice" uniqKey="Fusaro A" first="Alice" last="Fusaro">Alice Fusaro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monne, Isabella" sort="Monne, Isabella" uniqKey="Monne I" first="Isabella" last="Monne">Isabella Monne</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salviato, Annalisa" sort="Salviato, Annalisa" uniqKey="Salviato A" first="Annalisa" last="Salviato">Annalisa Salviato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valastro, Viviana" sort="Valastro, Viviana" uniqKey="Valastro V" first="Viviana" last="Valastro">Viviana Valastro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schivo, Alessia" sort="Schivo, Alessia" uniqKey="Schivo A" first="Alessia" last="Schivo">Alessia Schivo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" sort="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" uniqKey="Amarin N" first="Nadim Mukhles" last="Amarin">Nadim Mukhles Amarin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Boehringer Ingelheim, Dubai, United Arab Emirates</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Émirats arabes unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Boehringer Ingelheim, Dubai</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Dubai</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Carlos" sort="Gonzalez, Carlos" uniqKey="Gonzalez C" first="Carlos" last="Gonzalez">Carlos Gonzalez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Boehringer Ingelheim, S.A de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Boehringer Ingelheim, S.A de C.V., Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" sort="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" uniqKey="Ismail M" first="Mahmoud Moussa" last="Ismail">Mahmoud Moussa Ismail</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City, Egypt</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Kafrelsheikh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" sort="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" uniqKey="Al Ankari A" first="Abdu-Rahman" last="Al-Ankari">Abdu-Rahman Al-Ankari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" sort="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" uniqKey="Al Blowi M" first="Mohamed Hamad" last="Al-Blowi">Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, Owais Ahmed" sort="Khan, Owais Ahmed" uniqKey="Khan O" first="Owais Ahmed" last="Khan">Owais Ahmed Khan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7">College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" sort="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" uniqKey="Maken Ali A" first="Ali Safar" last="Maken Ali">Ali Safar Maken Ali</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Iran Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Office of Animal Health, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Iran Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Office of Animal Health, Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hedayati, Afshin" sort="Hedayati, Afshin" uniqKey="Hedayati A" first="Afshin" last="Hedayati">Afshin Hedayati</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia Garcia, Juan" sort="Garcia Garcia, Juan" uniqKey="Garcia Garcia J" first="Juan" last="Garcia Garcia">Juan Garcia Garcia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Food and Agriculture Organization, Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Santiago, Chile</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Food and Agriculture Organization, Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziay, Ghulam M" sort="Ziay, Ghulam M" uniqKey="Ziay G" first="Ghulam M." last="Ziay">Ghulam M. Ziay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afghanistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Kabul</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" sort="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" uniqKey="Shoushtari A" first="Abdolhamid" last="Shoushtari">Abdolhamid Shoushtari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karaj</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" sort="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" uniqKey="Al Qahtani K" first="Kassem Nasser" last="Al Qahtani">Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Qatar</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Environment, Doha</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Doha</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capua, Ilaria" sort="Capua, Ilaria" uniqKey="Capua I" first="Ilaria" last="Capua">Ilaria Capua</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C." last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cattoli, Giovanni" sort="Cattoli, Giovanni" uniqKey="Cattoli G" first="Giovanni" last="Cattoli">Giovanni Cattoli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Virology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno>
<imprint><date when="2011">2011</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
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<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have seriously affected the poultry industry of the Far and Middle East since the mid-1990s and are considered one of the most likely candidates to cause a new influenza pandemic in humans. To understand the genesis and epidemiology of these viruses, we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and cocirculating groups (A, B, C, and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter- and intrasubtype reassortments, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than migration between countries. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals, as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk to human health posed by these viruses.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</pmc>
<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Phylogeography and evolutionary history of reassortant H9N2 viruses with potential human health implications.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fusaro, Alice" sort="Fusaro, Alice" uniqKey="Fusaro A" first="Alice" last="Fusaro">Alice Fusaro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy. afusaro@izsvenezie.it</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monne, Isabella" sort="Monne, Isabella" uniqKey="Monne I" first="Isabella" last="Monne">Isabella Monne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salviato, Annalisa" sort="Salviato, Annalisa" uniqKey="Salviato A" first="Annalisa" last="Salviato">Annalisa Salviato</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valastro, Viviana" sort="Valastro, Viviana" uniqKey="Valastro V" first="Viviana" last="Valastro">Viviana Valastro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schivo, Alessia" sort="Schivo, Alessia" uniqKey="Schivo A" first="Alessia" last="Schivo">Alessia Schivo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" sort="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" uniqKey="Amarin N" first="Nadim Mukhles" last="Amarin">Nadim Mukhles Amarin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Carlos" sort="Gonzalez, Carlos" uniqKey="Gonzalez C" first="Carlos" last="Gonzalez">Carlos Gonzalez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" sort="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" uniqKey="Ismail M" first="Mahmoud Moussa" last="Ismail">Mahmoud Moussa Ismail</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" sort="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" uniqKey="Al Ankari A" first="Abdu-Rahman" last="Al-Ankari">Abdu-Rahman Al-Ankari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" sort="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" uniqKey="Al Blowi M" first="Mohamed Hamad" last="Al-Blowi">Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, Owais Ahmed" sort="Khan, Owais Ahmed" uniqKey="Khan O" first="Owais Ahmed" last="Khan">Owais Ahmed Khan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" sort="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" uniqKey="Maken Ali A" first="Ali Safar" last="Maken Ali">Ali Safar Maken Ali</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hedayati, Afshin" sort="Hedayati, Afshin" uniqKey="Hedayati A" first="Afshin" last="Hedayati">Afshin Hedayati</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia Garcia, Juan" sort="Garcia Garcia, Juan" uniqKey="Garcia Garcia J" first="Juan" last="Garcia Garcia">Juan Garcia Garcia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziay, Ghulam M" sort="Ziay, Ghulam M" uniqKey="Ziay G" first="Ghulam M" last="Ziay">Ghulam M. Ziay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" sort="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" uniqKey="Shoushtari A" first="Abdolhamid" last="Shoushtari">Abdolhamid Shoushtari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" sort="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" uniqKey="Al Qahtani K" first="Kassem Nasser" last="Al Qahtani">Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capua, Ilaria" sort="Capua, Ilaria" uniqKey="Capua I" first="Ilaria" last="Capua">Ilaria Capua</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cattoli, Giovanni" sort="Cattoli, Giovanni" uniqKey="Cattoli G" first="Giovanni" last="Cattoli">Giovanni Cattoli</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2011">2011</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:21680519</idno>
<idno type="pmid">21680519</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1128/JVI.00219-11</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Phylogeography and evolutionary history of reassortant H9N2 viruses with potential human health implications.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fusaro, Alice" sort="Fusaro, Alice" uniqKey="Fusaro A" first="Alice" last="Fusaro">Alice Fusaro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy. afusaro@izsvenezie.it</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monne, Isabella" sort="Monne, Isabella" uniqKey="Monne I" first="Isabella" last="Monne">Isabella Monne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salviato, Annalisa" sort="Salviato, Annalisa" uniqKey="Salviato A" first="Annalisa" last="Salviato">Annalisa Salviato</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valastro, Viviana" sort="Valastro, Viviana" uniqKey="Valastro V" first="Viviana" last="Valastro">Viviana Valastro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schivo, Alessia" sort="Schivo, Alessia" uniqKey="Schivo A" first="Alessia" last="Schivo">Alessia Schivo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" sort="Amarin, Nadim Mukhles" uniqKey="Amarin N" first="Nadim Mukhles" last="Amarin">Nadim Mukhles Amarin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Carlos" sort="Gonzalez, Carlos" uniqKey="Gonzalez C" first="Carlos" last="Gonzalez">Carlos Gonzalez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" sort="Ismail, Mahmoud Moussa" uniqKey="Ismail M" first="Mahmoud Moussa" last="Ismail">Mahmoud Moussa Ismail</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" sort="Al Ankari, Abdu Rahman" uniqKey="Al Ankari A" first="Abdu-Rahman" last="Al-Ankari">Abdu-Rahman Al-Ankari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" sort="Al Blowi, Mohamed Hamad" uniqKey="Al Blowi M" first="Mohamed Hamad" last="Al-Blowi">Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, Owais Ahmed" sort="Khan, Owais Ahmed" uniqKey="Khan O" first="Owais Ahmed" last="Khan">Owais Ahmed Khan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" sort="Maken Ali, Ali Safar" uniqKey="Maken Ali A" first="Ali Safar" last="Maken Ali">Ali Safar Maken Ali</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hedayati, Afshin" sort="Hedayati, Afshin" uniqKey="Hedayati A" first="Afshin" last="Hedayati">Afshin Hedayati</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia Garcia, Juan" sort="Garcia Garcia, Juan" uniqKey="Garcia Garcia J" first="Juan" last="Garcia Garcia">Juan Garcia Garcia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziay, Ghulam M" sort="Ziay, Ghulam M" uniqKey="Ziay G" first="Ghulam M" last="Ziay">Ghulam M. Ziay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" sort="Shoushtari, Abdolhamid" uniqKey="Shoushtari A" first="Abdolhamid" last="Shoushtari">Abdolhamid Shoushtari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" sort="Al Qahtani, Kassem Nasser" uniqKey="Al Qahtani K" first="Kassem Nasser" last="Al Qahtani">Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capua, Ilaria" sort="Capua, Ilaria" uniqKey="Capua I" first="Ilaria" last="Capua">Ilaria Capua</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cattoli, Giovanni" sort="Cattoli, Giovanni" uniqKey="Cattoli G" first="Giovanni" last="Cattoli">Giovanni Cattoli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of virology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno>
<imprint><date when="2011" type="published">2011</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Substitution</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Asia, Central</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Drug Resistance, Viral (genetics)</term>
<term>Evolution, Molecular</term>
<term>Genetic Variation</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (drug effects)</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (genetics)</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>Influenza in Birds (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Influenza in Birds (virology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term>
<term>Middle East</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Phylogeography</term>
<term>Poultry</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses (drug effects)</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses (genetics)</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>Risk</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, RNA</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ARN</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Asie centrale</term>
<term>Grippe chez les oiseaux (virologie)</term>
<term>Grippe chez les oiseaux (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Moyen Orient</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Phylogéographie</term>
<term>Risque</term>
<term>Résistance virale aux médicaments (génétique)</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A ()</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A (génétique)</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Substitution d'acide aminé</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Variation génétique</term>
<term>Virus recombinants ()</term>
<term>Virus recombinants (génétique)</term>
<term>Virus recombinants (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Volaille</term>
<term>Évolution moléculaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Asia, Central</term>
<term>Middle East</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza in Birds</term>
<term>Influenza, Human</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Resistance, Viral</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Résistance virale aux médicaments</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Virus recombinants</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype</term>
<term>Reassortant Viruses</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Virus recombinants</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe chez les oiseaux</term>
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza in Birds</term>
<term>Influenza, Human</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe chez les oiseaux</term>
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Substitution</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Evolution, Molecular</term>
<term>Genetic Variation</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Phylogeography</term>
<term>Poultry</term>
<term>Risk</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, RNA</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de séquence d'ARN</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Asie centrale</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Moyen Orient</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Phylogéographie</term>
<term>Risque</term>
<term>Sous-type H9N2 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Substitution d'acide aminé</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Variation génétique</term>
<term>Virus recombinants</term>
<term>Volaille</term>
<term>Évolution moléculaire</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have seriously affected the poultry industry of the Far and Middle East since the mid-1990s and are considered one of the most likely candidates to cause a new influenza pandemic in humans. To understand the genesis and epidemiology of these viruses, we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and cocirculating groups (A, B, C, and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter- and intrasubtype reassortments, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than migration between countries. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals, as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk to human health posed by these viruses.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</pubmed>
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Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications ▿†

Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications ▿†

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