Differential Immune Profiles in Two Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Waves at Pandemic Epicenter
Identifieur interne : 000B90 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000B89; suivant : 000B91Differential Immune Profiles in Two Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Waves at Pandemic Epicenter
Auteurs : Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano [Mexique] ; Eduardo Ferat-Osorio [Mexique] ; Gabriela Rodríguez-Abrego [Mexique] ; Ismael Mancilla-Herrera [Mexique] ; Esteban Domínguez-Cerezo [Mexique] ; Nuriban Valero-Pacheco [Mexique] ; Marisol Pérez-Toledo [Mexique] ; Fernando Lozano-Pati O [Mexique] ; Fernando Laredo-Sánchez [Mexique] ; José Malag N-Rangel [Mexique] ; Haiko Nellen-Hummel [Mexique] ; César González-Bonilla [Mexique] ; Gabriel Arteaga-Troncoso [Mexique] ; Arturo Cérbulo-Vázquez [Mexique] ; Rodolfo Pastelin-Palacios [Mexique] ; Paul Klenerman [Royaume-Uni] ; Armando Isibasi [Mexique] ; Constantino L Pez-Macías [Mexique, Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Archives of Medical Research [ 0188-4409 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Activation des lymphocytes (immunologie), Adolescent, Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Antigènes CD (biosynthèse), Antigènes de différenciation des lymphocytes T (biosynthèse), Femelle, Glycoprotéines membranaires (biosynthèse), Granulocytes neutrophiles (immunologie), Grippe humaine (immunologie), Grippe humaine (virologie), Humains, Interleukine-10 (immunologie), Interleukine-10 (sang), Interleukine-4 (immunologie), Interleukine-4 (sang), Interleukine-6 (immunologie), Interleukine-6 (sang), Jeune adulte, Lectines de type C (biosynthèse), Lymphocytes T auxiliaires (immunologie), Lymphocytes T cytotoxiques (immunologie), Marqueurs biologiques, Monocytes (immunologie), Mâle, Numération des lymphocytes CD4, Pandémies, Récepteurs immunologiques (biosynthèse), Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie), Sujet âgé, Sélectine L (biosynthèse).
- MESH :
- biosynthèse : Antigènes CD, Antigènes de différenciation des lymphocytes T, Glycoprotéines membranaires, Lectines de type C, Récepteurs immunologiques, Sélectine L.
- immunologie : Activation des lymphocytes, Granulocytes neutrophiles, Grippe humaine, Interleukine-10, Interleukine-4, Interleukine-6, Lymphocytes T auxiliaires, Lymphocytes T cytotoxiques, Monocytes, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A.
- sang : Interleukine-10, Interleukine-4, Interleukine-6.
- virologie : Grippe humaine.
- Adolescent, Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Femelle, Humains, Jeune adulte, Marqueurs biologiques, Mâle, Numération des lymphocytes CD4, Pandémies, Sujet âgé.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antigens, CD (biosynthesis), Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte (biosynthesis), Biomarkers, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Female, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology), Influenza, Human (immunology), Influenza, Human (virology), Interleukin-10 (blood), Interleukin-10 (immunology), Interleukin-4 (blood), Interleukin-4 (immunology), Interleukin-6 (blood), Interleukin-6 (immunology), L-Selectin (biosynthesis), Lectins, C-Type (biosynthesis), Lymphocyte Activation (immunology), Male, Membrane Glycoproteins (biosynthesis), Middle Aged, Monocytes (immunology), Neutrophils (immunology), Pandemics, Receptors, Immunologic (biosynthesis), T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic (immunology), T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer (immunology), Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1, Young Adult.
- MESH :
- chemical , biosynthesis : Antigens, CD, Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte, L-Selectin, Lectins, C-Type, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Immunologic.
- chemical , blood : Interleukin-10, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-6.
- immunology : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza, Human, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-6, Lymphocyte Activation, Monocytes, Neutrophils, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer.
- virology : Influenza, Human.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Biomarkers, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1, Young Adult.
Abstract
Severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus infection cases are characterized by sustained immune activation during influenza pandemics. Seasonal flu data suggest that immune mediators could be modified by wave-related changes. Our aim was to determine the behavior of soluble and cell-related mediators in two waves at the epicenter of the 2009 influenza pandemic.
Leukocyte surface activation markers were studied in serum from peripheral blood samples, collected from the 1st (April–May, 2009) and 2nd (October 2009–February 2010) pandemic waves. Patients with confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus infection (H1N1), influenza-like illness (ILI) or healthy donors (H) were analyzed.
Serum IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were elevated in H1N1 patients from the 2nd pandemic wave. Additionally, the frequency of helper and cytotoxic T cells was reduced during the 1st wave, whereas CD69 expression in helper T cells was increased in the 2nd wave for both H1N1 and ILI patients. In contrast, CD62L expression in granulocytes from the ILI group was increased in both waves but in monocytes only in the 2nd wave. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM)-1 expression was elevated only in H1N1 patients at the 1st wave.
Our results show that during the 2009 influenza pandemic a T cell activation phenotype is observed in a wave-dependent fashion, with an expanded activation in the 2nd wave, compared to the 1st wave. Conversely, granulocyte and monocyte activation is infection-dependent. This evidence collected at the pandemic epicenter in 2009 could help us understand the differences in the underlying cellular mechanisms that drive the wave-related immune profile behaviors that occur against influenza viruses during pandemics.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.12.003
PubMed: 26696552
PubMed Central: 4914610
Affiliations:
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Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="L Pez Macias, Constantino" sort="L Pez Macias, Constantino" uniqKey="L Pez Macias C" first="Constantino" last="L Pez-Macías">Constantino L Pez-Macías</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Visiting Professor of Immunology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Differential Immune Profiles in Two Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Waves at Pandemic Epicenter</title>
<author><name sortKey="Arriaga Pizano, Lourdes" sort="Arriaga Pizano, Lourdes" uniqKey="Arriaga Pizano L" first="Lourdes" last="Arriaga-Pizano">Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ferat Osorio, Eduardo" sort="Ferat Osorio, Eduardo" uniqKey="Ferat Osorio E" first="Eduardo" last="Ferat-Osorio">Eduardo Ferat-Osorio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Gastrointestinal Surgery Service, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Gastrointestinal Surgery Service, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Abrego, Gabriela" sort="Rodriguez Abrego, Gabriela" uniqKey="Rodriguez Abrego G" first="Gabriela" last="Rodríguez-Abrego">Gabriela Rodríguez-Abrego</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mancilla Herrera, Ismael" sort="Mancilla Herrera, Ismael" uniqKey="Mancilla Herrera I" first="Ismael" last="Mancilla-Herrera">Ismael Mancilla-Herrera</name>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dominguez Cerezo, Esteban" sort="Dominguez Cerezo, Esteban" uniqKey="Dominguez Cerezo E" first="Esteban" last="Domínguez-Cerezo">Esteban Domínguez-Cerezo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valero Pacheco, Nuriban" sort="Valero Pacheco, Nuriban" uniqKey="Valero Pacheco N" first="Nuriban" last="Valero-Pacheco">Nuriban Valero-Pacheco</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perez Toledo, Marisol" sort="Perez Toledo, Marisol" uniqKey="Perez Toledo M" first="Marisol" last="Pérez-Toledo">Marisol Pérez-Toledo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lozano Pati O, Fernando" sort="Lozano Pati O, Fernando" uniqKey="Lozano Pati O F" first="Fernando" last="Lozano-Pati O">Fernando Lozano-Pati O</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laredo Sanchez, Fernando" sort="Laredo Sanchez, Fernando" uniqKey="Laredo Sanchez F" first="Fernando" last="Laredo-Sánchez">Fernando Laredo-Sánchez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Malag N Rangel, Jose" sort="Malag N Rangel, Jose" uniqKey="Malag N Rangel J" first="José" last="Malag N-Rangel">José Malag N-Rangel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nellen Hummel, Haiko" sort="Nellen Hummel, Haiko" uniqKey="Nellen Hummel H" first="Haiko" last="Nellen-Hummel">Haiko Nellen-Hummel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Bonilla, Cesar" sort="Gonzalez Bonilla, Cesar" uniqKey="Gonzalez Bonilla C" first="César" last="González-Bonilla">César González-Bonilla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Unit for Epidemiological Surveillance, National Medical Center La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unit for Epidemiological Surveillance, National Medical Center La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arteaga Troncoso, Gabriel" sort="Arteaga Troncoso, Gabriel" uniqKey="Arteaga Troncoso G" first="Gabriel" last="Arteaga-Troncoso">Gabriel Arteaga-Troncoso</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Cellular Biology department, National Institute of Perinatology, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cellular Biology department, National Institute of Perinatology, SSA, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cerbulo Vazquez, Arturo" sort="Cerbulo Vazquez, Arturo" uniqKey="Cerbulo Vazquez A" first="Arturo" last="Cérbulo-Vázquez">Arturo Cérbulo-Vázquez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Education and Research Division, Woman's Hospital, Health Ministry, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Education and Research Division, Woman's Hospital, Health Ministry, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pastelin Palacios, Rodolfo" sort="Pastelin Palacios, Rodolfo" uniqKey="Pastelin Palacios R" first="Rodolfo" last="Pastelin-Palacios">Rodolfo Pastelin-Palacios</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klenerman, Paul" sort="Klenerman, Paul" uniqKey="Klenerman P" first="Paul" last="Klenerman">Paul Klenerman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford Martin School, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford Martin School, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Isibasi, Armando" sort="Isibasi, Armando" uniqKey="Isibasi A" first="Armando" last="Isibasi">Armando Isibasi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="L Pez Macias, Constantino" sort="L Pez Macias, Constantino" uniqKey="L Pez Macias C" first="Constantino" last="L Pez-Macías">Constantino L Pez-Macías</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Visiting Professor of Immunology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Visiting Professor of Immunology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
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<series><title level="j">Archives of Medical Research</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0188-4409</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1873-5487</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<term>Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte (biosynthesis)</term>
<term>Biomarkers</term>
<term>CD4 Lymphocyte Count</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term>
<term>Interleukin-10 (blood)</term>
<term>Interleukin-10 (immunology)</term>
<term>Interleukin-4 (blood)</term>
<term>Interleukin-4 (immunology)</term>
<term>Interleukin-6 (blood)</term>
<term>Interleukin-6 (immunology)</term>
<term>L-Selectin (biosynthesis)</term>
<term>Lectins, C-Type (biosynthesis)</term>
<term>Lymphocyte Activation (immunology)</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Membrane Glycoproteins (biosynthesis)</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Monocytes (immunology)</term>
<term>Neutrophils (immunology)</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>Receptors, Immunologic (biosynthesis)</term>
<term>T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic (immunology)</term>
<term>T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer (immunology)</term>
<term>Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Activation des lymphocytes (immunologie)</term>
<term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adulte</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
<term>Antigènes CD (biosynthèse)</term>
<term>Antigènes de différenciation des lymphocytes T (biosynthèse)</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Glycoprotéines membranaires (biosynthèse)</term>
<term>Granulocytes neutrophiles (immunologie)</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (immunologie)</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
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<term>Interleukine-4 (sang)</term>
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<term>Jeune adulte</term>
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<term>Lectins, C-Type</term>
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<term>Receptors, Immunologic</term>
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<term>Interleukin-4</term>
<term>Interleukin-6</term>
<term>Lymphocyte Activation</term>
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<term>Neutrophils</term>
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<term>T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer</term>
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<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background and Aims</title>
<p>Severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus infection cases are characterized by sustained immune activation during influenza pandemics. Seasonal flu data suggest that immune mediators could be modified by wave-related changes. Our aim was to determine the behavior of soluble and cell-related mediators in two waves at the epicenter of the 2009 influenza pandemic.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>Leukocyte surface activation markers were studied in serum from peripheral blood samples, collected from the 1<sup>st</sup>
(April–May, 2009) and 2<sup>nd</sup>
(October 2009–February 2010) pandemic waves. Patients with confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus infection (H1N1), influenza-like illness (ILI) or healthy donors (H) were analyzed.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Serum IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were elevated in H1N1 patients from the 2<sup>nd</sup>
pandemic wave. Additionally, the frequency of helper and cytotoxic T cells was reduced during the 1<sup>st</sup>
wave, whereas CD69 expression in helper T cells was increased in the 2<sup>nd</sup>
wave for both H1N1 and ILI patients. In contrast, CD62L expression in granulocytes from the ILI group was increased in both waves but in monocytes only in the 2<sup>nd</sup>
wave. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM)-1 expression was elevated only in H1N1 patients at the 1<sup>st</sup>
wave.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Our results show that during the 2009 influenza pandemic a T cell activation phenotype is observed in a wave-dependent fashion, with an expanded activation in the 2<sup>nd</sup>
wave, compared to the 1<sup>st</sup>
wave. Conversely, granulocyte and monocyte activation is infection-dependent. This evidence collected at the pandemic epicenter in 2009 could help us understand the differences in the underlying cellular mechanisms that drive the wave-related immune profile behaviors that occur against influenza viruses during pandemics.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<name sortKey="Laredo Sanchez, Fernando" sort="Laredo Sanchez, Fernando" uniqKey="Laredo Sanchez F" first="Fernando" last="Laredo-Sánchez">Fernando Laredo-Sánchez</name>
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