I Political Science : Method and Theory Science Politique : Méthodes Et Théories
Identifieur interne : 002537 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002536; suivant : 002538I Political Science : Method and Theory Science Politique : Méthodes Et Théories
Auteurs :Source :
- International Political Science Abstracts [ 0020-8345 ] ; 2007-12.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Abstr, Accountability, American journal, Arnaud mercier, Article challenges, Article deals, Authoritarian rule, Autonomous subject, Average power, Behaviorist psychology, Better understanding, Block innovation, Broad range, Business community, Capital penalty, Case study, Causal inference, Causal mechanisms, Central bank, Central bank fragmentation effect, Cheap signals, Citizenship, Civil conflict, Civil participation, Civil society, Civil wars, Civil wars june, Climate change, Cognitive psychology, Collective action problems, Common development, Common market, Communication technologies, Comparative analysis, Comparative study, Compensation hypothesis, Complementarity, Conflict resolution, Conflict resolution june, Conflicts objection, Constellations sept, Constitutional exchange, Constructivism, Constructivist, Contemporary staples state, Contingency model, Conventional wisdom, Corrupt gains, Costly signals, Critical appraisal, Critical review, Critical theory, Critique, Cultural production, Decision task, Deliberation, Deliberative democracy, Democracy, Democratic accountability, Democratic breakdown, Democratic consolidation, Democratic government, Democratic institutions, Democratic legitimacy, Democratic peace theory, Democratic performance, Democratic politics, Democratic practices, Democratic process, Democratic states, Democratic values, Democratization, Democratization june, Determinant, Different aspects, Different contexts, Different types, Different varieties, Different ways, Domestic politics, East asia, East timor, Ecological, Ecological anarchism, Ecological citizenship, Economic development, Economic growth, Economic rights, Economic theory, Educational expenditures, Election programs, Electoral politics, Electoral reform, Electoral reforms, Electoral studies march, Electoral system, Electoral systems, Emergence, Empirical analysis, Empirical evidence, Empirical implications, Enigmatic institution, Environmental activism, Environmental politics june, Equilibrium outcome, Estudios, Ethical consumption, European integration, European journal, European security, European studies, Event reading, Experimental analysis, Experimental results, Expert survey, Expert surveys, External risk, External validity, Fair trade, Financial reforms, First article, First claim, Foreign policies, Foreign policy, Formal analysis, Formal consciousness model, Formal model, French revolution, Fundamental freedoms, Future persons, Future research, Gender, Gender reform, Gender regimes, Genocide, Geographic distance, Global, Global city, Global events, Global governance, Global level, Global society, Global terrorism, Global theory, Globalization, Globalization strategies, Good governance, Good institutions, Governance, Government policy outputs, Government size, Great power, Great powers, Greater efficiency, Haitian flight, High levels, Historical perspective, Homo loquens, Human behavior, Human beings, Human nature, Human right, Human rights, Human rights conditions, Human rights discourse, Human rights review, Human security, Humanitarian intervention, Independent entities, Independent variables, Individual autonomy, Individual preferences, Inequality, Institutional, Institutional change, Institutional constraints, Institutional features, Institutional legacies, Insurgency, Intellectual property rights, Interest group influence, Interest groups, Intergenerational justice, International affairs, International assistance, International community, International conflict, International events, International friendship, International institutions, International journal, International lawyers, International level, International negotiation, International norms, International organization winter, International organizations, International politics, International politics scholars, International relations, International relations theory, International society, International studies, International studies review spring, International system, Internationale, James hardie, July, June, Kate macdonald, Knowledge politics, Kristian skrede, Latin america, Legislative performance, Legislative process, Legislative studies, Legitimacy, Leviathan march, Liberal peace, Liberal rights, Limited conflicts, Little research, Manifesto, Many worlds, Market mechanism, Market relationship, Mass communication, Mass media, Member states, Methodology, Military expenditures, Military strength, Millennium development goals, Monetary union, Moral deliberation, Motivational goal, Multilevel, Multilevel governance, Multilevel governance structures, Multinational, Multinational corporations, Multinational enterprises, Mutual trust, National institutions, National security, National symbolism, Natural resources, Negative effects, Neoclassical realism, Network governance, Normative, Normative theory, Northern ireland, Nuclear proliferation, Nuclear weapons, Open systems, Other forms, Other hand, Other side, Other states, Panel data, Paper addresses, Paradigm shift, Parliamentary agendas, Participatory, Participatory democracy, Particular attention, Path dependencies, Path dependency, Path transformation, Peace agreement provisions, Peace agreements, Peace research, Peace review, Peace science spring, Peer production, Personal mobility, Polanyian perspective, Policy declarations, Policy issues, Policy networks, Policy positions, Policy series, Political action, Political activities, Political actors, Political communication, Political consequences, Political constitution, Political culture, Political determinants, Political economy, Political economy june, Political elites, Political friendship, Political influence, Political institutions, Political leaders, Political office, Political participation, Political parties, Political philosophy, Political philosophy june, Political philosophy march, Political process, Political psychology june, Political religion, Political rights, Political risk, Political science, Political science july, Political science method, Political science sept, Political scientists, Political system, Political theory, Political trust, Political union, Political violence, Politics march, Positive peace, Potential centers, Pressure group, Previous models, Previous research, Private goods, Private property rights, Private sector, Property rights, Proportional representation, Psychological warfare, Public administration, Public choice, Public choice theory, Public deliberation, Public diplomacy, Public discourse, Public finance, Public management, Public management ideas, Public management reform, Public opinion, Public organizations, Public policies, Public policy, Public reasoning, Public sector agencies, Public services, Public sphere, Quantitative analysis, Randomized experiments, Rationality, Realist, Rebel groups, Recent decades, Recent literature, Recent years, Reconciliation, Reconciliation process, Regional advantage, Regional integration arrangements, Regional peace, Regular meetings, Relations internationales, Religious beliefs, Religious diversity, Religious freedom, Religious leaders, Research program, Results show, Results support, Review sept, Revista, Revue internationale, Right rationality, Rivista italiana, Rogue states, Romanian journal, Root causes, Runoff election, Same time, Science review june, Scienza politica, Second claim, Security concerns, Security institutions, Security studies, Sept, Significant role, Small island, Social actors, Social choice, Social dominance orientation, Social justice, Social movements, Social policy, Social practices, Social pressure, Social risk, Social sciences, Social services, Social world, Societies sept, Society june, Soft power, Sovereign state, Special issue, Standard voting models, Staples state, State behavior, State failure, State interests, State legitimacy, State model, State power, State schools, State sovereignty, State sponsorship, Statistical tests, Strategic interaction, Strategic voting, Strict separation, Structural theory, Such policies, Suicide attacks, Suicide terrorism, Survey data, Sustainable development, Technological progress, Territorial integrity, Territorial status, Terrorism, Terrorist, Terrorist attacks, Terrorist group, Terrorist violence, Thematic, Thematic issue, Theoretical approach, Theoretical foundations, Theoretical level, Theoretical propositions, Theorist, Third section, Third wave, Third world, Trade policy, Transnational, Transnational factors, Transnational level, Treaty compliance, Tudes internationales march, Unanimity rule, Underdeveloped countries, Uninformed voters, Universal history, Various forms, Voter, Welfare consequences, Welfare rights, Welfare state, Welfare state change, Welfare state regimes, Westphalian paradigm, Women workers, World affairs, World economy, World order, World politics, World risk society thesis, Worldwide sensitivity, Zeitschrift parlamentsfragen.
Url:
DOI: 10.1177/00208345070570060101
Links to Exploration step
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<term>Accountability</term>
<term>American journal</term>
<term>Arnaud mercier</term>
<term>Article challenges</term>
<term>Article deals</term>
<term>Authoritarian rule</term>
<term>Autonomous subject</term>
<term>Average power</term>
<term>Behaviorist psychology</term>
<term>Better understanding</term>
<term>Block innovation</term>
<term>Broad range</term>
<term>Business community</term>
<term>Capital penalty</term>
<term>Case study</term>
<term>Causal inference</term>
<term>Causal mechanisms</term>
<term>Central bank</term>
<term>Central bank fragmentation effect</term>
<term>Cheap signals</term>
<term>Citizenship</term>
<term>Civil conflict</term>
<term>Civil participation</term>
<term>Civil society</term>
<term>Civil wars</term>
<term>Civil wars june</term>
<term>Climate change</term>
<term>Cognitive psychology</term>
<term>Collective action problems</term>
<term>Common development</term>
<term>Common market</term>
<term>Communication technologies</term>
<term>Comparative analysis</term>
<term>Comparative study</term>
<term>Compensation hypothesis</term>
<term>Complementarity</term>
<term>Conflict resolution</term>
<term>Conflict resolution june</term>
<term>Conflicts objection</term>
<term>Constellations sept</term>
<term>Constitutional exchange</term>
<term>Constructivism</term>
<term>Constructivist</term>
<term>Contemporary staples state</term>
<term>Contingency model</term>
<term>Conventional wisdom</term>
<term>Corrupt gains</term>
<term>Costly signals</term>
<term>Critical appraisal</term>
<term>Critical review</term>
<term>Critical theory</term>
<term>Critique</term>
<term>Cultural production</term>
<term>Decision task</term>
<term>Deliberation</term>
<term>Deliberative democracy</term>
<term>Democracy</term>
<term>Democratic accountability</term>
<term>Democratic breakdown</term>
<term>Democratic consolidation</term>
<term>Democratic government</term>
<term>Democratic institutions</term>
<term>Democratic legitimacy</term>
<term>Democratic peace theory</term>
<term>Democratic performance</term>
<term>Democratic politics</term>
<term>Democratic practices</term>
<term>Democratic process</term>
<term>Democratic states</term>
<term>Democratic values</term>
<term>Democratization</term>
<term>Democratization june</term>
<term>Determinant</term>
<term>Different aspects</term>
<term>Different contexts</term>
<term>Different types</term>
<term>Different varieties</term>
<term>Different ways</term>
<term>Domestic politics</term>
<term>East asia</term>
<term>East timor</term>
<term>Ecological</term>
<term>Ecological anarchism</term>
<term>Ecological citizenship</term>
<term>Economic development</term>
<term>Economic growth</term>
<term>Economic rights</term>
<term>Economic theory</term>
<term>Educational expenditures</term>
<term>Election programs</term>
<term>Electoral politics</term>
<term>Electoral reform</term>
<term>Electoral reforms</term>
<term>Electoral studies march</term>
<term>Electoral system</term>
<term>Electoral systems</term>
<term>Emergence</term>
<term>Empirical analysis</term>
<term>Empirical evidence</term>
<term>Empirical implications</term>
<term>Enigmatic institution</term>
<term>Environmental activism</term>
<term>Environmental politics june</term>
<term>Equilibrium outcome</term>
<term>Estudios</term>
<term>Ethical consumption</term>
<term>European integration</term>
<term>European journal</term>
<term>European security</term>
<term>European studies</term>
<term>Event reading</term>
<term>Experimental analysis</term>
<term>Experimental results</term>
<term>Expert survey</term>
<term>Expert surveys</term>
<term>External risk</term>
<term>External validity</term>
<term>Fair trade</term>
<term>Financial reforms</term>
<term>First article</term>
<term>First claim</term>
<term>Foreign policies</term>
<term>Foreign policy</term>
<term>Formal analysis</term>
<term>Formal consciousness model</term>
<term>Formal model</term>
<term>French revolution</term>
<term>Fundamental freedoms</term>
<term>Future persons</term>
<term>Future research</term>
<term>Gender</term>
<term>Gender reform</term>
<term>Gender regimes</term>
<term>Genocide</term>
<term>Geographic distance</term>
<term>Global</term>
<term>Global city</term>
<term>Global events</term>
<term>Global governance</term>
<term>Global level</term>
<term>Global society</term>
<term>Global terrorism</term>
<term>Global theory</term>
<term>Globalization</term>
<term>Globalization strategies</term>
<term>Good governance</term>
<term>Good institutions</term>
<term>Governance</term>
<term>Government policy outputs</term>
<term>Government size</term>
<term>Great power</term>
<term>Great powers</term>
<term>Greater efficiency</term>
<term>Haitian flight</term>
<term>High levels</term>
<term>Historical perspective</term>
<term>Homo loquens</term>
<term>Human behavior</term>
<term>Human beings</term>
<term>Human nature</term>
<term>Human right</term>
<term>Human rights</term>
<term>Human rights conditions</term>
<term>Human rights discourse</term>
<term>Human rights review</term>
<term>Human security</term>
<term>Humanitarian intervention</term>
<term>Independent entities</term>
<term>Independent variables</term>
<term>Individual autonomy</term>
<term>Individual preferences</term>
<term>Inequality</term>
<term>Institutional</term>
<term>Institutional change</term>
<term>Institutional constraints</term>
<term>Institutional features</term>
<term>Institutional legacies</term>
<term>Insurgency</term>
<term>Intellectual property rights</term>
<term>Interest group influence</term>
<term>Interest groups</term>
<term>Intergenerational justice</term>
<term>International affairs</term>
<term>International assistance</term>
<term>International community</term>
<term>International conflict</term>
<term>International events</term>
<term>International friendship</term>
<term>International institutions</term>
<term>International journal</term>
<term>International lawyers</term>
<term>International level</term>
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<term>International norms</term>
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<term>International studies</term>
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<term>International system</term>
<term>Internationale</term>
<term>James hardie</term>
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<term>June</term>
<term>Kate macdonald</term>
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<term>Legislative process</term>
<term>Legislative studies</term>
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<term>Liberal peace</term>
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<term>Limited conflicts</term>
<term>Little research</term>
<term>Manifesto</term>
<term>Many worlds</term>
<term>Market mechanism</term>
<term>Market relationship</term>
<term>Mass communication</term>
<term>Mass media</term>
<term>Member states</term>
<term>Methodology</term>
<term>Military expenditures</term>
<term>Military strength</term>
<term>Millennium development goals</term>
<term>Monetary union</term>
<term>Moral deliberation</term>
<term>Motivational goal</term>
<term>Multilevel</term>
<term>Multilevel governance</term>
<term>Multilevel governance structures</term>
<term>Multinational</term>
<term>Multinational corporations</term>
<term>Multinational enterprises</term>
<term>Mutual trust</term>
<term>National institutions</term>
<term>National security</term>
<term>National symbolism</term>
<term>Natural resources</term>
<term>Negative effects</term>
<term>Neoclassical realism</term>
<term>Network governance</term>
<term>Normative</term>
<term>Normative theory</term>
<term>Northern ireland</term>
<term>Nuclear proliferation</term>
<term>Nuclear weapons</term>
<term>Open systems</term>
<term>Other forms</term>
<term>Other hand</term>
<term>Other side</term>
<term>Other states</term>
<term>Panel data</term>
<term>Paper addresses</term>
<term>Paradigm shift</term>
<term>Parliamentary agendas</term>
<term>Participatory</term>
<term>Participatory democracy</term>
<term>Particular attention</term>
<term>Path dependencies</term>
<term>Path dependency</term>
<term>Path transformation</term>
<term>Peace agreement provisions</term>
<term>Peace agreements</term>
<term>Peace research</term>
<term>Peace review</term>
<term>Peace science spring</term>
<term>Peer production</term>
<term>Personal mobility</term>
<term>Polanyian perspective</term>
<term>Policy declarations</term>
<term>Policy issues</term>
<term>Policy networks</term>
<term>Policy positions</term>
<term>Policy series</term>
<term>Political action</term>
<term>Political activities</term>
<term>Political actors</term>
<term>Political communication</term>
<term>Political consequences</term>
<term>Political constitution</term>
<term>Political culture</term>
<term>Political determinants</term>
<term>Political economy</term>
<term>Political economy june</term>
<term>Political elites</term>
<term>Political friendship</term>
<term>Political influence</term>
<term>Political institutions</term>
<term>Political leaders</term>
<term>Political office</term>
<term>Political participation</term>
<term>Political parties</term>
<term>Political philosophy</term>
<term>Political philosophy june</term>
<term>Political philosophy march</term>
<term>Political process</term>
<term>Political psychology june</term>
<term>Political religion</term>
<term>Political rights</term>
<term>Political risk</term>
<term>Political science</term>
<term>Political science july</term>
<term>Political science method</term>
<term>Political science sept</term>
<term>Political scientists</term>
<term>Political system</term>
<term>Political theory</term>
<term>Political trust</term>
<term>Political union</term>
<term>Political violence</term>
<term>Politics march</term>
<term>Positive peace</term>
<term>Potential centers</term>
<term>Pressure group</term>
<term>Previous models</term>
<term>Previous research</term>
<term>Private goods</term>
<term>Private property rights</term>
<term>Private sector</term>
<term>Property rights</term>
<term>Proportional representation</term>
<term>Psychological warfare</term>
<term>Public administration</term>
<term>Public choice</term>
<term>Public choice theory</term>
<term>Public deliberation</term>
<term>Public diplomacy</term>
<term>Public discourse</term>
<term>Public finance</term>
<term>Public management</term>
<term>Public management ideas</term>
<term>Public management reform</term>
<term>Public opinion</term>
<term>Public organizations</term>
<term>Public policies</term>
<term>Public policy</term>
<term>Public reasoning</term>
<term>Public sector agencies</term>
<term>Public services</term>
<term>Public sphere</term>
<term>Quantitative analysis</term>
<term>Randomized experiments</term>
<term>Rationality</term>
<term>Realist</term>
<term>Rebel groups</term>
<term>Recent decades</term>
<term>Recent literature</term>
<term>Recent years</term>
<term>Reconciliation</term>
<term>Reconciliation process</term>
<term>Regional advantage</term>
<term>Regional integration arrangements</term>
<term>Regional peace</term>
<term>Regular meetings</term>
<term>Relations internationales</term>
<term>Religious beliefs</term>
<term>Religious diversity</term>
<term>Religious freedom</term>
<term>Religious leaders</term>
<term>Research program</term>
<term>Results show</term>
<term>Results support</term>
<term>Review sept</term>
<term>Revista</term>
<term>Revue internationale</term>
<term>Right rationality</term>
<term>Rivista italiana</term>
<term>Rogue states</term>
<term>Romanian journal</term>
<term>Root causes</term>
<term>Runoff election</term>
<term>Same time</term>
<term>Science review june</term>
<term>Scienza politica</term>
<term>Second claim</term>
<term>Security concerns</term>
<term>Security institutions</term>
<term>Security studies</term>
<term>Sept</term>
<term>Significant role</term>
<term>Small island</term>
<term>Social actors</term>
<term>Social choice</term>
<term>Social dominance orientation</term>
<term>Social justice</term>
<term>Social movements</term>
<term>Social policy</term>
<term>Social practices</term>
<term>Social pressure</term>
<term>Social risk</term>
<term>Social sciences</term>
<term>Social services</term>
<term>Social world</term>
<term>Societies sept</term>
<term>Society june</term>
<term>Soft power</term>
<term>Sovereign state</term>
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<term>State failure</term>
<term>State interests</term>
<term>State legitimacy</term>
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<term>Structural theory</term>
<term>Such policies</term>
<term>Suicide attacks</term>
<term>Suicide terrorism</term>
<term>Survey data</term>
<term>Sustainable development</term>
<term>Technological progress</term>
<term>Territorial integrity</term>
<term>Territorial status</term>
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<term>Third wave</term>
<term>Third world</term>
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<term>Transnational factors</term>
<term>Transnational level</term>
<term>Treaty compliance</term>
<term>Tudes internationales march</term>
<term>Unanimity rule</term>
<term>Underdeveloped countries</term>
<term>Uninformed voters</term>
<term>Universal history</term>
<term>Various forms</term>
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<term>Welfare consequences</term>
<term>Welfare rights</term>
<term>Welfare state</term>
<term>Welfare state change</term>
<term>Welfare state regimes</term>
<term>Westphalian paradigm</term>
<term>Women workers</term>
<term>World affairs</term>
<term>World economy</term>
<term>World order</term>
<term>World politics</term>
<term>World risk society thesis</term>
<term>Worldwide sensitivity</term>
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Political Science : Method and Theory Science Politique : Méthodes Et Théories
SAGE Publications, Inc.2007DOI: 10.1177/00208345070570060101
57.6880
ABRAHAMSEN, Rita ; WILLIAMS, Michael C. — Securing the city: private
security companies and non-state authority in global governance. International
Relations 21(2), June 2007 : 237-253. The past decade has witnessed a remarkable
expansion and globaliza- tion of the private security sector. These developments
mark the emer- gence of public-private, global-local security networks that
play increas- ingly important roles in global governance. Rather than representing
a simple retreat of the state, security privatization is a part of broad proc-
esses in which the role of the state — and the nature and locus of authority — is being transformed and rearticulated. Often presented as apolitical, the
effect of market forces and moves towards greater effi- ciency in service
delivery, the authority conferred on private actors can alter the political
landscape and in the case of private security has clear implications for who
is secured and how. The operation and impact of [these] networks is explored
in the context of security-provision in Cape Town, South Africa. [R, abr.]
[See Abstr. 57.8008] 57.6881 ADLOFF, Frank — Beyond interests and norms:
toward a theory of gift-giving and reciprocity in modern societies. Constellations
13(3), Sept. 2006 : 407-427. The culture of gift-giving eludes narrow conceptions
of rationality. This culture can help regenerate democratic societies facing
declining political participation and an economization of politics. Communitarians,
republi- cans, and utilitarians all assume a fundamental distinction between
actions based on calculation or prudence on the one hand and actions based
on values and norms on the other. The author turns to anthropol- ogy in search
of an alternative. Relying on classic works by M. Mauss and Cl. Lévi-Strauss
as well as recent studies by A Caille and J. God- bout, he argues that gift-giving
escapes oppositions between freedom and obligation, altruism and rule-following,
individualism and holism. The “paradigm of gift” thus reveals
a realm of social action that, like democ- racy itself, rests on relations
of reciprocity and practices of cultural and social negotiation. [R] 57.6882
Al-RFOUH, Faisal O. — Mass communication and national security. Democracy
and Security 1(1), 2005 : 41-62. Mass communication and the notion of national
security have undergone substantial changes in the post-Cold War era characterized
by globaliza- tion. New technological innovations have spawned a paradigm
shift in the mass media which has been [labeled] as `communications global-
ism`. National security has become more vulnerable to the machinations of
hostile states and non-state actors through the new avenues of the media like
internet. Though nothing substantive has come to notice that can undermine
the national security interests of a nation, vulnerabilities are there. Currently
both the media and the security establishments responsible for national security
are acclimatizing to the changing nu- ances and it is their cooperative strategy
and mutual trust that can serve the interests of national security. [R] 57.6883
ALISON, Miranda — Wartime sexual violence: women's human rights and
questions of masculinity. Review of In- ternational Studies 33(1), Jan. 2007
: 75-90. This article examines wartime sexual violence, one of the most recurring
wartime human rights abuses. Our theorizations need further develop- ment,
particularly in regard to the way that masculinities and the intersec- tions
with constructions of ethnicity feature in wartime sexual violence.
The
article also argues that although women and girls are the predomi- nant victims
of sexual violence and men and boys the predominant agents, we must also be
able to account for the presence of male victims and female agents. This,
however, engenders a problem; much of the women's human rights discourse and
existing international mechanisms for addressing wartime sexual violence tend
to reify the male- perpetrator/female-victim paradigm. This is a problem which
feminist human rights theorists and activists need to address. [R] [See Abstr.
57.7131] 57.6884 ALLEN, Susan Hannah — Time bombs: estimating the duration
of coercive bombing campaigns. Journal of Con- flict Resolution 51(1), Feb.
2004 : 121-133. Advancements in technology coupled with the perception of
diminished public tolerance for casualties have increased the prominence and
popularity of aerial bombing as a coercive tool, particularly for the US.
Despite interest from policy-makers and support from the public, there has
been little scholarly assessment of these coercive episodes. How successful
are air campaigns, and what are the prospects for the future? I focus on the
factors that cause bombing campaigns to end. To explore what leads to campaign
termination, I highlight the theoretical signifi- cance of the political characteristics
of both the attacker and the adver- sary. Using competing risks-duration analysis
to examine both failed and successful bombing campaigns from 1917 through
1999, I find that a democratic government on either side of the coercive equation
increases the likelihood of campaigns ending. [R] 57.6885 ANDJIGA, Nicolas
G. ; BADIROU, Daoud ; MBIH, Boniface — On the evaluation of power in
parliaments and gov- ernment formation. Constitutional Political Economy 18(2),
June 2007 : 69-82. We explain how the power of coalitions can be computed
after elections. We add to the existing literature by using this analysis
to predict what government may emerge from these elections. [R, abr.] 57.6886
ANTOLIŠ, Krunoslav — Prerequisites for systematic fighting terrorism.
Croatian International Relations Review 40-41, July-Dec. 2005 : 121-124. In
the modern world, global terrorism is deemed a true menace to all countries
of the world, especially to member states of the anti-terrorist (AT) coalition.
Our approach must be based primarily on the principle of legal punishment,
and by no means on the principle of revenge. Terror- ism must not become a
legal means of combating evolutionary changes in society. Furthermore, permanent
protection of basic human rights of the citizens of Croatia within the context
of combating terrorism is of the utmost importance. [R, abr.] 57.6887 AOKI,
Masahiko — Endogenizing institutions and institu- tional changes. Journal
of Institutional Economics 3(1), Apr. 2007 : 1-31. This paper proposes an
analytical-cum-conceptual framework for under- standing the nature of institutions
as well as their changes. It proposes a new definition of institution based
on the notion of common knowledge regarding self-sustaining features of social
interactions with a hope to integrate various disciplinary approaches to institutions
and their changes. It specifies some generic mechanisms of institutional coher-
710
ence
and change — overlapping social embeddedness, Schumpeterian innovation
in bundling games, and dynamic institutional complementari- ties — useful
for understanding the dynamic interactions of economic, political, social,
organizational, and cognitive factors. [R] 57.6888 ARQUEMBOURG, Jocelyne — De l'événement interna- tional à l'événement global : émergence et manifesta-
tions d'une sensibilité mondiale (From international events to global events:
the outward signs of a world- wide sensitivity). Hermès 46, 2006 : 13-21.
[Résumés en français] For a long time the social sciences have been suspicious
of the concept of event, ignoring its capacity to break order. Media events
for instance are considered as the products of media constructions misrepresenting
reality; events should be distinguished from facts because an event causes
a rupture which is not created only by the media. Media link together the
activities of social actors on the one hand and the reactions of a public
on the other hand. The question is why international events affect a worldwide
public. It seems that in the media coverage of such events universal norms
and values as well as specific located contexts are interwoven. Because they
spread on international public scenes, call up transnational actors and are
broadcast in live by transnational TV channels, international events have
changed into `global events` that arouse feelings all over the world, revealing
a form of worldwide sensitiv- ity. [R] [First article of a thematic issue,
`World events, national outlooks`, edited and introduced by the author, Guy
LOCHARD and Arnaud MERCIER. Other contributions by Arnaud MERCIER [Abstr.
57.7063], Guy LOCHARD [Abstr. 57.7040], Michael PALMER [Abstr. 57.7084], José
REBELO [Abstr. 57.7098], José-Louis FECÉ and Manuel PALACIO; Fausto COLOMBO,
Aurélie AUBERT, Saïda CHRAIBI; Valérie STREIT and Rodney BENSON; Cristina
HERMEZIU, Joanna NOWICKI, Jakub LUBELSKI, Joanna MIADOWICZ, Simonetta CIULA; Olivier CÔTÉ and Martin PÂQUET; Camelia BECIU, Irina VASSILÉVA- HAMÉDANI; Christine LANDFRIED and Wolfgang SETTEKORN; Juan- Carlos GUERRERO-BERNAL [Abstr.
57.8048], Bernadette DUFRENE [Abstr. 57.6950], Gérôme TRUC. 57.6889 ARTER,
David — Comparing the legislative performance of legislatures. Journal
of Legislative Studies 12(3-4), Sept.- Dec. 2006 : 245-257. [We lack] the
precision tools with which to calibrate the extent of a legislature's policy
power. This has fed a tendency to accept rather than confront the legislative
stereotypes embedded in the existing classifica- tions of legislatures. There
has also been a propensity to conflate `legis- lative capacity` and `legislative
performance` and to reach conclusions about strength and weakness in legislatures
from an assessment of a legislature's capacity — its potential policy
power — rather than analyz- ing the nature of its policy output. The
starting point of this special issue is the need for systematic output-analysis
in comparative legislative research; the Introduction devises a series of
indicators with which to make at least a rudimentary cross-national assessment
of legislative performance. [R, abr.] [Introduction to a thematic issue on
`Comparing and classifying legislatures`, edited and concluded by the author.
See also Abstr. 57.6890, 6990, 7057, 7249, 7287, 7295, 7320, 7321, 7326, 7333]
57.6890 ARTER, David — Questioning the `Mezey question`: an interrogatory
framework for the comparative study of legislatures. Journal of Legislative
Studies 12(3-4), Sept.- Dec. 2006 : 462-482. The conclusion broadens the notion
of “legislative performance” from various measures of legislative
output to an analysis of the performance of legislatures in the totality of
the legislative process. The shift is from the “how much policy power?” question of M. Mezey [Comparative Legislatures, Durham NC, 1979] to a broad-gauge “how?” question, with the emphasis on process and the overall anatomy of legislative
influ- ence. The question is: “how do legislators, both severally and
collec- tively, work to perform their legislative roles in the three phases
of the legislative process — that is, in the formulation and deliberation
of public policy and oversight of the executive?” Fifteen subsidiary
questions are then divised, which taken together, constitute a framework for
the com- parative study of legislative performance in the macro-sense of the
term. [A] [See Abstr. 57.6889] 57.6891 AZFAR, Omar ; NELSON, William Robert,
Jr. — Transpar- ency, wages, and the separation of powers: an experi-
mental analysis of corruption. Public Choice 130(3-4), 2007 : 471-493. We
conducted an experimental analysis of the causes of corruption, varying the
ease of hiding corrupt gains, officials' wages, and the method of choosing
the law-enforcement officer. Voters rarely re-elect chief executives found
to be corrupt and tend to choose presidents who had good luck. Directly elected
law-enforcement officers work more vigilantly at exposing corruption than
those who are appointed. Increasing gov- ernment wages and increasing the
difficulty of hiding corrupt gains both reduce corruption. [R]
57.6892
BANNINK, Duco ; HOOGENBOOM, Marcel — Hidden change: disaggregation of
welfare state regimes for greater insight into welfare state change. Journal
of Euro- pean Social Policy 17(1), Feb. 2007 : 19-32. This article proposes
a method for the disaggregation of welfare state regimes that enhances our
insight into innovative welfare-state change. Welfare states are composed
of different approaches to various social risks, and the approach to each
social risk consists of various types of arrangements. We argue that a singular
approach to a social risk creates a social residue that may evoke social pressure
which can in turn be diminished by hybridizing the arrangement: changing allocation
rules to include new social groups or to cover previously uncovered needs.
In itself, however, a hybrid arrangement is unstable. This is why hybridiza-
tion may be followed by either a return to a singular risk approach so that
social pressure re-emerges, or by the establishment of a new, additional arrangement
so that a hybrid risk approach emerges. [R, abr.] 57.6893 BARZELAY, Michael
; GALLEGO, Raquel — From `new institutionalism` to `institutional processualism`:
ad- vancing knowledge about public management policy change. Governance 19(4),
Oct. 2006 : 531-557. Research on public management reform has taken a decidedly
discipli- nary turn. Since the late 1990s, analytical issues are less often
framed in terms of the New Public Management. As part of the disciplinary
turn, much recent research on public management reform is highly influenced
by the three new institutionalisms. However, these studies have implicitly
been challenged by a competing research program on public manage- ment reform
that is emphatically processual in its theoretical foundations. This article
develops the challenge in a more explicit fashion. It provides a theoretical
restatement of the competing `institutional processualist` research program
and compares its substantive findings with those drawn from the neo-institutionalisms.
The implications of this debate about public management reform for comparative
historical analysis and neo-institutional theories are discussed. [R] 57.6894
BEICHELT, Timm — Europa-Studien in der Politikwissen- schaft: was sollen,
was können sie leisten? (European Studies in political science: what should
and can they achieve?). integration 29(3), 2006 : 213-218. The author grants
European Studies a specific function in the scholarly and educational realm,
namely the production and dissemination of familiarity with the topic of European
integration. In addition, a distinction is made between European Studies,
which is generally multi-perspective and multi-disciplinary, and on the other
side the more specialized, mono- disciplinary EU research. While EU research
is required for analyzing the increasingly complex politics in the multilevel
system of the EU, Euro- pean Studies is required for the classification and
interpretation of spe- cialized knowledge. European Studies therefore forms
an important connection between diverse academic communities as well as among
the political public at large. [R] 57.6895 BÉLAND, Daniel — The politics
of social learning: fi- nance, institutions, and pension reform in the United
States and Canada. Governance 19(4), Oct. 2006 : 559-583. Grounded in the
historical institutionalist literature, this article formulates an amended
concept of social learning through the analysis of the relationship between
finance, social learning, and institutional legacies in the 1990s debate over
the reform of earnings-related pension schemes in the US and Canada. The article
shows how social learning related to specific ideological assumptions and
policy legacies in the public and the private sectors has affected policy-making
processes. At the theoretical level, this contribution stresses the political
construction of learning processes, which is distinct from the technocratic
model featured in the traditional literature on social learning. This article
also distinguishes between high- and low-profile social learning while emphasizing
the impact of private policy legacies on learning processes. [R, abr.] 57.6896
BELL, Christine ; O'ROURKE, Catherine — The people's peace? Peace agreements,
civil society, and participa- tory democracy. International Political Science
Review 28(3), June 2007 : 293-324. [Résumé en français] This article, drawing
on an extensive collection of peace agreements dating from 1990 until the
present day, analyzes peace agreement provisions for civil society involvement
and considers the extent to which peace agreements proffer new models of participatory
democracy. We begin with some background and a short overview of political
theory on participatory democracy, identifying key dilemmas. The article sets
out a comprehensive analysis of peace agreement provisions for civil society,
indicating how peace agreements negotiate the dilemmas identified in theory.
We then evaluate this negotiation in the context of post- agreement implementation
difficulties. In conclusion, we discuss the implications for future research.
[R]
711
57.6897
BENKLER, Yochai ; NISSENBAUM, Helen — Commons- based peer production
and virtue. Journal of Political Phi- losophy 14(4), Dec. 2006 : 394-419.
Commons-based peer production is a socio-technical system of collabo- ration
among large groups of individuals who cooperate effectively to provide information,
knowledge or cultural goods without relying on either market pricing or managerial
hierarchies to coordinate their common enterprise. Such large numbers of individuals
cooperating productively with strangers and acquaintances on a scope never
before seen has ethical implications. This system of production offers not
only a remark- able medium of production for various kinds of information
goods but serves as a context for positive character formation. There is a
growing body of literature on the relative efficiency of peer production in
many domains of information production. Such exploration of its attractiveness
forms the perspective of the liberal commitments to democracy, auton- omy
and social justice. 57.6898 BENOIT, Kenneth ; LAVER, Michael — Estimating
party policy positions: comparing expert surveys and hand- coded content analysis.
Electoral Studies 26(1), March 2007 : 90-107. We compare estimates of the
left-right positions of political parties derived from an expert survey recently
completed with those derived by the Comparative Manifestos Project (CMP) from
the content-analysis of party manifestos. Having briefly described the expert
survey, we first explore the substantive policy content of left and right
in the expert survey estimates. We then compare the expert survey to the CMP
method on methodological grounds. Third, we directly compare the expert survey
results to the CMP results for the most recent time period available, revealing
some agreement but also numerous inconsistencies in both cross-national and
within-country party placements. We investi- gate the CMP scores in more detail,
focusing on the series of British left- right placements and the components
of these scores. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7048] 57.6899 BERGER, Johannes — Warum sind einige Länder so viel reicher als andere? Zur institutionellen
Erklärung von Entwicklungsunterschieden (Why are some countries so much richer
than others? On the institutional explanation of development differences).
Zeitschrift für Soziologie 36(1), Feb. 2007 : 5-24. Huge income differences
across countries are a striking feature of today's world economy. They did
not exist before the `era of modern economic growth` (Kuznets). The question
therefore arises why some countries are economically much more successful
than others. This paper discusses the neo-institutionalist economics answers.
This school of thought views `good` institutions as the fundamental cause
of differ- ences in economic development, defining good institutions as those
that secure property rights. While it does not question the relevance of good
institutions, the paper proposes putting more emphasis on the role of technological
progress. It is true that technological progress depends on secure property
rights in inventions, but continuous advances in science require a cultural
environment that motivates people to transcend the limits of existing knowledge.
If one dismisses the basic assumption of neo-classical growth economics that
technological progress is autono- mous and homogeneous, two ways of conceptualizing
a heterogeneous technology remain: either technological progress is a private
good, whose rate of production is dependent on country-specific investments
in research and development, or it is equally open to all countries, but cannot
fulfill its potential because of political and cultural barriers. The paper
sympathizes with the latter assumption and concludes with a discussion of
its political consequences. [R, abr.] 57.6900 BERMEO, Nancy — War and
democratization: lessons from the Portuguese experience. Democratization 14(3),
June 2007 : 388-406. The literature on democracy suggests that new democracies
should have difficulty emerging during war or in the aftermath of armed struggle,
yet Portugal's current democracy emerged simultaneously with the end of the
nation's unsuccessful war in Africa. This article addresses the reasons and
argues that democracy triumphed not simply despite the war but also, in part,
because of it. The costs and geography of the war itself, the capacity and
rootedness of the state that waged the war, the political culture of the regime's
military officers, and the war-related timing of Portugal's first elections
all helped prevent the emergence of an anti-democratic coalition and contributed
to ensuring a successful transi- tion to democracy. [R, abr.] 57.6901 BIGO,
Didier — Internal and external aspects of security. European Security
15(4), 2006 : 385-404. The de-differentiation between internal and external
security does not result from the transformation of political violence, but
mainly from institutional games and practices of securitization that define
the impor- tance of security as superior to sovereignty and freedom. A web
of security institutions has developed beyond national borders, and policing
at a distance has disentangled security from state sovereignty. The
question
of who is in charge of security is now tackled at the transna- tional level,
generating competition among professionals of politics and (in)security over
the existence of threats and legitimate answers to them. Europeanization has
formalized transnational ties between security professionals, and the emergence
of European institutions in charge of fundamental rights and data-protection
may provide a space to discuss collectively who is entitled to define what
constitutes a threat. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7722] 57.6902 BIRNIR, Jóhanna
Kristín — Divergence in diversity? The dissimilar effects of cleavages
on electoral politics in new democracies. American Journal of Political Science
51(3), July 2007 : 602-619. Recent theory on ethnic identity suggests that
it is constructed and highly influenced by contextual factors and group leaders'
strategies. Therefore, while the notion that social cleavages stabilize electoral
politics is well established, which cleavages matter and why remain open questions.
This article argues that in new democracies the effects of diffuse ethnic
cleavages on electoral politics diverge depending on the amount of information
they provide to their constituency. The information provision, in turn, depends
on how well the cleavage lends itself to the formation of ethnic parties.
A formal model of voting stability is developed and empiri- cally tested using
data on electoral volatility in all new democracies since 1945 and on individual
voting in democratizing Bulgaria. [R, abr.] 57.6903 BJØRNSKOV, Christian ; DREHER, Axel ; FISCHER, Justina A. V. — The bigger the better? Evidence
of the effect of government size on life satisfaction around the world. Public
Choice 130(3-4), 2007 : 267-292. This paper empirically analyzes whether government
size is conducive or detrimental to life-satisfaction in a cross-section of
74 countries. We thus provide a test of the longstanding dispute between standard
neoclassical economic theory and public choice theory. According to the neoclassical
view, governments play unambiguously positive roles for individuals' quality
of life, while the theory of public choice has been developed to understand
why governments often choose excessive involvement in — and regulation
of — the economy, thereby harming their citizens' quality of life. Our
results show that life-satisfaction decreases with higher government consumption.
[R, abr.] 57.6904 BLANTON, Shannon Lindsey ; BLANTON, Robert G. — Human
rights and foreign direct investment: a two-stage analysis. Business and Society
45(4), Dec. 2006 : 464-485. The authors analyze the impact of human rights
conditions on foreign direct investment (FDI). Extant literature in this area
raises conflicting expectations. Although the `conventional wisdom` posits
that repression creates a stable, compliant, and relatively inexpensive host
for FDI, there are contending arguments that the protection of human rights
reduces risk and contributes toward economic efficiency and effectiveness.
Moreover, the burgeoning `spotlight` regime may also punish firms who locate
in repressive regimes. Conceptualizing FDI as a two-part process — the
initial decision to invest and the subsequent decision of invest- ment amount — the authors assess human rights as a determinant of FDI. Using a two-stage
model, they test their hypotheses across devel- oping countries for the years
1980 to 2003. They find that human rights are a significant determinant of
the amount of FDI inflows. [R] 57.6905 BLAUG, Ricardo — Cognition in
a hierarchy. Contemporary Political Theory 6(1), Feb. 2007 : 24-44. To contribute
to the organizational turn in research on participatory democracy, this paper
examines the effects of organizational hierarchy on individual thinking. Power
corrupts, but neither political scientists nor psychologists can really tell
us how. To identify mechanisms by which it does so, the paper introduces recent
advances in the field of cognitive psychology, here to suspicious political
theorists. The study of cognition shows that we actively make meaning, and
that we do so with a discern- able neurological apparatus. The paper presents
hierarchy as a social construct that `fits` this apparatus in such a way as
to assist the capture of meaning by the interests of power. The concern here
amounts to ideology critique: specifically, using cognitive psychology to
reveal the ideological propagation of hierarchy. [R, abr.] 57.6906 BOEHMKE,
Frederick J. ; PATTY, John W. — The selection of policies for ballot
initiatives: what voters can learn from legislative inaction. Economics and
Politics 19(1), March 2007 : 97-121. This paper models the process through
which proposals are placed on the ballot as initiatives. Proposals that reach
the ballot were not enacted by the legislature. This fact has important consequences
for the type of policy proposals that reach the ballot: as the legislature
would enact any proposal that increases everyone's utility (in expectation),
proposals that reach the ballot must be bad for some segment of the population.
We partition the population into voters who would benefit from a group's proposal
and those who would not and show that voters can use the legislature's inaction
to obtain a better estimate of the initiative's ex-
712
pected
value. Voters not in the sponsoring group infer that proposals that become
initiatives have negative expected value and that the expected value of an
initiative is decreasing in the size of the group that sponsors it. [R, abr.]
57.6907 BOHAS, Alexandre — The paradox of anti-Americanism: reflection
on the shallow concept of soft power. Global Society 20(4), Oct. 2006 : 395-414.
This article deals with the seeming paradox of lasting American power and
global anti-Americanism, which brings into question the relevance of the concept
of soft power. Indeed, discontent over the current hegemon does not affect
the consumption of its goods and the diffusion of its symbols. The contradiction
results from the state-centric perspective of traditional scholars which does
not shed light on the diverse aspects of American supremacy. In addition,
J. Nye's notion of soft power does not stress the shaping of foreign societies
by non-state actors and thus their important role in American predominance.
As a consequence, the con- cept of soft power will be revised in order to
reduce its `shallowness` and highlight the constraining aspect of today's
prominent power. [R] 57.6908 BOIX PALOP, Andrés ; LÓPEZ GARCÍA, Guillermo — Derecho y cuarto poder en la era digital (Law and the fourth power in the
digital era). Revista de Estudios políti- cos 130, Oct.-Dec. 2005 : 77-112.
The development of digital technologies has had significant effects on the
structure of the mass media system (considerably modified and extended by
digitalization) and also on the whole public opinion forma- tion process.
In synthesis, both are changing now from a hierarchic and unidirectional model,
where the message issuer concentrates power, to a multidirectional one, much
more `egalitarian` and promoter of pluralism. Obviously, these changes have
also affected the role that the state is to play as regulator of the information
flow. This paper begins with a reflec- tion about these changes, and finally
evaluates the performance, not only of big mass media groups but also of the
administration. [R, abr.] 57.6909 BOSCHINI, Anne ; OLOFSGÅRD, Anders — Foreign aid: an instrument for fighting communism? Journal of Develop- ment
Studies 43(4), May 2007 : 622-648. We test the argument that the sizeable
reduction in aggregate aid levels in the 1990s was due to the end of the Cold
War. We test two different models using a dynamic econometric specification
on a panel of 17 donor countries, spanning the years 1970-1997. We find aid
to be posi- tively related to military expenditures in the former Eastern
Bloc during the Cold War, but not in the 1990s, suggesting that the reductions
in aid- disbursements are driven by the disappearance of an important motive
for aid. We also study the effect on aid allocation, but here we do not find
any robust effects of the end of the Cold War. [R] 57.6910 BRADY, John S. — Incorrigible beliefs and democratic deliberation: a critique of Stanley Fish.
Constellations 13(3), Sept. 2006 : 374-393. A denial of openness to change
is evident in S. Fish's recent work on the limits of deliberation in pluralistic
societies. The paradox of Fish's position is that his skepticism concerning
the ability of citizens to engage in reasoned debate is based on an assumption
of general dogmatism. This leads to a Hobbesian view in which dialogue is
merely the rhetorical exercise of power. But skepticism can just as easily
lead to humility as dogmatism, and thus to the possibility of deliberation
that can change beliefs, enabling compromise and even consensus. [R] 57.6911
BRENNER, William J. — In search of monsters: realism and progress in
international relations theory after Sep- tember 11 [2001]. Security Studies
15(3), July-Sept. 2006 : 496-528. Whereas the end of the Cold War sparked
debates within and among paradigms in the field, the response to 11 September
2001 has been comparatively muted. Some observers have questioned the significance
of 9/11, while others have cast doubt on the ability of realism to account
for an outcome that falls outside of its emphasis on great-power conflict.
Realism must not only address outside critics but also overcome internal resistance
in the face of these changes. This resistance entails reluc- tance by theorists
to address a novel phenomenon, as well as axiomatic impediments that lie in
the hard core of the realist research program. The mechanism of `monster-adjustment`,
discussed by I. Lakatos, is offered as a way in which realism can extend its
scope beyond centralized territorial states. [R, abr.] 57.6912 BRUGGER, Winfried — Varianten der Unterscheidung von Staat und Kirche. Von striker Trennung und
Distanz über gegenseitiges Entgegenkommen bis zu Nähe, Unter- stützung und
Kooperation (Varieties of state-church rela- tions. From strict separation
and distantiation to recipro- cal accommodation and rapprochement, support
and cooperation). Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts 132(1), 2007 : 4-43.
The
article develops a system of church-state relations comprised of six types:
(1) aggressive animosity between church and state; (2) strict separation in
theory and practice; (3) strict separation in theory, yet accommodation in
practice; (4) division and cooperation; (5) formal unity of church and state; and (6) substantive union of church and state. It then concentrates on models
(2) through (5), which modern constitutions and international law do not outlaw
as violations of freedom of religion. These questions are illustrated by analyzing
seminal decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the US Supreme
Court. The cases discussed topically include religious instruction in state
schools, religious oaths, financial aid for religions and churches, the display
of religious symbols in state schools or on state grounds, and prayer or pledges
of allegiance in state schools. [R] 57.6913 BUDGE, Ian ; PENNINGS, Paul — Do they work? Validat- ing computerised word frequency estimates against pol-
icy series. Electoral Studies 26(1), March 2007 : 121-129. Policy scorings
of political actors are crucial in operationalizing rational choice models
and other important theories in political science. Doing them more cheaply
and quickly by computer is important for the ad- vancement of the discipline.
But we can hardly use them in new fields without being sure of their validity
and reliability. We check this by com- paring the mappings produced by word-frequency
methods with the policy series available from the work of the Manifesto Research
Group/Comparative Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP). Using an aggregate calibrating/reference
`document set` for the time period in question evades reliability problems
with pair-wise comparisons and provides an authoritative text which enables
individual party platforms to be scored and mapped over long time periods.
Comparisons of the techniques for two countries (US and UK) are not encouraging.
[R, abr.] [See Kenneth BENOIT and Michael LAVER's response, pp. 130-135; and
the authors' rejoinder, pp. 136-141] 57.6914 BUENO DE MESQUITA, Ethan — Politics and the subop- timal provision of counterterror. International Organization
61(1), Winter 2007 : 9-36. I present a model of interactions between voters,
a government, and a terrorist organization. The model focuses on a previously
unexplored conceptualization of counterterrorism as divided into tactic-specific
observable and general unobservable tactics. When there is divergence between
voters and government preferences, strategic substitution among different
modes of attack by terrorists and agency problems between the voters and government
create a situation in which the politically optimal counterterrorism strategy
pursued by the government in response to electoral and institutional incentives
is quite different from the security-maximizing counterterrorism strategy.
In particular, in re- sponse to electoral pressure, the government allocates
resources to observable counterterror in excess of the social optimum. [R,
abr.] 57.6915 BUSSE, Matthias ; HEFEKER, Carsten — Political risk, institutions
and foreign direct investment. European Journal of Political Economy 23(2),
June 2007 : 397-415. The paper explores the linkages among political risk,
institutions, and FDI inflows. For a data sample of 83 developing countries
covering 1984 to 2003, we identify indicators that matter most for the activities
of multi- national corporations. The results show that government stability,
internal and external conflict, corruption and ethnic tensions, law and order,
democratic accountability of government, and quality of bureaucracy are highly
significant determinants of FDI inflows. [R] 57.6916 BUSSMANN, Margit ; ONEAL,
John R. — Do hegemons distribute private goods? A test of power-transition
the- ory. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(1), Feb. 2004 : 88-111. According
to power-transition theory, war is most likely when the leading state is challenged
by a rapidly growing, dissatisfied rival. Challengers are said to be dissatisfied
because the hegemon manages the status quo for its own benefit, rewarding
its allies and penalizing rivals. We assess the leading state's ability to
distribute the private goods of peace, victory in war, and economic prosperity.
States with alliance portfolios similar to the hegemon's are not protected
from aggression; nor do they grow more rapidly than countries with which the
leading state is not closely allied. The dominant power's allies are more
apt to win defensive wars, although the means by which this is accomplished
are unclear. On balance, our results call into question the ability of the
leading state to engineer satisfaction by distributing private goods. [R,
abr.] 57.6917 CALLAWAY, Rhonda L. ; HARRELSON-STEPHENS, Julie — Toward
a theory of terrorism: human security as a de- terminant of terrorism. Studies
in Conflict and Terrorism 29(8), Dec. 2006 : 773-796. We investigate the relationship
between human rights conditions and terrorist activity. We outline a theory
of the genesis and growth of terror- ism and argue that states which deny
subsistence rights along with civil and political rights create an environment
conducive to the development of terrorism. However, it is the denial of security
rights that is a neces-
713
sary
condition for the creation and growth of terrorism. We then examine the causes
of terrorism in Northern Ireland in light of this theory. Specifi- cally,
we explore the extent to which human rights abuses contributed to the formation
and growth of terrorists within Northern Ireland. We find that limits on the
civil and political rights of the Catholic minority in North- ern Ireland
played a significant role in the genesis of terrorism. [R, abr.] 57.6918 CAMPLING,
Liam — A critical political economy of the small island developing states
concept. South-South co- operation for island citizens? Journal of Developing
Socie- ties 22(3), Sept. 2006 : 235-285. The 1994 Declaration of Barbados
and the Barbados Program of Action (BPOA) was a watershed in the scale and
scope of international coop- eration between small island developing states
(SIDS). It was also the beginning of a heightened international concern with
the particularities of SIDS developmental trajectories, constraints and opportunities.
How- ever, the Declaration does not affirm the centrality of island peoples
as key agents in this development. In order to investigate this issue, this
article demonstrates historical shifts in SIDS discourse and provides a critical
evaluation of contemporary claims for the particularity of SIDS. It critically
assesses empirical and theoretical examples of South-South cooperation in
order to generate possible insights for the SIDS grouping. [R, abr.] [First
article of a thematic issue on `Island sustainability in a global context`,
edited and introduced by Roy SMITH, `When is an island not an island?`, pp.
227-234. See also Abstr. 57.6928] 57.6919 CAMPOS, Nauro F. ; KUZEYEV, Vitaliy
S. — On the dynam- ics of ethnic fractionalization. American Journal
of Political Science 51(3), July 2007 : 620-639. Does fractionalization change
over (short periods of) time? If so, are there any substantial implications
for economic performance? To answer such questions, we construct a new panel
data set with measures of ethnic, linguistic, and religious fractionalization
for 26 former communist countries covering the period from 1989 to 2002. Our
fractionalization measures show that transition economies became more ethnically
homogeneous over such a short period of time, although the same did not happen
for linguistic and religious diversity. In line with the most recent literature,
there seems to be no effect of (exogenous) diversity on macroeconomic performance
(that is, on per capita GDP growth). How- ever, we find that dynamic (endogenous)
ethnic diversity is negatively related to growth (although this is still not
the case for linguistic and religious diversity). [R, abr.] 57.6920 CARLSON,
Matthew ; LISTHAUG, Ola — Public opinion on the role of religion in
political leadership: a multi-level analysis of sixty-three countries. Japanese
Journal of Po- litical Science 7(3), Dec. 2006 : 251-271. Are there significant
variations across major religious faiths about the proper political roles
of religion? Using recent World Values/European Values data from 63 countries,
we study the attitudes of mass publics on two separate aspects of this question.
(1) Should religious beliefs be used as a criterion for selecting political
leaders (dimension I)? (2) Should religious leaders use their position for
political influence (dimen- sion II)? For dimension I, we find that Muslims
are somewhat more likely than followers of other faiths and denominations
to say that religious beliefs are important in selecting leaders. The remaining
results of our investigation somewhat weaken or modify this result. On dimension
II we find that Muslims do not stand out as comparatively favorable towards
the view that religious leaders shall use their position for political influ-
ence. [R, abr.] 57.6921 CARMENT, David ; GAZO, John J. ; PREST, Stewart — Risk assessment and state failure. Global Society 21(1), Jan. 2007 : 47-69.
This article examines emerging linkages between current policies and state
failure, and assesses the potential for including risk-analysis and early
warning in emerging `whole-of-government` approaches to the problem of state
failure. Current aid policies have focused primarily on `good performers`; the relevant tools therefore tend to be `tilted` towards the key features
of these kinds of states, primarily in the macroeconomic domain and the governance
sector. Only recently, with the shift towards state-failure and the presumed
linkage with regional and global security, have policies focused on a much
broader array of factors. These new elements, many of which are transnational
in scope, are specified in the 2004 High Level Report on UN Reform and are
now becoming visible in the various frameworks being developed by aid, diplomatic
and defense departments. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7003] 57.6922 CAROTHERS,
Thomas — Three lessons about interna- tional assistance. Romanian Journal
of Political Science 2(2), Sept. 2002 : 21-26. Some lessons have been learned — or should have been — by the providers of assistance for democratization
in the post-communist world. (1) While the international community was instrumental
in ensuring the elections are free and fair, party-building was a disappointing
affair. (2)
An
NGOs sector has been built, but its sustainability and accomplish- ments are
still in question. (3) Media assistance helped many independ- ent publications
stay alive and improved the skills of journalists, but left unaddressed the
issues of motivation and political control, especially in that part where
stakes are highest: television stations. (4) The donors should understand
that the process is as important as the end points in the transition process — or even more. [R, abr.] 57.6923 CATTERBERG, Gabriela ; MORENO, Alejandro — The individual bases of political trust: trends in new and es- tablished democracies.
International Journal of Public Opin- ion Research 18(1), Spring 2006 : 31-48.
ThBy looking at the trends in political trust in new and stable democra- cies
over the last 20 years, and their possible determinants, we claim that an
observable decline in trust reflects the post-honeymoon disillu- sionment
rather than the emergence of a more critical citizenry. How- ever, the first
new democracies of the `third wave` show a significant reemergence of political
trust after democratic consolidation. Using data from the World Values Survey
and the European Values Survey, we develop a multivariate model of political
trust. Our findings indicate that political trust is positively related to
well-being, social capital, democratic attitudes, political interest, and
external efficacy, suggesting that trust responds to government performance.
However, political trust is gener- ally hindered by corruption permissiveness,
political radicalism and postmaterialism. [R, abr.] 57.6924 CHAPARRO MARTÍNEZ,
Sandra — El silencio del homo loquens : los orígenes pre-modernos del
individuo mo- derno (The silence of homo loquens: the pre-modern ori- gins
of the modern individuals). Revista de Estudios políti- cos 130, Oct.-Dec.
2005 : 113-150. This article is an attempt to explore the pre-modern origins
of the rational and autonomous subject, the basis of modern political theory.
Two traditions are analyzed: civic humanism and theo-political providential-
ism. Both privilege the study of human freedom, the first from the per- spective
of reason and republicanism, the second from the point of view of will and
pastoral power. After a broad process of conceptual change of meaning, an
autonomous subject, equipped with rights, can finally be found in the 17th
c. He will be the nucleus of all new political theory. But he will consider
himself rational thanks to his capacity to think, not to his ability to speak
and justify, and his political environment will be one of negative (not positive)
freedom. [R] 57.6925 CHAPMAN, Terrence L. — International security institu-
tions, domestic politics, and institutional legitimacy. Journal of Conflict
Resolution 51(1), Feb. 2004 : 134-166. What determines how audiences respond
to international institutional decisions? Through what channels does information-provision
affect foreign policy? I develop a formal model motivated by recent literature
on the informational effects of security institutions. The model depicts information-transmission
between a domestic audience, an international institution, and a foreign policy-maker.
Statements issued by member states through the institution serve to inform
the audience about the likely outcomes of its leader's actions. The model
demonstrates that leaders have incentives to consult relatively conservative
institutions, because their support convinces audiences that they should also
support pro- posed policies. Leaders face incentives to avoid the disapproval
of more revisionist institutions, because their opposition will tend to induce
public opposition. The empirical implications are discussed. [R, abr.] 57.6926
CHAPPELL, Louise — Contesting women's rights: chart- ing the emergence
of a transnational conservative counter-network. Global Society 20(4), Oct.
2006 : 491-520. Using the literature on transnational social movements and
counter- movements, this article assesses the interaction between what are
conceived of as state and non-state-based conservative patriarchal actors
with the transnational women's movement at a series of UN conferences [since]
the 1990s. It suggests that a transnational counter- network has indeed emerged
and outlines the prevailing political oppor- tunity structures that have made
its mobilization possible. It also outlines the alternative frames which the
counter-network has used in presenting its arguments. The paper indicates
that accounts of domestic-level counter-movements hold some explanatory power
for studying the emergence of such a movement at the transnational level,
but it also suggests that the literature needs to be supplemented with an
analysis of the crucial role played by governments as allies or even as network
members in influencing this process. [R, abr.] 57.6927 CHAUDHRY, Azam ; GARNER,
Phillip — Do governments suppress growth? Institutions, rent-seeking,
and innova- tion blocking in a model of Schumpeterian growth. Eco- nomics
and Politics 19(1), March 2007 : 35-52. This paper argues that some governments
adopt growth-reducing poli- cies due to the rational self-interest of the
political elites. The model takes a rent-seeking government that can block
innovation and incorpo-
714
rates
it into a Schumpeterian growth model. The quality of a country's institutions
is reflected in the cost of innovation-blocking. An increase in the level
of innovation-blocking activity will reduce the rate of innovation and therefore
reduce growth. The government also faces the possibility of losing power whenever
an innovation occurs. We examine the condi- tions under which a government
will choose to block innovation and suppress growth. [R] 57.6928 CHEN, Henry
C. L. ; HAY, Pete — Defending island ecolo- gies. Environmental campaigns
in Tasmania and Taiwan. Journal of Developing Societies 22(3), Sept. 2006
: 303-326. The article compares and contrasts the iconic environmental campaigns
of two island jurisdictions, Tasmania and Taiwan: the Franklin-Gordon `wild
rivers` campaign in the first case, the Chilan Forest campaign in the second.
The features of each campaign are delineated: the levels of government involved; the institutional fault lines that developed; the scale of campaign operations; activist tactics; and the significance, within their respective contexts,
of each iconic campaign. How each campaign `fits` a wider context of environmental
activism is sketched, and the article concludes with an agenda for future
cross-island research into environ- mental activism. [R] [See Abstr. 57.6918]
57.6929 CLAASSEN, Ryan L. — Ideology and evaluation in an experimental
setting: comparing the proximity and the directional models. Political Research
Quarterly 60(2), June 2007 : 263-273. The debate between which model, directional
or proximity, better de- scribes citizens' political behavior engages scholars
because the former constitutes a serious challenge to long-standing, Downsian,
spatial logic. Despite an engaging series of empirical tests, scholars comparing
the two models continue to disagree about which model performs better. Noting
experimental methods remain conspicuously absent from meth- ods deployed to
date, the author describes an experiment designed to settle key assumption
debates and measure subjects' reactions to candidates in contexts in which
the models make very different predic- tions. The author reports results vindicating
Downs's assertion that proximity matters and direction does not. [R] 57.6930
CLARE, Joe — Democratization and international con- flict: the impact
of institutional legacies. Journal of Peace Research 44(3), May 2007 : 259-276.
This study re-examines the link between democratization and interna- tional
conflict. It is founded on the argument that the greatest threat to a democratizing
incumbent's tenure arises from the ability of the old authoritarian elite
or their supporters to overthrow the new regime for failed foreign policies.
Given this framework, the article differentiates among transitioning states
based on the strength of the old authoritarian leadership vis-à-vis the new
democratic government. The institutional and political balance between the
transitional forces and the remnants of the Ancien Régime is, in turn, considered
a function of the legacies of past democratic and authoritarian rule. These
expectations are tested in a quantitative analysis of international dispute
behavior for all democra- tizing states from 1950 to 1990. [R, abr.] 57.6931
CLARK, Derek J. ; KONRAD, Kai A. — Asymmetric con- flict: weakest link
against best shot. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(3), June 2007 : 457-469.
The authors study conflict on multiple fronts. A defending player needs to
defend all fronts successfully, and an attacker needs to win at only one.
Multiple fronts result in a considerable disadvantage for the defending player,
and even if there is a defense advantage at each of them, the payoff of the
defending player is zero if the number of fronts is large. With some positive
probability, in the equilibrium defending players surrender without expending
effort. [R] 57.6932 CLAUSET, Aaron ; YOUNG, Maxwell ; GLEDITSCH, Kristian
Skrede — On the frequency of severe terrorist events. Journal of Conflict
Resolution 51(1), Feb. 2004 : 58-87. We study the frequency and severity of
terrorist attacks worldwide since 1968. These events are uniformly characterized
by the phenomenon of `scale invariance`, that is, the frequency scales as
an inverse power of the severity, P(x) Ax-. This property is a robust feature
of terrorism, persisting when we control for economic development of the target
country, the type of weapon used, and even for short time-scales. Fur- ther,
the center of the distribution oscillates slightly with a period of roughly
13 years, there exist significant temporal correlations in the frequency of
severe events, and current models of event-incidence cannot account for these
variations or the scale invariance property of global terrorism. Finally,
we describe a simple toy model for the genera- tion of these statistics and
briefly discuss its implications. [R, abr.] 57.6933 COLGAN, Jeff — Treaty
compliance: lessons from the [Canada-USA] softwood lumber case. Journal of
Public and International Affairs 17, Spring 2006 : 47-60.
The
Canada-US dispute over softwood lumber imports provides an important case
in understanding issues of international bargaining and treaty compliance.
Recent events in the dispute suggest that one of the leading theoretical accounts
of treaty compliance does not offer an adequate explanation of state behavior.
Policy-makers should recognize the importance of cross-border ownership and
industry interdependence for the implementation of, and compliance with, international
trade agreements. The softwood lumber dispute adds credence to the per- spective,
often advocated by realists, that treaty compliance will occur only when it
is in a nation's material interests to do so. [R] 57.6934 CONGLETON, Roger
D. — From royal to parliamentary rule without revolution: the economics
of constitutional exchange within divided governments. European Journal of
Political Economy 23(2), June 2007 : 261-284. This paper provides an economic
explanation for the tax-veto authority of medieval parliament and for the
gradual and peaceful shift of policy- making authority from kings to parliaments
that occurred in the 19th c. The domain of possible power assignments within
a divided government is multidimensional and essentially continuous. This
allows policy-making authority to be distributed in many ways and also allows
constitutional exchange to take place along many margins of power. The consequent
internal `market for power` over budgets and public policies allows constitutional
and quasi-constitutional reforms to be adopted without threat of civil war
or violent revolution. Examples from English history are used to demonstrate
the relevance of the analysis. [R] 57.6935 CONNELL, Raewyn — News from
the coalface. Experi- ences of gender reform by the staff of public sector
agencies. International Feminist Journal of Politics 9(2), June 2007 : 137-153.
There is much theoretical and strategic discussion of the state as a player
in gender reform, but there is still a need to understand how gender reform
processes work within public sector agencies. Evidence on this question is
drawn from a field study of NSW (Australia) govern- ment agencies. [R, abr.]
57.6936 COOKE, Philip — To construct regional advantage from innovation
systems first build policy platforms. European Planning Studies 15(2), Feb.
2007 : 179-194. The idea of regional learning is an inadequate way of evolving
regional economic development because of numerous problems. To offset re-
gional imbalances, responsible agencies are having to explore solutions endogenously
in greater measure. This means constructing regional advantage, by integrating
and exploiting a range of assets from eco- nomic strengths to knowledge assets,
good governance and creativity. Of great importance in this is seeking to
promote `related variety` among economic activities. Single innovations diffuse
swiftly across technology `platforms` into related industries because absorptive
capacity is high among them. The key trick in constructing regional advantage
is design- ing appropriate policy platforms that mix variable policy instruments
in an integrated and judicious manner. This paper maps out a theoretical approach
enabling this to be accomplished. [R, abr.] [Part of a thematic issue on `Spatial
innovation systems — theory and cases`, edited and introduced by Roel
RUTTEN and Frans BOEKEMA] 57.6937 COX, Gary W. — Evaluating electoral
systems. Revista de Ciencia política 26(1), 2006 : 212-215. Scholars have
suggested that electoral systems should be designed to promote (1) fair representation
of parties, (2) good governmental per- formance and/or (3) adequate local
representation. These three criteria pertain to three different kinds of accountability — the accountability of parties to their supporters; the accountability of governments
to their citizens, and the accountability of representatives to their supporters — which cannot be simultaneously maximized. I discuss each criterion in the
abstract and with specific reference to the current Chilean electoral system
and proposals to reform it. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7324] 57.6938 DAHDAH, Said — Mirando al mundo desde las ventanas de un edificio : la comunicación política
y sus propues- tas teóricas (Looking at the world from the windows of a building:
political communication and its theoretical propositions). Politeia (Caracas)
32-33, 2004 : 3-40. Political communication is a subdiscipline of political
science with its own issues and possible solutions. This article encompasses
the icons of empirical research on the topic, specifically with regard to
the controver- sial topic of the impact of political messages massively broadcast
to society and individuals. If, after fifty years of analyzing its effects,
any conclusion may be reached, it may be said that this is a riddle, wrapped
in a mystery, inside an enigma, as Winston Churchill described Russia in World
War II. [R] 57.6939 DANOFF, Brian — Asking of freedom something other
than itself: Tocqueville, Putnam, and the vocation of the
715
democratic
moralist. Politics and Policy 35(2), June 2007 : 165-190. R. Putnam's primary
strategy for reviving civil society in Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival
of American Community [New York, 2000] is an example of `the doctrine of self-interest
properly understood`, a doctrine that A. de Tocqueville found prevalent among
`American moral- ists`. Considering him a modern version of the American moralist
dis- cussed by Tocqueville, I shed new light on both the merits and the limitations
of Putnam's achievement. I also use Bowling Alone as an occasion to explore
Tocqueville's own deep ambivalence toward the self- interest. I contrast Putnam's
Bowling Alone with R. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart, Individualism and
Commitment in American Life [Berkeley, 1985]. Understanding the important
differences between these two self- proclaimed neo-Tocquevillians can help
illuminate the promise and the peril of contemporary arguments for reviving
civil society that employ the language of self-interest properly understood.
[R, abr.] 57.6940 DE GRAUWE, Paul — On monetary and political union.
CESifo Forum 7(4), Winter 2006 : 3-10. This article analyzes the link between
political and monetary union. We start by clarifying the concept of political
union, and then analyze what kind of political union is necessary to sustain
the monetary union in the long run. [R] [First of a series of articles on
`Enlargement of the euro area`. See also Abstr. 57.7656] 57.6941 DE HAAN,
Jakob — Political institutions and economic growth reconsidered. Public
Choice 131(3-4), 2007 : 281- 292. The debate on the relationship between institutions
and economic devel- opment is discussed, focusing on two illustrations, i.e.,
the impact of democracy and political instability on economic growth. Various
pitfalls of existing research are identified, like sensitivity of the outcomes
to model- specification, sample heterogeneity, measurement of political variables,
and the treatment of the time dimension. [R] 57.6942 DEEG, Richard — Complementarity and institutional change in capitalist systems. Journal of
European Public Policy 14(4), 2007 : 611-630. The concept of institutional
complementarity — that the co-existence of two or more institutions
enhances the functioning of each — is frequently used to explain why
institutions are resistant to change and why intro- ducing new institutions
into a system often fails to achieve the intended objective. This paper utilizes
examples from comparative political econ- omy to delineate the concept and
address the issue of how to measure the strength of complementarities. It
then assesses the utility of the concept for explaining institutional change,
concluding that assessing the causal effect of complementarities on change
is difficult and ambiguous. A better understanding requires embedding complementarities
within a more general theory of institutional change which takes a broader
view of the ways in which institutions interconnect and change. [R] 57.6943
DEL SARTO, Raffaella A. — Security and democracy: a reprise. European
Security 15(4), 2006 : 507-518. This contribution takes up the security-democracy
nexus from a concep- tual point of view. Against the background of the complex
relationship between security and democracy, the analytical difficulties of
its two separate building blocks — security and democracy — are
assessed. While putting forward a number of theoretical propositions regarding
the study of these concepts — in the context of the EU and beyond — the discussion ends by pushing further the avenues for future research on
security and democracy in the EU. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7722] 57.6944 DENNIS,
Kingsley — Technologies of civil society: com- munication, participation
and mobilization. Innovation 20(1), March 2007 : 19-34. Emerging technologies
of communication and cooperation are increas- ingly mediated through flows
of connectivity and information, leading to distributed forms of civil participation.
I discuss “technologies of civil society“ whereby people investing
in information-access, increased mobility and knowledge-sharing contribute
to multiple networks of co- participation and cooperation. Civil society is
increasingly becoming visible through the technologies used to receive, organize
and utilize the information flows. In order to sustain cooperation, complex
interrelations between individuals and their technically mediated communications
must of necessity be deliberate and intentional strategies. I argue that com-
munication technologies are informing strategies of civil participation and
cooperation at ever more accelerated rates, aiding bottom-up strategies of
organization. [R] 57.6945 DHAMOON, Rita — Shifting from `culture` to
`the cul- tural`: critical theorizing of identity/difference politics. Constellations
13(3), Sept. 2006 : 354-373.
The
abundant literature on multiculturalism notwithstanding, political theory
continues to fall into the trap of reifying and essentializing culture. Anthropology
and cultural studies are better resources since they move the focus of analysis
from the static entity of “culture“ to the dynamic processes that
signify identities and create cultural phenomena. The author calls for a shift
from “culture“ to the “the cultural“ that would allow
us to decode processes of meaning-making that challenge and disrupt particular
articulations of identity and difference. [R] 57.6946 DIETRICH, Frank — Das Sezessionsrecht im demokra- tischen Verfassungsstaat (The right to secede
in democ- ratic states). Leviathan 35(1), March 2007 : 62-84. Many states
in Europe and North America must deal with separatist movements which [seek]
independence. Their democratic constitutions are based on several values,
e.g., the individual freedom to emigrate and the freedom to leave associations,
that appear to speak in favor of allowing secession. The formal recognition
of a right to secede meets, however, with two serious objections. A. Buchanan
and C. Sunstein argue (1) that an exit-option can be used as a permanent veto
on major- ity decisions and (2) that it has negative effects on the political
participa- tion of minority groups. Their criticism does not stand up to close
scru- tiny. Nevertheless, a constitutional right to secede raises other issues,
such as the drawing of new borders or the distribution of the national debt,
that need to be discussed. [R] 57.6947 DJELIC, Marie-Laure ; QUACK, Sigrid — Overcoming path dependency: path generation in open systems. Theory and Society
36(2), Apr. 2007 : 161-186. Studies on societal path dependencies tend to
focus on mechanisms that anchor and stabilize national trajectories while
paying less attention to transnational interactions and multilevel governance.
This paper explores processes of path transformation in societies that are
presumed to have the characteristics of open systems. Two pairs of case studies
are presented and compared. The first illustrates institutional change through
collision, when a national path meets with another. The second de- scribes
the emergence of transnational institutional paths and the impact of that
process on national institutions and their (potential) transforma- tion. The
results indicate that path transformation often stems from a gradual succession
and combination of incremental steps and junctures: change is gradual but
consequential. [R, abr.] 57.6948 DROSTERIJ, Gerard — Mind the gap: three
models of democracy, one missing; two political paradigms, one dwindling.
Contemporary Political Theory 6(1), Feb. 2007 : 45-66. The article revisits
two basic questions of political theory posed by Jon Elster: (1) should the
political process be defined as private or public; (2) should its purpose
be understood instrumentally or intrinsically? Having posed these questions,
Elster arrives at three views of politics: social choice (private, instrumental),
republican (public, intrinsic) and discourse theory (public, instrumental).
I argue for a fourth view (private, intrinsic), and explain Elster's omission
of this model by referring to his underlying paradigm of politics, that is,
as will-formation. The main thesis in Elster's article is about whether the
process of will-formation should be relegated to the market mechanism or dealt
with via deliberative forums. I reject this paradigm and argue instead for
politics as jurisdiction. [R, abr.] 57.6949 DUFFIELD, John — What are
international institutions? International Studies Review 9(1), Spring 2007
: 1-22. International institutions are a central focus of IR scholarship as
well as of policy-making efforts around the world. Despite their importance,
our scholarly literature lacks a widely accepted definition of just what they
are. Instead, scholars have employed a range of largely non-overlapping conceptions,
contributing to a fragmentation of the literature and hinder- ing theoretical
cumulation. This essay first reviews the principal ways in which international
institutions have been conceptualized and identifies their shortcomings. It
then develops a definition that promises to be inclusive of what are commonly
regarded as the most important institu- tional forms without losing analytical
coherence. A final section discusses some of the concrete benefits that result
from employing the new defini- tion, both in improving existing scholarship
and by suggesting valuable new avenues of research. [R, abr.] 57.6950 DUFRENE,
Bernadette — Événements culturels interna- tionaux et médias : interactions
et définitions récipro- ques (International cultural events and media: reciprocal
interactions and definitions). Hermès 46, 2006 : 179-188. [Résumé en français]
Do international cultural events constitute a symbolic system independ- ent
of the mass media? This article refers in a general theory of triviality,
i.e. the circulation of concepts between the sphere of cultural production
(represented by international cultural action) and that of the mass media.
Without questioning the fundamental contribution of Davidson to the theory
of events (an event exists independently of any subsequent reconstruction,
notably by the mass media) and, on the contrary correla-
716
tions
between these two spheres. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.6888] underlin- ing the
contributions of the semantics of history to understand a cultural production,
this article highlights 57.6951 DÜR, Andreas ; DE BIÈVRE, Dirk — The
question of inter- est group influence. Journal of Public Policy 27(1), Jan.-
Apr. 2007 : 1-12. Interest groups are a major channel through which citizens
can express their opinions to decision-makers. Their participation in policy-making
may improve decision-making processes by supporting policies that are in line
with citizen preferences and blocking policies that reflect solely the interests
of the governing elite. At the same time, however, intense interest group
pressures may make it difficult for policy-makers to imple- ment the most
efficient policies since such policies often impose costs on parts of the
public. Competition among interest groups over the distribu- tion of economic
gains may also slow down the rate of economic growth. Finally, if some groups
constantly win, interest group politics may un- dermine the legitimacy of
electorally accountable decision-making in a democracy. [R] [Introduction
to a thematic issue on interest group influ- ence, edited by the authors.
See also Abstr. 57.7092, 7541, 7635, 7680] 57.6952 EAGLETON, Terry — On telling the truth. Socialist Register 2006 : 269-285. The history of truth
shows that it transformed from a lofty goal separate from the material world,
which required discarding the empirical shells of phenomena to reach their
essence, into a more earthly concept subject to the change, instability and
tumults of modernity. Truth became what- ever was needed to achieve one's
goals, subjective and vulnerable to manipulation. A mighty lineage of thinkers
have taught that the mind's capacity for self-deception [is] endless, but
that humans also long for truth ferociously. If postmodernism generally undervalues
truth, it is partly because some of its modernistic predecessors made a fetish
out of it. Perhaps it is when we come to need the truth less urgently that
we will realize that our political emancipation is complete. [See Abstr. 57.7036]
57.6953 EDDY, Katherine — Welfare rights and conflicts of rights. Res
Publica (Dordrecht) 12(4), 2006 : 337-356. The fact that welfare rights — rights to food, shelter and medical care — will conflict with one another
is often taken to be good reason to exclude welfare rights from the catalogue
of genuine rights. Welfare rights propo- nents need to take the conflicts
objection seriously. The existence of potentially conflicting and more weighty
normative considerations counts against a claim's status as a genuine right.
To think otherwise would be to threaten the peremptory force — and hence
the analytical integrity — of rights. The conflicts objection is made
more pressing once we have conceded that welfare rights give people entitlements
to what are poten- tially scarce goods. Welfare rights can survive the conflicts
objection if, and only if, we take scarcity into account in the framing of
a given welfare right. [R, abr.] 57.6954 EICHLER, Jan — Hrozba globálního
terorismu ajejí vy- hodnocování (The threat of global terror and the strate-
gies for fighting it). Mezinárodní Vztahy 41(3), 2006 : 19-45. The article
focuses on the three major terrorist attacks in recent history: US (2001),
Madrid (2004) and London (2005). It examines whether terrorism still remains
an indirect strategy in the globalization era [and] analyzes the effects of
previous terrorist attacks in the assessment of terrorism by politicians,
looking at the impact of this assessment on further developments in international
relations, both on the regional and global level. It studies the links between
the imminence of a terrorist threat and individual Western countries' approaches
to the Islamic world and immigrants coming from this world. The author focuses
on global threat-assessment at the theoretical level, introducing the main
schools of thought and approaches. [R, abr.] 57.6955 El OUALI, Abdelhamid — Territorial integrity: rethinking the territorial sovereign right of the existence
of the states. Geopolitics 11(4), 2006 : 630-650. Amazingly, IR and political
geography scholars have not enquired about the link between territoriality
and territorial integrity. In essence, the principle of territorial integrity
is the elaborated and sophisticated legal expression of territoriality. It
is intimately linked to the state as a legal entity, [whose] main objective
is to ensure its perennial existence within a specific territory whose borders
have been established in accordance with international law. [R, abr.] 57.6956
ELIAS, Juanita — Women workers and labour standards: the problem of
`human rights`. Review of International Studies 33(1), Jan. 2007 : 45-58.
The ILO's Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work of 1998
formalized an approach to global labor issues known as the Core Labor Standards
(CLS). The CLS have privileged a specific set of labor
standards
as possessing the kinds of universalistic qualities associated with ideas
of “human rights“. But what does this “human rights“ approach mean from the point of view of those women workers who dominate employment
in some of the most globalized, and insecure, industries in the world? This
article makes the case for critical feminist engagement with the gender-blind,
and neoliberal-compatible, approach to economic rights as set out in the CLS.
It raises wider concerns about the insuffi- ciency of approaches to economic
rights that are designed to work within the (gendered) structures of a neoliberal
economic development para- digm. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7131] 57.6957 ELLINGSAETER,
Anne Lise — `Old` and `new` politics of time to care: three Norwegian
reforms. Journal of Euro- pean Social Policy 17(1), Feb. 2007 : 49-60. The
social revolutions connected to post-industrialism are altering the landscape
of social politics, affecting both the content and normative justification
of policy reform. The changing ideational foundation of care policy is addressed
in this case-study of Norway. The study examines the policy rationales of
three major reforms in the 1990s concerning parents' rights to time to care,
by drawing on policy documents and parliamentary debates. A conceptual “trichotomy” of key policy rationales — equality, recognition and choice — informs the empirical analysis. Analyzed in context, the three reforms illustrate
the multifaceted blend of “old” and “new” policy justifications,
expanding the `political grammar` of care policies. [R] 57.6958 ENDERS, Walter
; SU Xuejuan — Rational terrorists and optimal network structure. Journal
of Conflict Resolution 51(1), Feb. 2004 : 33-57. After the events of 9/11
[2001], US counterterrorism became more proactive in that the Patriot Act
allowed the authorities far more freedom to attack terrorist network structures
directly. We argue that rational terrorists will attempt to thwart such policies
and restructure themselves to be less penetrable. We model the trade-off between
security and intragroup communication faced by terrorists. The model is used
to derive the anticipated changes in network structure and the consequent
changes in the type, complexity, and success rate of potential terrorist attacks.
[R] 57.6959 ENGEL, Susan ; MARTIN, Brian — Union Carbide and James Hardie:
lessons in politics and power. Global Soci- ety 20(4), Oct. 2006 : 475-490.
In terms of industrial disasters, the chemical release at Bhopal and the long-term
production and use of asbestos products are two of the largest and most controversial
cases. Both events backfired on the companies responsible, namely Union Carbide
and James Hardie (which largely controlled the Australian asbestos products
market). Yet in the case of Bhopal most victims have not been adequately compensated
and, while compensation seems more assured for Australian asbestos victims,
it has been a long and bitter battle for justice. How, in a globalized world,
can we ensure that corporate negligence backfires and victims receive justice?
This paper presents a framework for understanding how global corporations
attempt to inhibit outrage and how to counter their tactics. [R] 57.6960 ENSLEY,
Michael J. ; DE MARCHI, Scott ; MUNGER, Mi- chael C. — Candidate uncertainty,
mental models, and complexity: some experimental results. Public Choice 132(1-2),
2007 : 231-246. Since the work of A. Downs [An Economic Theory of Democracy,
New York, 1957], spatial models of elections have been a mainstay of re- search
in political science and public choice. [Yet] researchers have not considered
in great detail the complexity of the decision task that a candidate confronts.
Two facets of a candidate's decision process are investigated here, using
a set of laboratory experiments where subjects face a fixed incumbent in a
two-dimensional policy space. First, we analyze the effect that the complexity
of the electoral landscape has on the ability of the subject to defeat the
incumbent. Second, we analyze the impact that a subject's `mental model` has
on her performance. The experimental results suggest that the complexity of
a candidate's deci- sion task and her perception of the task may be important
factors in electoral competition. [R, abr.] 57.6961 EPSTEIN, Gil S., et al. — Ambiguous political power and contest efforts. Public Choice 132(1-2), 2007
: 113-123. When there is incomplete information on the source of power in
a con- test, the contestants may divide their lobbying efforts between the
poten- tial centers of power, only one of which determines the contests' winning
probabilities. Our analysis focuses on the effect of ambiguity regarding the
source of power on the contestants' aggregate effort in a symmetric, simple
lottery contest with two potential centers of power. Specifically, we examine
the effects of varying the informativeness of the contestants' private signals
(i.e., the probability that a signal is correct) and the de- gree of correlation
between them. Our benchmark case is the standard
717
G.
Tullock's model, in which the source of power is known, i.e., the contestants'
signals are perfectly informative. [R, abr.] 57.6962 ERÄSTÖ, Tytti — Roistovaltioiden aika ei ole ohi (The era of rogue states is not over). Politiikka
48(3), 2006 : 173- 181. This article is a response to J. Derrida's hypothesis
that the era of rogue states is over. I show the continuing relevance of rogue
state discourse and policies, not only by looking at post-Cold War US foreign
policy but also by focusing attention on the historical underpinnings of the
rogue state concept. Drawing from C. Schmitt, the origins of the concept are
traced to an older idea of state criminality that took shape after World War
I. Derrida's hypothesis also involved a certain interpretation of international
society, to which this article provides an alternative. [R] 57.6963 ETTEMA,
James S. — Journalism as reason-giving: deliberative democracy, institutional
accountability, and the news media's mission. Political Communication 24(2),
Apr.-June 2007 : 143-160. Offering reasons for public choice is the central
act of deliberative de- mocracy. These reasons, however, must meet a stern
criterion: they must be grounded in principles that cannot be reasonably rejected
by citizens seeking fair terms of cooperation. Because reasons given in actual
political argument regularly fail to meet this criterion, journalism should
be asked to participate not merely by presiding over an uncritical forum for
reason-giving but by acting as a reasoning institution that aggressively pursues
and compellingly renders reasons satisfying the criterion. A case study of
journalism demanding accountability to the ideals of justice — one newspaper's
campaign for death penalty reform — provides a constructive model of
journalistic reason-giving in a situa- tion of deep moral disagreement. [R,
abr.] 57.6964 FEDDERSEN, Timothy ; SANDRONI, Alvaro — A theory of participation
in elections. American Economic Review 96(4), Sept. 2006 : 1271-1282. We analyze
a model of participation in elections in which voting is costly and no vote
is pivotal. Ethical agents are motivated to participate when they determine
that agents of their type are obligated to do so. Unlike previous duty-based
models of participation, in our model an ethical agent's obligation to vote
is determined endogenously as a function of the behavior of other agents.
Our model predicts high turnout and com- parative statics that are consistent
with strategic behavior. [R] 57.6965 FINDLAY, Mark — Terrorism and relative
justice. Crime, Law and Social Change 47(1), 2007 : 57-68. Terrorist violence
and violent justice responses have much in common. While contextually dependant,
both forms of violence lay claim to con- tested legitimacies. The relationships
between terrorism and justice responses require both theoretical and empirical
examination if the prospects for controlling the violence they perpetrate
is to be sharpened. [R] 57.6966 FINE, Ben ; VAN WAEYENBERGE, Elisa — Correcting Stiglitz: from information to power in the world of devel- opment.
Socialist Register 2006 : 146-168. J. Stiglitz's Globalization and Its Discontents
[New York, 2002] and its extensive critique of the IMF established his reputation
for radicalism. His criticisms were largely a result of the fact that after
resigning as Chief Economist at the World Bank, Stiglitz was confronted with
the reality of political economy and historically and ideologically vested
interests and their unavoidable significance. It remains to be seen, however,
whether this truth will eventually predominate over the post-Washington Consen-
sus that he promoted while at the Bank. Even though Stiglitz has proved his
intellectual integrity in the struggle against the neo-liberalism rhetoric,
his work has been deployed to limit progressive reaction against it, and to
mask the continuing divorce between ideology and practice in the business
of knowledge, aid and development. [See Abstr. 57.7036] 57.6967 FISHER, Ronald
J. — Assessing the contingency model of third-party intervention in
successful cases of prene- gotiation. Journal of Peace Research 44(3), May
2007 : 311- 329. The theory and practice of third-party intervention continue
to develop in constructive directions and increasingly acknowledge the utility
of unoffi- cial methods directed more toward the subjective and relational
aspects of international conflict. A previously developed contingency model
of third-party intervention articulates the potential complementarity of these
unofficial approaches (e.g. problem-solving workshops) with more tradi- tional,
official methods (e.g. power-mediation) in pursuit of resolution. A comparative
analysis of five cases of successful unofficial intervention in ethno-political
conflicts identifies important contributions to the peace process. Descriptions
of the interventions are followed by an identifica- tion of the transfer mechanisms
and effects that carried the fruits of the unofficial interactions into the
official domain. Each case is then reflected
on
the contingency model by identifying the stage of conflict escalation and
the initiation, sequencing, and complementarity of interventions. [R, abr.]
57.6968 FOESSEL, Michaël — Legitimations of the state: the weakening
of authority and the restoration of power. Constellations 13(3), Sept. 2006
: 308-319. The author alerts us to a paradox of the neoliberal project that
the war on terrorism has revealed with crude simplicity: at the very moment
of the triumph of `liberal values`, Western countries are experiencing a `crisis
of authority` which they try to meet by reinforcing state power. This response,
however, conflates power and authority, forgetting the latter's traditional
connection to legitimacy. By dismantling the welfare state and stressing individual
responsibility, neoliberalism has left individuals alone before mounting threats
and uncertainties. In so doing, it feeds a politics of fear that promotes
state power while suppressing the autonomous claims of society. [R] 57.6969
FOREST, James J. F. — The democratic disadvantage in the strategic communications
battlespace. Democracy and Security 2(1), 2006 : 73-101. This article explores
the struggle for influence taking place online be- tween liberal democracies
and extremists. It describes the various online forms of strategic communication
used by terrorist organizations to achieve their objectives. Particular attention
is focused on how members of the global salafi jihadist network use the internet
to provide motiva- tional/ideological and operational information to potential
recruits and supporters. The discussion then examines the current public diplomacy
effort of the US, and identifies an important disadvantage in our ap- proach.
An effective public diplomacy agenda requires a commitment to educating our
own citizens for world comprehension and responsible communication, as well
as motivating a grassroots campaign to develop and disseminate an effective
anti-jihad message. [R, abr.] 57.6970 FREDRIKSSON, Per G. ; WOLLSCHEID, Jim
R. — Democ- ratic institutions versus autocratic regimes: the case of
environmental policy. Public Choice 130(3-4), 2007 : 381- 393. The literature
suggests that democracy positively affects environmental policy stringency.
Using the method of propensity score-matching, we find that this result appears
to be largely driven by the parliamentary democracies (as opposed to the presidential-congressional,
proportional or majority systems). Moreover, it appears that presidential-
congressional systems often set environmental policies not significantly different
from autocracies. [R, abr.] 57.6971 FREY, Karsten — Of nuclear myths
and nuclear taboos. Peace Review 18(3), July-Sept. 2006 : 341-347. The author
looks mainly at the motives for acquiring nuclear weapons, or deciding not
to do so. He highlights the `myths` and `taboos` that exist in national and
global culture, and argues that these normative frameworks are actually more
powerful than treaties, sanctions, or threats of military action in fostering
nonproliferation and disarmament. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7013] 57.6972 FRYNAS,
Jedrzej George ; NEWELL, Peter, eds. — Beyond corporate social responsibility?
Business, poverty and social justice. Third World Quarterly 28(4), 2007 :
669-867. Introduction by the editors, `Beyond CSR? Business, poverty and social
justice: an introduction`, pp. 669-681. Articles by Michael BLOWFIELD, `Reasons
to be cheerful? What we know about CSR's impact`, pp. 683- 695; Peter UTTING,
`CSR and equality`, pp. 697-712; Stephanie BARRIENTOS and Sally SMITH, `Do
workers benefit from ethical trade? Assessing codes of labour practice in
global production systems`, pp. 713-729; Ruth PEARSON, `Beyond women workers:
gendering CSR`, pp. 731-749; Maureen A. KILGOUR, `The UN Global Compact and
substantive equality for women: revealing a 'well hidden' mandate`, pp. 751-773; Anne TALLONTIRE, `CSR and regulation: towards a frame- work for understanding
private standards initiatives in the agri-food chain`, pp. 775-791; Kate MACDONALD,
`Globalising justice within coffee supply chains? Fair trade, Starbucks and
the transformation of supply chain governance`, pp. 793-812; Lars H. GULBRANDSEN
and Arild MOE, `BP in Azerbaijan: a test case of the potential and limits
of the CSR agenda?`, pp. 813-830; David FIG, `Questioning CSR in the Brazil-
ian Atlantic Forest: the case of Aracruz Celulose SA`, pp. 831-849; Dominic
GLOVER, `Monsanto and Smallholder Farmers: a case study in CSR`, pp. 851-867.
57.6973 FUENTES, Juan Francisco — Totalitarismo : origen y evolución
de un concepto clave (Totalitarianism: the ori- gin and evolution of a key
concept). Revista de Estudios políticos 134, Dec. 2006 : 195-218. The history
of the concept of totalitarianism from its origins in the 1920s to the present
can meaningfully be divided into five stages: (1) the
718
appearance
of the term in fascist Italy and its spread to the rest of the world in the
1930s; (2) a temporary crisis due to the alliance between the West and the
USSR during the World War II; (3) its widespread use during the Cold War,
especially in the first few years (1945-1953), when it enjoyed its “golden
age”; (4) a gradual decline in importance following the death of Stalin
as East-West relations thawed; (5) a irreversible decline during détente.
The author examines national debates concern- ing totalitarianism (eg, in
France and Spain), observing the changes in its meaning and relations with
other terms that arose as alternatives to- wards the end of the 20th c., above
all, that of fundamentalism. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7203] 57.6974 GAAN, Narottam — Western liberal democracy: rethink- ing: towards sustainable development.
World Affairs (New Delhi) 10(3), Autumn 2006 : 14-29. Western liberal democracy,
inspired by Newtonian science, encourages a profligate lifestyle and massive
consumerism, resulting in a global environmental crisis that is threatening
mankind with extinction. To ensure the welfare of future generations a reform
of the system based on an ecologically holistic worldview is necessary. [R]
[First article of a thematic issue, `The failing [US] empire: vassals and
rivals`. See also Abstr. 57.7022, 7109, 7160, 7729, 7818, 7840, 7889, 7943]
57.6975 GANSER, Daniele — Fear as a weapon: the effects of psychological
warfare on domestic and international politics. World Affairs (New Delhi)
9(4), Winter 2005 : 28-44. Since antiquity, strategists have advised the use
of propaganda and other psychological techniques to spread fear among the
enemy in order to bring about his defeat. However, the methods to create and
manipu- late fear also involve terrorism (sometimes state-sponsored) and may
target domestic populations in order to make them receptive or hostile to
certain political or economic policies. [R] 57.6976 GERMAIN, Randall D. — Global finance, risk and govern- ance. Global Society 21(1), Jan. 2007 : 71-93.
This article puts forward three linked sets of claims. (1) R. W. Cox's framework
of historical materialism can be adapted to articulate a suit- able conceptual
schema for understanding financial governance at the global level. (2) Globally
oriented financial institutions have increasingly become purveyors of `risk
products`, with the effect that modalities of financial governance have been
altered towards a more market-oriented and globalized form. (3) It considers
the extent to which Cox's claim that the structure of world order is becoming
non-hegemonic can be illus- trated with respect to the implications of governance
outlined above. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7003] 57.6977 GERRING, John ; McDERMOTT,
Rose — An experimental template for case study research. American Journal
of Po- litical Science 51(3), July 2007 : 688-701. We argue that one gains
purchase on the tasks of research design by integrating the criteria traditionally
applied to experimental work to all research in the social sciences — including case study work. Experimen- tal research designs aim to achieve
variation through time and across space while maintaining ceteris paribus
assumptions, thus maximizing leverage into the fundamental problem of causal
inference. We propose to capture these multiple criteria in a four-fold typology:
(1) a dynamic comparison mirrors laboratory experimentation through the use
of both temporal and spatial variation; (2) a longitudinal comparison employs
temporal variation; (3) a spatial comparison exploits variation through space; and (4) a counterfactual comparison relies on imagined compari- son. All comparison
case study research designs can be slotted into one of these four categories.
[R, abr.] 57.6978 GILLEY, Bruce — Thick or thin? An empirical interven-
tion. Critical Review of International Social and Political Phi- losophy 10(1),
March 2007 : 87-98. This note provides evidence about the relationship between
state legiti- macy and liberal rights in 72 states, and compares the strength
of that relationship to other plausible legitimacy sources. It concludes that
liberal rights have an equal but non-superordinate status to good governance
and material development. The `thick` versus `thin` argument about an appropriate
global theory of state legitimacy may be misplaced. In its place, we should
adopt a partial and plural approach. [R] 57.6979 GLEDITSCH, Kristian Skrede — Transnational dimensions of civil war. Journal of Peace Research 44(3), May
2007 : 293-309. This article challenges the “closed polity“ approach
to the study of civil war, where individual states are treated as independent
entities, and posits that transnational factors and linkages between states
can exert strong influences on the risk of violent civil conflict. Previous
research has shown that conflicts in a state's regional context can increase
the risk of conflict, but the research has not distinguished between different
varieties of transnational linkages that may underlie geographic conta-
gion,
and it has failed to consider the potential influences of domestic attributes.
The article develops and evaluates a series of hypotheses on how transnational
factors can influence the risk of conflict and the pros- pects for maintaining
peace in a conditional autologistic model, including country-specific factors
often associated with civil wars. [R, abr.] 57.6980 GRANGÉ, Ninon — L'État et la guerre. Norme, référence, transgression (State and war: norm,
reference and trans- gression). Études internationales 38(1), March 2007 :
19-31. [Résumé en français] W. Benjamin, C. Schmitt, then G. Agamben questioned
the idea of norm in the state faced with violence, together with the question
of exception. Now the state of exception comes down to dealing juridically
with political matters and ignoring what really or illusorily triggers off
the state of exception, namely war. A proposition to grasp both the difficulty
for law to fit to the sudden appearance of violence and the outburst of the
various forms of war listed in history, consists in replacing juridical fiction
by `political fictions`. Only on that condition can exception and its starting
element be considered anew, as well as the fundamental indetermination between
external and internal war. [R, abr.] [First article of a thematic issue, `Philosophy
and International Relations: contemporary views`, edited and introduced by
Frédéric RAMEL, `Quand Sophia rencontre Arès : des intérêts de la philosophie
en Relations internationales (When Sophia meets Ares: the relevance of philosophy
in International Rela- tions)`, pp. 5-17. See also Abstr. 57.7065, 7096, 7173,
7208] 57.6981 GRUNDMANN, Reiner — Climate change and knowledge politics.
Environmental Politics 16(3), June 2007 : 414-432. This paper addresses the
paradox that although the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has reached
a broad consensus, various governments pursue different, if not opposing policies.
This puzzle not only challenges the traditional belief that scientific knowledge
is objective and can be more or less directly translated into political action,
but also calls for a better understanding of the relation between science
and public policy in modern society. Based on the conceptual framework of
knowledge politics, the use of expert knowledge in public discourse and in
political decisions is analyzed, comparing the US and Germany. [R, abr.] 57.6982
GU Guoliang — Policies on support for, and involvement with developing
and underdeveloped countries. Canadian Foreign Policy 13(2), 2006 : 155-166.
[Résumé en français] Developing and underdeveloped countries should not be
branded as `fragile` or `failing` states and viewed as the source of security
threat or economic burden for the international community. Common security
and common development are the appropriate policies to support and involve
developing and underdeveloped countries. Greater efforts should be made to
narrow the gap between north and south and the developed countries should
take it as their responsibility to help the underdeveloped countries to become
prosperous. The UN should play the leading role in safeguarding world peace
and promoting common development. It is essential to have both international
and regional cooperation in fighting against terrorism, countering proliferation
of WMD, and supporting the developing and underdeveloped countries in eradicating
poverty and striving for prosperity. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7891] 57.6983 GUPTA,
Dipak K. — Toward an integrated behavioral framework for analyzing terrorism:
individual motiva- tions to group dynamics. Democracy and Security 1(1), 2005
: 5-31. By building on a theoretical framework, which expands rational choice
theory to include group-based motivations, this paper offers an inte- grated
behavioral model for analyzing terrorism. This model is used to understand
the life-cycle of a terrorist group; their formation and demise and also their
transformation from ideological groups to criminal gangs and vice-versa. For
understanding terrorism, it is not essential to offer a strict functional
model of human motivations. However, I argue that if we must, we should expand
the rational choice model to include the primor- dial human urge of belonging
to a group. [R] 57.6984 HAFTEL, Yoram Z. — Designing for peace: regional
integration arrangements, institutional variation, and militarized interstate
disputes. International Organization 61(1), Winter 2007 : 217-237. Building
on recent theoretical advances, I argue that cooperation on a wide array of
economic issues and regular meetings of high-level officials provide member-states
with valuable information regarding the interests and resolve of their counterparts.
This, in turn, reduces uncertainty and improves the prospects of a peaceful
resolution of interstate disputes. To test the effect of these two institutional
features on the level of militarized interstate disputes (MIDs), I present
an original data set that measures variation in institutional design and implementation
across a large num- ber of regional integration arrangements (RIAs) in the
1980s and 1990s. Employing multivariate regression techniques and the regional
unit of
719
analysis,
I find that a wider scope of economic activity and regular meet- ings among
high-level officials mitigate violent conflict. [R, abr.] 57.6985 HALPIN,
Darren R. — The participatory and democratic potential and practice
of interest groups: between soli- darity and representation. Public Administration
84(4), 2006 : 919-940. Embracing `groups` as means to address democratic deficiencies
invites scrutiny of their democratic practices. However, many groups lack
internal democratic practices and offer few opportunities for affiliates to
participate. Guided by an implicit `representation` narrative of groups, the
absence of internal democratic practices is interpreted as a sign of `failure`
or `deficiency`. Some scholars have entertained the idea of setting minimum
standards of internal democracy as a prerequisite for policy access. This
article scrutinizes this emerging consensus and its `representation` narrative.
Drawing upon the work of J. O'Neill [`Repre- senting people, representing
nature, representing the world`, Environ- ment and Planning C: Government
and Policy, 19, 2001: 483-500.] and H. F. Pitkin [The Concept of Representation,
Berkeley, 1967], I argue that the type of constituency a group advocates for
can be used to calibrate expectations of internal democratic structures of
accountability and authorization. [R, abr.] 57.6986 HAMMOND, Ross A. ; AXELROD,
Robert — The evolution of ethnocentrism. Journal of Conflict Resolution
50(6), Dec. 2006 : 926-936. Ethnocentrism is a nearly universal syndrome of
attitudes and behaviors, typically including in-group favoritism. Empirical
evidence suggests that a predisposition to favor in-groups can be easily triggered
by even arbitrary group distinctions and that preferential cooperation within
groups occurs even when it is individually costly. The authors study the emergence
and robustness of ethnocentric behaviors of in-group favoritism, using an
agent-based evolutionary model. They show that such behaviors can become widespread
under a broad range of conditions and can support very high levels of cooperation,
even in one-move prisoner's dilemma games. When cooperation is especially
costly to individuals, the authors show how ethnocentrism itself can be necessary
to sustain cooperation. [R] 57.6987 HANDMER, John ; JAMES, Paul — Trust
us and be scared: the changing nature of contemporary risk. Global Society
21(1), Jan. 2007 : 119-130. A fundamental shift in the communication of risk
has emerged, particu- larly in the context of the war on terror. Governments
in the US, the UK, Australia and elsewhere stress the novelty and radical
emergence of terrorism-as-risk, in part by ignoring history and concentrating
on the symptoms to maintain a continuing sense of danger. The prior emphasis
on experts and expert systems for generating risk-assessment is being actively
undermined by ideologues. These changes represent a disturb- ing shift from
the dominance of the Enlightenment idea of trusting in science and knowledge
to accepting a post-Enlightenment idea that authority and ideology are all
that can ever underpin the assessment of abstract risk, particularly in the
case of terrorism. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7003] 57.6988 HANSON, Gordon H.
; SCHEVE, Kenneth ; SLAUGHTER, Matthew J. — Public finance and individual
preferences over globalization strategies. Economics and Politics 19(1), March
2007 : 1-33. Do preferences toward globalization strategies vary across public-
finance regimes? We use data on individual preferences toward immigra- tion
and trade policy to examine how pre-tax and post-tax cleavages differ across
globalization strategies and state fiscal jurisdictions. High exposure to
immigrant fiscal pressures reduces support for freer immi- gration among US
natives, especially the more skilled. The magnitude of this post-tax fiscal
cleavage is comparable to the pre-tax labor-market effects of skill itself.
There is no public-finance variation in opinion over trade policy, consistent
with US trade policy having negligible fiscal- policy impacts. Public finance
thus appears to shape opinions toward globalization strategies. [R] 57.6989
HAYMAN, P. A. ; WILLIAMS, John — Westphalian sover- eignty: rights,
intervention, meaning and context. Global Society 20(4), Oct. 2006 : 521-541.
Over the last two centuries, sovereignty has proved to be an enigmatic institution,
at once constant and changing. Relatively few studies have approached this
enigmatic institution from a semantic angle. This paper assesses the meaning
of sovereignty within a framework of competing logics as it faces up to a
key normative challenge — human rights — bringing together the
apparently conflicting norms of non-intervention and intervention against
a background of discourse analysis. From `Westphalia` to the current logics
of action and normative theory, the discussion places the institution of sovereignty
against current, intra- disciplinary factors as an addition to the literature
that serves to under-
score
how a fundamentally re-imagined concept is required, in theory and practice,
to account for and promote humanitarian needs. [R, abr.] 57.6990 HAZAN, Reuven
Y. ; RAHAT, Gideon — The influence of candidate selection methods on
legislatures and legisla- tors: theoretical propositions, methodological sugges-
tions and empirical evidence. Journal of Legislative Studies 12(3-4), Sept.-Dec.
2006 : 366-385. This article focuses on an external institution that molds
the internal composition of legislatures and influences the behavior of its
members: the candidate-selection method. Different candidate-selection methods
place different institutional constraints on legislators. Legislative per-
formance is, therefore, directly influenced by particular factors in the candidate-selection
method. This article first explains what candidate- selection methods are,
and why this institution is important for the study of politics in general
and legislative politics in particular. It [then] presents the main distinctive
factor in candidate-selection methods, the selector- ate. The third section
suggests hypotheses regarding the impact of this central element in candidate-selection
methods on the makeup of legisla- tures and the behavior of legislators. [R,
abr.] [See Abstr. 57.6889] 57.6991 HECHT, Gabrielle — Nuclear ontologies.
Constellations 13(3), Sept. 2006 : 320-331. With the end of the Cold War and
the shift of the terrain of international politics from superpower struggle
to a `clash of civilizations`, fears that nuclearity might escape the control
of the `rational North` have become a new apocalyptic gospel. Yet nuclearity
is a technopolitical spectrum that is not the exclusive province of `the North`.
Nor is it only a military issue. How do we determine which technologies and
materials are `safe`? Safe for and from whom? From Iran to North Korea, from
the battlegrounds of Iraq to the suburbs of America — and, yes, even
in Niger, the stakes of nuclear exceptionalism remain high, even as the need
for regulation is evident. [R] 57.6992 HENWOOD, Doug — The “business
community”. Socialist Register 2006 : 59-77. `Business community` refers
to many groups, including shop owners, Fortune 500 CEOs and participants of
the World Economic Forum. Regardless of its composition, however, the term
ultimately refers to capital and capitalists, and there are few social formations
with richer networks of communication, trade associations and lobbying groups.
Threats of unionization, trust-busting and nationalization have largely disappeared,
as has the distinction between the business and the ruling class, which is
evidenced by the frequent exchange of personnel. This meshing explains the
lack of concern in the business community over the US's dramatic accumulation
of debt in recent decades, which is part of an unsustainable economic model
that the present business community and its political system seem neither
capable of nor willing to address or mend. [See Abstr. 57.7036] 57.6993 HINTJENS,
Helen — Global social justice in a cold cli- mate. Peace Review 18(3),
July-Sept. 2006 : 369-378. The global social justice movement thrives because
there is so little else to offer hope and so few other forms of effective
pressure for positive social change. It is the deficit of imagination and
realism in most conven- tional politics that makes the movement so attractive
to so many. It is the sterility of the `war on terror` that makes alternative
media so widely used as a source of what is really happening in the world
today. Integrat- ing alternatives into the dominant storyline of how we should
live can unmask the imperial ambitions and corporate misdoings that are relent-
lessly at work behind the propaganda of security and insecurity today. [R]
57.6994 HOCHBERG, Leonard J. — Reconciling history with sociology? Strategies
of inquiry in Tocqueville's Democ- racy in America and The Old Regime and
the French Revolution. Journal of Classical Sociology 7(1), March 2007 : 23-54.
This analysis of Tocqueville's thought is based on J.R. Hall's strategies
of socio-historical inquiry. In Democracy in America, Tocqueville deploys
a `universal history`, which posits the existence of four ages, with the US
arriving at an age of despotism [although] the historical trajectory of the
US differed from France's. A reconstruction of Tocqueville's universal history
is presented as a prelude to how the findings of his contrast- oriented comparison
of the US with France fit with those of his universal history. In assimilating
both the US and France to a universal history, Tocqueville's key analytical
concepts, such as `old regime` and “revolu- tion”, are rendered
highly ambiguous, resulting in surprising silences with regard to critical
political events in pre-revolutionary France and in the pre- and post-revolutionary
US. [R, abr.] 57.6995 HORIUCHI, Yusaku ; IMAI, Kosuke ; TANIGUCHI, Naoko — Designing and analyzing randomized experiments: appli- cation to a Japanese
election survey experiment. Ameri- can Journal of Political Science 51(3),
July 2007 : 669-687.
720
Despite
their well-known advantages over observational studies, ran- domized experiments
are not free from complications. In particular, researchers often cannot force
subjects to comply with treatment as- signment and to provide the requested
information. Furthermore, simple randomization of treatments remains the most
commonly used method in the discipline even though more efficient procedures
are available. Building on the recent statistical literature, we address these
methodo- logical issues by offering general recommendations for designing
and analyzing randomized experiments to improve the validity and efficiency
of causal inference. We also develop a new statistical methodology to explore
causal heterogeneity. The proposed methods are applied to a survey experiment
conducted during Japan's 2004 Upper House elec- tion, where randomly selected
voters were encouraged to obtain policy information from political parties'
websites. [R, abr.] 57.6996 HUAND, Reyko ; GUNN, Geoffrey C. — Reconciliation
as state-building in East Timor. Lusotopie 2004 : 19-38. [Ré- sumé en français]
Just as reconciliation and justice have entered the neo-liberal discourse
on human rights that emerged in the post-Cold War period, so in post- conflict
East Timor various forms of reconciliation and justice mecha- nisms have been
institutionalized. None has attracted as much funding and attention as CAVR,
East Timor's Truth and Reconciliation Commis- sion. As the CAVR process enters
its final stage, what are the merits of this form of post-conflict management
and what lessons can be derived from East Timor's specific Melanesian-Asian
setting for other post- conflict situations? Acknowledging that reconciliation
in post-conflict situations has attracted far less literature, this article
critically frames CAVR and the reconciliation process in East Timor within
the broad parameters of political process and UN-sponsored state-building.
[R, abr.] 57.6997 HUMPHREYS, Macartan — Strategic ratification [of agree-
ments]. Public Choice 132(1-2), 2007 : 191-208. Previous models of ratifier
effects have relied on restrictive assumptions regarding the dimensionality
of the choice space and the preferences and rationality of actors. These assumptions
can lead to an underestima- tion of the importance of ratifiers and a mischaracterization
of their role. A model presented here responds to these concerns and finds
that when ratifiers are strategic, ratification requirements consistently
aid negotia- tors in settings where previous models find no effects. Furthermore,
new relations between the types of ratifier and the strength of their influence
are identified. Negotiators benefit from in-group homogeneity on dimen- sions
along which negotiators agree and from internal dissension on dimensions along
which negotiators disagree. [R] 57.6998 HURRELL, Andrew — One world?
Many worlds? The place of regions in the study of international society. In-
ternational Affairs 83(1), Jan. 2007 : 127-146. This article examines the
place of regional states-systems or regional international societies within
understandings of contemporary interna- tional society as whole. It addresses
the relationship between the one world and the many worlds: on one side, the
one world of globalizing capitalism, of global security dynamics, of a global
political system that, for many, revolves a single hegemonic power, of global
institutions and global governance, and of the drive to develop and embed
a global cosmopolitan ethic; and, on the other side, the extent to which regions
and the regional level of practice and of analysis have become more firmly
established as important elements of the architecture of world politics; and
the extent to which a multiregional system of international relations may
be emerging. [R, abr.] 57.6999 ISIN, Engin F. — City.State: critique
of scalar thought. Citizenship Studies 11(2), May 2007 : 211-228. The scalar
thought that undergirds our understanding of modern bodies politic (cities,
regions, nations, states, leagues, federations) assumes exclusive, hierarchical
and ahistorical relationships among and between these bodies and conceals
their fluid, multiple and overlapping forms of existence. This essay offers
some critical reflections on the historical origins of scalar thought and
suggests that thinking about bodies politic and belonging in different ways
is necessary to consider citizenship beyond the state. [R] [Part of a thematic
issue on `Citizenship beyond the state`, edited and introduced, `Thinking
with early modern citizenship in the contemporary world`, pp. 117-133, by
Andrew GORDON and Trevor STACK] 57.7000 JACKSON, Richard — Security,
democracy, and the rhetoric of counter-terrorism. Democracy and Security 1(2),
2005 : 147-171. The `war on terrorism` is both a series of institutional practices
and an accompanying set of political narratives. Employing the methodology
of critical discourse analysis, the study suggests that the language of the
`war on terrorism` is not simply a neutral or objective reflection of policy
debates and the realities of terrorism and counter-terrorism; rather, it is
a very carefully and deliberately constructed public discourse that is spe-
cifically
designed to make the war seem reasonable, responsible, and inherently `good`.
More importantly, the language and practice of the `war on terrorism` poses
severe challenges to the democratic state, including destabilizing the moral
community, weakening democratic values and civic culture, undermining the
legitimacy of democratic institu- tions, and preventing the articulation of
potentially more effective counter-terrorism approaches. [R] 57.7001 JANKOWSKI,
Richard — Altruism and the decision to vote: explaining and testing
high voter turnout. Rational- ity and Society 19(1), Feb. 2007 : 5-34. A core
problem at the foundation of rational-actor models for politics is the seeming
irrationality of voting, i.e. that it is irrational for voters to vote and
to be informed about politics. I modify the standard analysis by arguing that
individuals are motivated by weak altruistic considerations when deciding
whether to vote. First, I present a formal analysis of voting that has a unique,
symmetric Bayes-Nash equilibrium for the voting game. It is a mixed-strategy
equilibrium which also specifies the condi- tions under which high turnouts
will result. Second, I present an empirical test of the hypothesis using a
unique data set (the National Election Survey Pilot Study in 1995). I provide
evidence that weak altruism is the single most important determinant of the
decision to vote. [R, abr.] 57.7002 JARVIS, Darryl S. L. — Risk, globalisation
and the state: a critical appraisal of Ulrich Beck and the world risk soci-
ety thesis. Global Society 21(1), Jan. 2007 : 23-46. U. Beck has been one
of the foremost sociologists of the last few dec- ades, single-handedly promoting
the concept of risk and risk research in contemporary sociology and social
theory. Indeed, his world risk society thesis has become widely popular, capturing
current concerns about the consequences of modernity, fears about risk and
security as a result of globalization and its implications for the state and
social organization. Much of the discussion generated, however, has been of
an abstract conceptual nature and has not always traveled well into fields
such as political science, political theory and IR. This article introduces
Beck to a wider audience while analyzing his work and assessing it against
recent empirical evidence in relation to the effects of globalization on individual
risk and systemic risk to the state. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7003] 57.7003 JARVIS,
Darryl S. L. ; GRIFFITHS, Martin — Learning to fly: the evolution of
political risk analysis. Global Society 21(1), Jan. 2007 : 5-21. This article
analyzes the concept of political risk, its evolution and con- ceptualization,
and explores its utility as a means of understanding political events and
processes that can threaten order, stability and continuity in international
relations and disrupt the normal practices of inter-state investment, trade
and commerce. More particularly, the article organizes the disparate literature
that surrounds the concept of political risk such that it might be more rigorously
applied as a social science method for understanding political events and
their effects upon com- mercial and strategic activities. [R] [First article
of a thematic issue on `Risk and international relations: a new research agenda?`,
edited and introduced, pp. 1-4, by the authors. See also Abstr. 57.6921, 6976,
6987, 7002, 7077] 57.7004 JEAN, Carlo — Un nuevo ordine mondiale (A
new world order). Rivista militare 2006(4) : 6-15. Westphalia is again under
discussion. We are witnessing the success of a globalizing vision, against
which its opponents will be able to do very little. The US will naturally
lead that revolution, comparable to the univer- salist view of the Roman Empire.
[R] 57.7005 JENKINS, Tony — Disarming the system, disarming the mind.
Peace Review 18(3), July-Sept. 2006 : 361-368. The author discusses the central
importance of education and moral growth from the ground up, one person at
a time, in creating an environ- ment where a peaceful, disarmed world could
emerge. He stresses that the main conditions for peace and disarmament lie
not in hardware or politics, but in the beliefs about war and violence with
which we approach public policy issues. Peace is possible, but it has to start
in our thinking about war and violence. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7013] 57.7006 JO
Dong-Joon ; GARTZKE, Erik — Determinants of nuclear weapons proliferation.
Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(1), Feb. 2004 : 167-194. Diverse opinions
exist about the determinants of nuclear proliferation and the policy options
to alter proliferation incentives. We evaluate a variety of explanations in
two stages of nuclear proliferation, the presence of nuclear weapons production
programs and the actual possession of nuclear weapons. We examine proliferation
quantitatively, using data collected on national latent nuclear weapons production
capability and several other variables, while controlling for the conditionality
of nuclear weapons possession based on the presence of a nuclear weapons program.
We find that security concerns and technological capabilities
721
are
important determinants of whether states form nuclear weapons programs, while
security concerns, economic capabilities, and domestic politics help to explain
the possession of nuclear weapons. [R, abr.] 57.7007 JOHNSON, Genevieve Fuji — Discursive democracy in the transgenerational context and a precautionary
turn in public reasoning. Contemporary Political Theory 6(1), Feb. 2007 :
67-85. We should seek to justify, from a moral perspective, policies associated
with serious and irreversible risks to the health of human beings, their societies,
and the environment, for these risks may have great impacts on the autonomy
of both existing and future persons. The ideal of discur- sive democracy provides
a way of morally justifying such policies to both existing and future persons.
It calls for the inclusive, informed, and uncoerced deliberation toward an
agreement of both existing and future persons, which can serve as a justificatory
basis for such public policies. This agreement best protects their fundamental
interests and basic needs, and garners their general acceptance. It does so
by upholding their agency in decision-making processes and, more specifically,
by counseling a maxim of precaution in their public reasoning. [R, abr.] 57.7008
JOHNSTON, Van R. ; SEIDENSTAT, Paul — Contracting out government services:
privatization at the millennium. International Journal of Public Administration
30(3), Feb. 2007 : 231-247. Utilization of the private sector in producing
services is an important element in the movement toward reforming government.
The aim is to contain costs, increase productivity, or improve quality. Although
there is strong evidence of the benefits of privatization, several important
factors must be present for optimization. As the airline security case illustrates,
low-bid contracting without careful specification of service quality can lead
to poor service. How extensively a city can employ contracting out is being
tested by the city of Centennial, Colorado [US]. Although not a panacea for
all fiscal and government performance problems, contracting out, if properly
managed, can be a strong force for delivery of greater efficiency and effectiveness.
[R, abr.] [First article of a thematic issue on `Changes and challenges in
public management reforms`, edited and introduced by Kuotsai Tom LIOU. See
also Abstr. 57.7319] 57.7009 JUSTESEN, Mogens K. — Politiske institutioner
og øko- nomisk vaekst (Political institutions and economic growth). Politica
38(3), Nov. 2006 : 317-337. This paper applies public choice theory to analyze
the impact of political institutions on economic growth. The theory indicates
that institutions supporting private property rights and division of power
among political veto-players have a positive impact on economic growth. Using
statistical panel data analyses for the period 1980-2000, the empirical relationship
between property rights, political veto-players and economic growth is then
explored. In addition, a series of `extreme bounds` analyses are conducted
in order to test the sensitivity of the empirical results. Control- ling for
other relevant variables, the empirical findings show that political power
sharing has a positive effect on growth, but that secure private property
rights in particular have a significantly positive and robust effect on growth.
[R, abr] 57.7010 KALYVAS, Stathis N. ; KOCHER, Matthew Adam — How `free`
is free riding in civil wars? Violence, insurgency, and the collective action
problem. World Politics 59(2), Jan. 2007 : 177-216. The collective action
paradigm can be both descriptively inaccurate and analytically misleading
when it comes to civil wars. We question both pillars of the paradigm as applied
to the study of civil wars, namely, the free-riding incentive generated by
the public goods dimension of insur- gency and the risks of individual participation
in insurgent collective action. Although insurgent collective action may entail
the expectation of future collective benefits, public (rather than just private)
costs tend to predominate in the short term. Moreover, the costs of non-participation
and free-riding may equal or even exceed those of participation. We support
these claims by triangulating three types of evidence: historical evidence
from counterinsurgency operations in several civil wars; data from the Vietnam
War's Phoenix Program; and regional evidence from the Greek Civil War. [R,
abr.] 57.7011 KARLAS, Jan — Současné teorie mezinárodních institucí
(The contemporary theories of international institutions). Mezinárodní Vztahy
42(1), 2007 : 66-85. This article summarizes the main contemporary theoretical
approaches to international institutions as well as significant theories of
institutions, which build upon those approaches. I focus on realism, neoliberalism
and constructivism. All three approaches differ in regard to both the origin
and impact of institutions. Whereas the basic realist perspective regards
state interests and power to be the main source of the institu- tion's origin,
neoliberalism emphasizes the structure of state interests and collective action
problems which result from it. According to realists, the impact of institutions
is dependent on state interests and power;
institutions
regulate state behavior only in a limited way. The neoliberal conception of
institutions infers that institutions significantly regulate state behavior
since they help states resolve collective action problems. [R, abr.] 57.7012
KASSNER, Joshua — Is everything really up for grabs? The relationship
between democratic values and a de- mocratic process. Journal of Political
Philosophy 14(4), Dec. 2006 : 482-494. J. Waldron's argument [“The core
of the case against judicial review”, Yale Law Journal 115(6), Apr.
2006: 1346-1408; Abstr. 57.1752] that the authority of laws is contingent
on a decision-making process that is democratically legitimate can be refuted
in several ways. Waldron's conception of democratic legitimacy gives rise
to a vicious regress, a flaw that if corrected would result in a revised conception
would either give rise to another regress or be internally inconsistent. Moreover,
Waldron's argument is founded upon the mistaken view that a democ- ratic process
has normative priority over the values it seeks to instanti- ate. If unfettered
adherence to a decision-making process undermines or violates democratic values,
then the process should be contained or the outcomes overridden. If democratic
legitimacy and the authority of law require that such violations be allowed,
then they might not be worthy objectives after all. [See also Abstr. 57.7110]
57.7013 KAUFMANN, Chaim — Why nuclear proliferation is get- ting easier.
Peace Review 18(3), July-Sept. 2006 : 315-324. The author [offers] a primer
on nuclear technology. He explains how programs to build or run nuclear power
plants help to provide both the know-how and the materials needed to make
nuclear bombs, and shows why the proliferation of nuclear weapons to more
and more countries is becoming ever easier. [R] [Part of a symposium on `Nonproliferation
and disarmament`, edited and introduced by Randall FORSBERG, pp. 311- 314.
See also Abstr. 57.6971, 7005, 7118, 7518, 7779, 7869, 7995] 57.7014 KAZA,
Nikhil — Tyranny of the median and costly con- sent: a reflection on
the justification for participatory ur- ban planning processes. Planning Theory
5(3), Nov. 2006 : 255-270. Wide participation in the urban planning context
is justified as the means of balancing multiple interests outside the traditional
decision-making setup. However, the participatory paradigm provides at best
inadequate justification to the planning process. Particularly if consensus-building
is the aim of the participatory process, it suffers from a number of impossi-
bility results well documented in the political economics literature. “Lazy
deliberators” will arrive at the acceptance of a priori median preference,
and participatory processes necessarily exclude some groups, even under equitable
capability- and power-distribution. This article contributes to the debate
on the nature of participatory planning by critically analyz- ing the motivations
of participation and limitation of the participatory planning paradigms, and
advocates a temperate view on their efficacy. [R] 57.7015 KEMAN, Hans — Experts and manifestos: different sources — same results for comparative
research? Elec- toral Studies 26(1), March 2007 : 76-89. This article examines
scales of Left/Right and Progressive/Conservative positioning of political
parties to assess the relative internal and external validity of expert-driven
data vis-à-vis document-based data. First, I discuss issues of conceptual
traveling and conceptual stretching. Sec- ond, I assess the internal validity
of the expert- and document-driven scales. There is indeed a difference between
expert- and document- driven scaling. Third, I examine external validity by
comparing different scales in relation to various political variables. The
scales, when used as variables in comparative political research, produce
different effects. In addition to internal validity problems, the external
validity of scaled variables generated from different types of data needs
to be assessed more carefully than is often the case in comparative politics.
[R] [See Abstr. 57.7048] 57.7016 KENNEDY, Scott — Transnational political
alliances [of multinational firms]: an exploration with evidence from China.
Business and Society 46(2), June 2007 : 174-200. This article draws attention
to an understudied phenomenon, transna- tional political alliances (TPA),
which occur when multinational corpora- tions cooperate with local companies
to influence public policies of the host government. The article first explores
the economic and political sources of TPAs, their structures, and the obstacles
to their formation. It then examines TPAs in the context of China, a critical
case because of the hostile political environment that discourages TPAs. However,
the surprisingly common occurrence of TPAs in China indicates the power of
economic incentives for political cooperation yet also suggests the need for
further studies of TPAs in a wide variety of economic and political settings.
[R] [See Abstr. 57.7025] 57.7017 KEONIG-ARCHIBUGI, Mathias — Rivisitando
il neorea- lismo : Kenneth Waltz tra teoria della politica interna-
722
zionale
e teoria strutturale della politica (Kenneth Waltz between international relations
theory and the structural theory of politics). Rivista italiana di Scienza
politica 37(1), Apr. 2007 : 113-124. Two claims about the nature and scope
of IR theories can be found in K. Waltz's work: (1) that it is possible to
develop a theory of international politics, i.e. a theory capable of predicting
the outcomes of interactions among states without necessarily predicting their
foreign policy behavior; (2) that it is possible to develop a structural theory
of politics, i.e., a theory that separates rigorously structural and unit-level
causes and considers only the former. This note argues that: (1) the two claims
are distinct; (2) Waltz does not separate them consistently; (3) he defends
the first claim by using arguments that support the second claim; (4) the
first claim is not plausible; (5) the second claim is plausible, but needs
to be qualified. [R] 57.7018 KHODYAKOV, Dmitry — Trust as a process:
a three- dimensional approach. Sociology 41(1), Feb. 2007 : 115- 132. What
is trust? Should trust be used as a variable or as a process? Is trust in
people similar in nature to trust in institutions? Addressing these questions,
I argue that trust is a complex and multi-dimensional phe- nomenon, which
consists of a mix of trust in strong ties, weak ties, and institutions. I
explain the need for a new approach to trust, using the Soviet Union as an
example. I argue that rigid distinctions in social capital theory between
high-trust and low-trust societies fail to account for the complexity of trust.
I view trust as a process. I also suggest a new definition of trust based
on the notion of agency, which underscores the idea of temporality and incorporates
the roles of the past, present, and future. [R] 57.7019 KILGOUR, D. Marc ; ZAGARE, Frank C. — Explaining limited conflicts. Conflict Management
and Peace Science 24(1), Spring 2007 : 65-82. This report uses a generic two-stage
escalation model to ask whether and when limited conflicts can occur. There
are two players in the model: Challenger and Defender. Challenger can either
initiate a conflict or not. If Challenger initiates, Defender can concede,
respond-in-kind, or esca- late. If Defender does not concede, Challenger can
escalate. The proc- ess continues until one side concedes or both escalate.
Limited conflicts do not occur in our model when information is complete or
when De- fender's threat to respond-in-kind is seen to be completely non-credible.
They are also extremely unlikely when Defender is seen strictly to prefer
a response-in-kind to immediate capitulation when challenged. Limited conflicts
are most probable under a Constrained Limited-Response Equilibrium (CLRE) — when there is uncertainty about Defender's willingness to respond-in-kind
to an initiation. [R, abr.] 57.7020 KIM So Young — Openness, external
risk, and volatility: implications for the compensation hypothesis. Interna-
tional Organization 61(1), Winter 2007 : 181-216. Based on the assumption
that economic openness generates economic insecurity and volatility, scholars
of international political economy have proposed the compensation hypothesis,
which claims that globalization bolsters rather than undermines the welfare
state by increasing public demand for social protection against externally
generated economic instability. The openness-volatility link is dubious, however,
on both theoretical and empirical grounds. I focus on a crucial difference
between openness and external risk in their effect on volatility. My statistical
analysis of a panel data set from 175 countries (1950-2002) finds a consistent
effect of external risk on volatility of the major economic aggregates, but
a largely insignificant effect of openness. These findings suggest that economic
volatility may be a mistaken link in explaining the openness-spending nexus,
calling for further research on the causal mechanisms linking the two. [R,
abr.] 57.7021 KING, Preston — Friendship in politics. Critical Review
of International Social and Political Philosophy 10(2), June 2007 : 125-145.
Friendship has different aspects, enacted socially and politically in [different]
ways. A key difference is between ancient and modern times, the one marked
by low density and physical intimacy, the other by high density and sharp
individuation. The challenge is to transfer what is valuable from the first
and adapt it aptly to the politics of the second. This philosophical retrieval
of friendship, and its express restoration to politics, encounters difficulties,
not least along stipulative and analytical lines. This essay sketches a basic
conceptual grid for friendship applicable to modernity. It stresses continuity
between reciprocal (dyadic) friendships and friendship networks, on the one
hand; and unilateral friendship (universal friendliness), on the other. The
state can be checked at the level of civil society by vibrant dyads and networks
and a generalized morality of friendliness. [R, abr.] [Part of a thematic
issue on `Friendship in politics`, edited and introduced by Graham M. SMITH
and Preston KING. See also Abstr. 57.7080, 7143, 7146, 7204, 7634]
57.7022
KIRPALANI, Manek ; GABRIELSSON, Mika — Global strategies: a control
perspective. World Affairs (New Delhi) 10(3), Autumn 2006 : 36-54. What is
new about globalization? The growth of international marketing is looked at
before turning to the main subject. The empire-building strategy of Ancient
Rome in comparison to the ongoing hegemony- building approach of the US highlights
what multinational enterprises (MNE) should be doing to dominate markets.
Such strategies emphasize the importance of global integration of worldwide
activities and necessary market adaptations, but more importantly they introduce
a third vector — control through size and power — that emerges
as a requisite for suc- cessful global leadership. [R] [See Abstr. 57.6974]
57.7023 KISBY, Ben — Analysing policy networks: towards an ideational
approach. Policy Studies 28(1), March 2007 : 71- 90. This article argues that
an ideational variant of D. Marsh and M. Smith's `dialectical` model of policy
networks [`Understanding policy networks: towards a dialectical approach`,
Political Studies 48(1), March 2000: 4- 21; Abstr. 50.5282] adds significant
value to their analysis by taking certain kinds of ideas seriously as independent,
causal factors. Marsh and Smith's approach focuses attention on both structure
and agency and defends it against the rational choice critique, [but] does
not pay sufficient attention to the role of ideas in explaining policy-making.
I argue instead for an approach that treats programmatic beliefs as inde-
pendent variables, policy networks as intermediate variables, and policy outcomes
as dependent variables. The article demonstrates the potential utility of
such an approach by briefly examining D. Toke and Marsh's analysis of policy
change on the issue of GM crops in the UK [“Policy networks and the
GM crop issue: assessing the utility of a dialectical model of policy networks”,
Public Administration 81(2), 2003: 229-251]. [R, abr.] 57.7024 KLINGEMANN,
Hans-Dieter ; KULESZA, Ewa ; LEGUTKE, Annette — Ştiinţa
politică în ţările candidate la Uniunea europeană (Political science in the countries candidates to the EU). Romanian Journal
of Political Science 3(1), Spring 2003 : 1-17. The paper draws on a report
on the state of the art in East European political science based on country
reports. The authors found a correla- tion between the degree of democratization
and the degree of political science's institutionalization in a given country.
Candidate countries improved the political science teaching and research,
but dealing with the communist legacy proved a cumbersome task still needing
decades for completion. There is considerable variation within the pool of
coun- tries surveyed. Those which had the opportunity to develop even a minor
political science nucleus in the communist regime are doing far better presently.
The solutions suggested to bridge the gap between the two Europes are mobility
of academics and students, higher autonomy of the universities and wider use
of new communication technologies. [R, abr.] 57.7025 KOLK, Ans ; PINKSE, Jonatan — Multinationals' political activities on climate change. Business and Society
46(2), June 2007 : 201-228. This article explores the international dimensions
of multinationals' corporate political activities, focusing on an international
issue — climate change — being implemented differently in a range
of countries. Analyz- ing data from Financial Times Global 500 firms, it examines
the influence on types and process of multinationals' political strategies,
reckoning with institutional contexts and issue saliency. Findings show that
the type of political activities can be characterized as an information strategy
to influence policy-makers toward market-based solutions, not so much withholding
action on emission reduction. Moreover, multinationals pursue self-regulation,
targeting a broad range of political actors. [R, abr.] [Part of a thematic
issue on “Business-government interactions in a globalizing economy”,
edited and introduced, pp. 129-135, by Arnold WILTS and Mika SKIPPARI. See
also Abstr. 57.7016, 7158] 57.7026 KORNPROBST, Markus — Argumentation
and compro- mise: Ireland's selection of the territorial status quo norm.
International Organization 61(1), Winter 2007 : 69-98. Given a number of conditions,
I contend that states select norms in three ideal-typical stages: innovative
argumentation, persuasive argumenta- tion, and compromise. My research elaborates
on the literature on advocacy networks. I explain why agents engage in an
advocacy for a normative idea in the first place; I add the epistemic dimension
of rea- soning to argumentation theory; and I show in detail the pathways
through which persuasive argumentation links an advocated idea and already-established
sets of meaning. Second, synthesizing rationalist and constructivist selection
mechanisms, I contend that successful argumentation makes recalcitrant actors
eager to reach a compromise with the advocates as long as this does not violate
their most cherished beliefs. The Republic of Ireland's eventual selection
of the territorial status quo norm in the late 1990s lends empirical evidence
to this norm- selection mechanism. [R, abr.]
723
57.7027
KRISCH, Nico ; KINGSBURY, Benedict, eds. — Global governance and global
administrative law in the interna- tional legal order. European Journal of
International Law 17(1), Feb. 2006 : 1-278. Introduction by the editors, pp.
1-13. Articles by Michael S. BARR and Geoffrey P. MILLER, `Global administrative
law: the view from Basel`, pp. 15-46; Errol MEIDINGER, `The administrative
law of global private- public regulation: the case of forestry`, pp. 47-87; Terry MACDONALD and Kate MACDONALD, `Non-electoral accountability in global
politics: strengthening democratic control within the global garment industry`,
pp. 89-119; Gus VAN HARTEN and Martin LOUGHLIN, `Investment treaty arbitration
as a species of global administrative law`, pp. 121-150; Christopher McCRUDDEN
and Stuart G. GROSS, `WTO government procurement rules and the local dynamics
of procurement policies: a Malaysian case study`, pp. 151-185; Carol HARLOW,
`Global adminis- trative law: the quest for principles and values`, pp. 187-214; Bronwen MORGAN, `Turning off the tap: urban water service delivery and the
social construction of global administrative law`, pp. 215-246; Nico KRISCH,
`The pluralism of global administrative law`, pp. 247-278. 57.7028 KROOK,
Mona Lena — Reforming representation: the diffusion of candidate gender
quotas worldwide. Politics and Gender 2(3), Sept. 2006 : 303-327. In recent
years, more than a hundred countries have adopted quotas for the selection
of female candidates to political office. Examining individual cases of quota
reform, scholars offer four basic causal stories to explain quota adoption:
women mobilize for quotas to increase women's repre- sentation, political
elites recognize strategic advantages for supporting quotas, quotas are consistent
with existing or emerging notions of equal- ity and representation, and quotas
are supported by international norms and spread through transnational sharing.
I argue that the fourth offers the greatest potential for understanding the
rapid diffusion of gender quota policies. In a theory-building exercise, I
combine empirical work on gender quotas with insights from the international
norms literature to identify four distinct international and transnational
influences on national quota debates: international imposition, transnational
emulation, interna- tional tipping, and international blockage. [R, abr.]
57.7029 KÜHNER, Stefan — Country-level comparisons of welfare state
change measures: another facet of the dependent variable problem within the
comparative analysis of the welfare state? Journal of European Social Policy
17(1), Feb. 2007 : 5-18. The introduction of innovative macro-measures has
been one of the preferred means to account for identified limitations of traditional
quanti- tative approaches in comparative analyses of the welfare state. How-
ever, these state-of-the-art indicators are not powerful enough to account
for the nuanced politics of `welfare state change` across mature welfare states
as they produce inconsistent findings on the country level, which also appear
to be at odds with the established notion of `regime- dependence` in the historical,
case-study literature. While the combina- tion of nuanced quantitative and
historical findings has become the norm in the broader literature, the article
stresses the potential of disaggre- gated analyses of individual social policy
domains within nations and its combination with detailed case-study analyses
of social policy-making. [R, abr.] 57.7030 LA CAZE, Marguerite — The
asymmetry between apology and forgiveness. Contemporary Political Theory 5(4),
Nov. 2006 : 447-468. I contend that governments are obligated to apologize
for past injustices because they are responsible for them and that official
apologies should not involve a corresponding expectation for forgiveness.
An apology and forgiveness are asymmetrical because an apology is based on
respect, a perfect duty, and can be a public act, whereas forgiveness is based
on love, is an imperfect duty, and is a personal undertaking. It follows from
this asymmetry that an apology is a prerequisite for reconciliation, but forgiveness
is discretionary. Refusals to apologize tend to impede the reconciliation
process and make the possibility of forgiveness remote. [R, abr.] 57.7031
LADWIG, Bernd — Menschenrechte und menschliche Natur. Bausteine zu einer
kritischen Theorie der Men- schenrechte (Human rights and human nature. Contribu-
tions to a critical theory of human rights). Leviathan 35(1), March 2007 :
85-106. A critical theory of human rights would have to combine normative
arguments with a critique of ideology regarding obstacles of norm- realization.
For that purpose, it seems as if assumptions of anthropologi- cal generality
are needed. Against R. Rorty, I show that a normative theory of human rights
referring to images of human nature is in fact possible and necessary. To
be sure, human rights cannot be founded in ideas of man. Also, concepts of
man are never independent of normative interests. Nevertheless, we need those
images in order to gain basic dimensions of human rights' content. The idea
of man arising that way that one of a uniquely vulnerable animal who therefore
needs human rights. [R]
57.7032
LAI, Brian ; THYNE, Clayton — The effect of civil war on education,
1980-1997. Journal of Peace Research 44(3), May 2007 : 277-292. This study
examines the negative effects of civil wars and the post-civil war environment
on educational expenditures and enrollment. Two causal mechanisms are considered:
(1) civil wars are likely to destroy a state's system of education through
the loss of infrastructure and per- sonnel; (2) a less deleterious cause may
be the drawing away of funds for increased military expenditures to fight
the civil war. Using UNESCO education data, the authors examine the percent
change in educational expenditures and primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollment
for all states from 1980 through 1997. The authors use a measure of when a
state is in a civil war, a dynamic post-civil war measure, an interaction
with military spending, and relevant control variables. These results highlight
the importance of addressing the social costs of a civil war. [R, abr.] 57.7033
LATT, P. Alex — Locating democratic politics in ecologi- cal citizenship.
Environmental Politics 16(3), June 2007 : 377-393. Ecological (or environmental)
citizenship has recently experienced a coming of age. To date, ecological
citizenship has largely been taken up as an instrument for normative theorizing
about how to promote and/or structure “greener“ forms of political
organization. This focus has come at the expense of not appreciating how the
turn toward citizenship might revitalize a concern for democratic politics
in ecological thought. While elements of democracy are treated in the literature
on environmental citizenship, there is a failure to address issues of recognition
and inclu- sion, and to identify the subaltern voices that open the possibility
for greater democratic participation through their politicization of dominant
socio-ecological orders. This failing can be partly remedied by making connections
between research in ecological citizenship and environ- mental justice. [R,
abr.] 57.7034 LEHTINEN, Aki — The welfare consequences of strategic
voting in two commonly used parliamentary agendas. Theory and Decision 63(1),
Aug. 2007 : 1-40. This paper studies the welfare consequences of strategic
voting in two commonly used parliamentary agendas by comparing the average
utilities obtained in simulated voting under two behavioral assumptions: expected
utility-maximizing behavior and sincere behavior. The average utility obtained
in simulations is higher with expected utility-maximizing behavior than with
sincere voting behavior under a broad range of assumptions. Strategic voting
increases welfare particularly if the distri- bution of preference intensities
correlates with voter types. [R] 57.7035 LEVY, Guillermo — Considerations
on the connections between race, politics, economics, and genocide. Journal
of Genocide Research 8(2), June 2006 : 137-148. This study first compares
Nazi genocide with the mass killings rational- ized by the US doctrine of
National Security. It then examines the appro- priateness of applying the
term “genocide” to neo-liberal policies, within the framework
of “genocide by omission”. Multiple factors are relevant, including
the central role of the concepts of “inside” and “outside” as the fundamental building block of genocide. It is also crucial not only
to discuss and understand neo-liberal ideas, but to apply this knowledge and
dispense with the idea that the world, the state and politics have a life
beyond political participants; it must be accepted that actors are not only
produced by, but are simultaneously producers of social practices. It is by
acknowledging this intractable dilemma that history will be made. [Part of
a thematic issue, `Confronting genocide: new voices from Latin America`, edited
by Daniel FEIERSTEIN and Marcia ESPARZA. See also Abstr. 57.8038, 8040] 57.7036
LEYS, Colin — The cynical state. Socialist Register 2006 : 1-27. Although
governments both democratic and otherwise have always lied, denying it long
after being exposed, state cynicism reached new ex- tremes with the British
government's abuse of military intelligence to gain support for the Iraq war.
Inherited ideas and illusions about sovereignty, democracy and the public
interest are threatened by a new neo-liberal policy regime that is fundamentally
concerned with national competitive- ness and responding to global market
forces. Policy-makers attempt to conceal the basic fact that economic and
social policy must now be made on capital's terms, terms that are often electorally
unpalatable and therefore more and more made in secret. The state is increasingly
responsive to capital, the risks of which are not borne by the new entre-
preneurs of the state, but by the public. [First article of a thematic vol-
ume, `Telling the truth`. See also Abstr. 56.5799, 5929, 6096, and 57.6952,
6966, 6992, 7099, 7148, 7299, 7337, 7548, 8014] 57.7037 LIAO, S. Matthew — The right of children to be loved. Journal of Political Philosophy 14(4),
Dec. 2006 : 420-440. While many people believe intuitively that children have
a right to be loved, there are those who are concerned that such rights are
often
724
claimed
without sufficient consideration as to whether these claims can be justified.
That children have a right to be loved is not merely empty rhetoric; it can
be grounded as a human right by showing that love is an appropriate object
of duty. Moreover, the duty to love a child does not belong only to the biological
parents; if the right of children to be loved is a human right based on the
fact that they need to be loved in order to develop essential capacities needed
for a good life, then society also has a duty to promote this right. 57.7038
LISCHER, Sarah Kenyon — Causes and consequences of conflict-induced
displacement. Civil Wars 9(2), June 2007 : 142-155. Violent conflict causes
millions of people to flee their homes every year. The resulting displacement
crises create logistical and humanitarian nightmares, threaten international
security and risk the lives of displaced people, aid workers, and peace-keepers.
Despite the dangers posed by conflict-induced displacement, scholars, policy-makers
and international organizations usually have only a partial understanding
of these crises. Conflict-induced displacement consists of two main factors:
(1) the violence that caused the displacement and (2) the characteristics
of the resulting displacement crisis. Many observers fail to disaggregate
each factor, rather lumping all types of violence together or viewing displaced
people as an undifferentiated mass. This paper demonstrates that disaggregation
of both concepts — causes of conflict-induced displace- ment and characteristics
of a crisis — is necessary to understand fully the importance of displacement
in international politics. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7112] 57.7039 LLOYD, Moya — (Women's) human rights: paradoxes and possibilities. Review of International
Studies 33(1), Jan. 2007 : 91-103. Human rights discourse is used to legitimize
humanitarian and military intervention in the affairs of other states, provide
a rationale for “ethical“ foreign policy, justify the punishment
of war crimes, and validate the formation of international coalitions mandated
to eradicate terrorism wherever its is found. At grass-roots level, human
rights talk is deployed to lobby governments and to press for socio-economic
and legal change, to combat the dehumanizing treatment of specific populations,
to ground educational initiatives and spawn local, national, international,
and sometimes global networks oriented to its advancement, and to induce the
patient and meticulous documentation of its violations. In terms of women,
human rights activism has been instrumental in problematizing violence against
women. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7131] 57.7040 LOCHARD, Guy — Vertiges
et vertus du comparatisme international dans les études événementielles (Vertigoes
and virtues of the international comparative approach to the study of events).
Hermès 46, 2006 : 37-46. [Résumé en français] After emphasizing their pioneer
status in the social and human sciences, [The article] underlines their continuity
and their vitality. It then examines the espistemological difficulties of
these studies as well as the reasons of doubts due mainly to the risks of
socio-cognitive bias (effects of exoti- cism or ethnocentrism, stereotypes,
etc.) For media studies, it highlights and discusses certain confusions (categories)
which reduce the interest of these studies. It defends the heuristic power
of these approaches and suggest reference marks and methodological principles
able to guaran- tee their validity. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.6888] 57.7041
LÓPEZ, Alexander — Las dimensiones de la desigualdad en la ciudad global
(The dimensions of inequality in the global city). Politeia (Caracas) 34-35,
2005 : 137-158. An individual's place in the global city rests on preparedness
to deal with articulate language encompassing three main elements: time, space
and speed. This new language arises by coincidence and is facilitated by the
impact of information technology on contemporary society. Inequalities result
from the diverse involvement of individuals in the culture and development
of lifestyles inherent in the global city. Inequality is not a lateral but
a regular component of society, and may have a constructive effect. Nevertheless,
inequality must be remedied. Assistance programs must be developed based on
information, science and recognition of lifestyles. [R, abr.] 57.7042 LÓPEZ-PINTOR,
Rafael — Post-conflict elections and ethnic divides measures to encourage
participation [Ver- sion française (“Consultations après-conflit et
clivages interethniques : comment encourager la participation électorale”)
dans Perspectives électorales, 8(2), déc. 2006: 53-61]. Electoral Insight
8(2), Dec. 2006 : 50-57. [Ré- sumé en français] This article looks at the
effects of constitutional and legal reform on ethnic divides in transitional
and post-conflict elections. Useful legal provisions for an electoral system
that accommodates ethnic divisions may include power-sharing arrangements
and representation formulas with quotas or reserved seats, out-of-country
registration and voting,
inter-ethnic
composition of electoral commissions, and use of minority languages in polling
forms, civic education and voter information pro- grams. Examples are presented
from transitional and post-conflict around the world. The main conclusion
is that obstacles to inter-ethnic accord can be removed more easily than incentives
can be offered, especially through the electoral system. However, an electoral
process during or after a civil conflict in itself translates ethnic grievances
to a political scenario, mitigating or displacing armed confrontation. [R,
abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7511] 57.7043 LORZ, Oliver ; NASTASSINE, Stanislav — Citizen- candidate mobility and endogenous local policy. Public Choice 132(1-2),
2007 : 27-47. This paper analyzes the influence of personal mobility on the
citizens' willingness to run for a political office in their municipality
and on the resulting local policy outcome. Our model portrays heterogeneous
policy preferences that are coupled with different exogenous degrees of inter-
jurisdictional mobility. An increase in mobility can be liable to shift the
policy outcome towards the preferred policy of the less mobile citizens. We
thus identify an endogenous policy response to personal mobility diametrically
opposed to the tax competition effect that has hitherto dominated the discussion
of the political consequences of personal mobility. [R] 57.7044 MAGGI, Giovanni
; MORELLI, Massimo — Self-enforcing voting in international organizations.
American Economic Review 96(4), Sept. 2006 : 1137-1158. Some international
organizations are governed by unanimity rule, others by (simple or qualified)
majority rules. Standard voting models, which assume that the decisions made
by voting are perfectly enforceable, have a hard time explaining the observed
variation in governance mode, and in particular the widespread occurrence
of the unanimity system. We present a model whose main departure from standard
voting models is that the organization cannot rely on external enforcement
mechanisms: each country is sovereign and cannot be forced to comply with
the collective decision or, in other words, the voting system must be self-
enforcing. The model identifies conditions under which the organization adopts
the unanimity rule, and yields rich comparative-statics predictions on the
determinants of the mode of governance. [R] 57.7045 MAIER, Hans — Political
religion: a concept and its limitations. Totalitarian Movements and Political
Religions 8(1), March 2007 : 5-16. This article presents political religion
as a concept for studying commu- nism, fascism and national socialism, which
display significant elements of traditional religion, such as rites of purgation,
penitence and renewal, cultic patterns of behavior, and heresy. It then considers
the history of the concept, paying particular attention to the light thrown
on the phe- nomenon by the analysis of Nazism offered by the writer F. Werfel
in 1932. This argued that the roots of its appeal lay in the solution it seemed
to offer to the contemporary socio-political crisis of Weimar, which was widely
experienced as a personal crisis of meaning and identity. Finally, it asks
whether `political religion` can truly be used to explain or illuminate political
phenomena without distorting the basic idea of religion in the process. [R,
abr.] 57.7046 MALENA, Carmen — Can we measure civil society? A proposed
methodology for international comparative re- search. Development in Practice
17(3), June 2007 : 338-352. In recent years, there has been renewed interest
in the concept of civil society in development and governance circles. Broadly
understood as the space in society where collective citizen action takes place,
civil society has, in fact, proved an extremely difficult concept to define
and operationalize. This article proposes a framework and methodology for
measuring and comparing the state of different civil societies around the
world. It discusses outstanding questions and challenges, drawing on preliminary
insights from current efforts to apply the approach in more than 50 countries.
[R] 57.7047 MARENCO, André — Path-dependency, instituciones políticas
y reformas electorales en perpectiva comparada (Path dependency, political
institutions and electoral re- forms: a comparative analysis). Revista de
Ciencia política 26(2), 2006 : 53-75. This work examines to what extent changes
in electoral institutions are conditioned by the previous electoral system.
Electoral reforms, once approved, tend to acquire incremental intention and,
consequently, are influenced by the previous rules, implying that they follow
a path- dependent model. Electoral reforms are less probable the longer the
life of the previous electoral system and, if adopted, they show restricted
margins of innovation. In order to analyze these hypotheses, I study 84 electoral
reforms promoted in 40 countries with competitive political systems between
1800 and 2002. Two aspects are considered within the arena of electoral reform:
changes in the modes of representation (plu- rality-majority, proportional
representation, and mixed) and the types of
725
ordering
of legislative candidates (closed lists or preferential vote). The results
support the premises, showing the restrictive effects exerted on electoral
changes by time and previous institutions. [R] 57.7048 MARKS, Gary — Triangulation and the square-root law [for measuring party positioning]. Electoral
Studies 26(1), March 2007 : 1-10. This thematic issue evaluates the validity
of expert, manifesto, and survey data on the positioning of national political
parties. This introduc- tion examines the logic and limits of triangulation.
I make explicit the most important lesson of this issue: improving the validity
demands that one take full advantage of the information that is available.
Even if observation is inherently biased, one can improve accuracy by compar-
ing the observations that are biased in different ways. [R] [Introduction
to a symposium, `Comparing measures of party positioning: expert, mani- festo,
and survey data`, edited by the author. See also Abstr. 57.6898, 7015, 7055,
7147, 7543, 7560, 7585, 7632] 57.7049 MARSCHALL, Stefan — Neoparlamentarische
Demokratie jenseits des Nationalstaates? Transnationale Versammlungen in internationalen
Organisationen (Neo-parliamentary democ- racy beyond the nation state? Transnational
assemblies in in- ternational organizations). Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen
37(4), Dec. 2006 : 683-697. Facing processes of Europeanization and globalization,
the question has been raised how to safeguard democracy. For the EU, one answer
is to use the concept of parliamentary legitimization by strengthening national
parliaments or the EP. However, even beyond nation-states, a form of parliamentary
organizations exists, the `Transnational` or `Parliamentary Assemblies`. This
type of institution has expanded rapidly [in recent] decades and is attached
to international organizations to different ex- tents. An analysis of the
composition, the mode of operation, structures, and functions of the assemblies
of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE and WEU indicates that the assemblies
have potential to generate more democracy beyond the nation-state. Due to
their new qualities and functions these organizations may be called `neo-parliamentary`.
[R, abr.] 57.7050 MARSHALL, Alex — Managing withdrawal: Afghanistan
as the forgotten example in attempting conflict resolu- tion and state reconstruction.
Small Wars and Insurgen- cies 18(1), March 2007 : 68-89. Perhaps surprisingly,
given the availability of new Russian memoir material, some excellent individual
monographs, and a large variety of declassified documents, a full operational-political
account of the Soviet Union's withdrawal strategy from Afghanistan has yet
to be written. This article, utilizing openly published yet neglected sources,
fills that gap. The final fate of the Najibullah regime, and the contradictory
effect of the National Reconciliation Policy in Afghanistan itself, suggest
four key lessons for international forces today as disengagement from both
Iraq and Afghanistan again becomes a pressing issue, and as questions around
re-creating stability within a failed state scenario again occupy the international
community. [R] 57.7051 MASCIANDARO, Donato — Divide et impera: financial
supervision unification and central bank fragmentation effect. European Journal
of Political Economy 23(2), June 2007 : 285-315. This paper analyzes how the
role of the central bank can influence the unification of the overall financial
supervision architecture. We claim that the policy-maker's choices can be
viewed as a sequential process in which the institutional status quo matters.
The degree of unification in supervision is decided based on the position
of the central bank. If the central bank involvement in supervision and its
reputation are high, the unification level is likely to be low, and vice versa.
The central bank fragmentation effect can be explained through the three possible
chan- nels of moral hazard, bureaucracy, and reputation-endowment effects.
The empirical analysis — performed with ordered logit and probit func-
tions on a dataset of 89 countries — confirms the robustness of the
central bank fragmentation effect. [R] 57.7052 MATHIEU, Lilian — L'espace
des mouvements sociaux (The space of social movements). Politix 77, 2007 :
131- 151. [Résumé en français] The concept of space of social movements describes
the relatively autonomous world of practice and meaning in which contentious
mobili- zations are linked by relations of interdependence. By locating the
contentious activity, the concept helps to understand the internal dynam-
ics of the relationships between different social movements, and, on the external
side, the relationships between the space of social movements and other social
spheres, such as the political field or that of labor un- ions. It also helps
to analyze the practical aspects of the contentious activities, as the space
of social movements is considered as a world of specialized skills, that requires
from those who are part of it the control of some knowledge and know-how.
The presentation of the concept is
based
on the analysis of the current evolution of French social move- ments, and
introduces a discussion of the main concepts of the sociology of collective
action. [R] 57.7053 MATHUR, Navdeep ; SKELCHER, Chris — Evaluating democratic
performance: methodologies for assessing the relationship between network
governance and citi- zens. Public Administration Review 67(2), March-Apr.
2007 : 228-237. Network governance can enhance democratic practice by furnishing
new routes for actors to deliberate, make, and execute public policy. But
it is hindered by a lack of political oversight, limited democratic competence
of new organizational forms, and informality of operation. Little research
has been conducted on the democratic performance of governance networks, and
the methodology is poorly developed. Quality-of- democracy studies of national
governmental and political systems offer a starting point. Their criteria-based
method is useful in accessing the democratic `hardware` of formal entities,
such as partnerships and hybrids, but it does not enable data to be gathered
on democratic `soft- ware` — the informal day-to-day practices of actors
in networks. Interpre- tive approaches offer a way forward. [R, abr.] 57.7054
MATTHEWS, Kim C. — Perceiving discrimination: psy- chological and sociopolitical
barriers. Journal of Interna- tional Migration and Integration 7(3), Summer
2006 : 367- 388. [Résumé en français] Recognizing discrimination is not always
an easy, particularly in North America where perpetrators' fears of being
labeled have resulted in a shift in the type of discrimination experienced.
As a country of immigra- tion, Canada provides a template for the world community.
While condi- tions for minorities in Canada may rival other countries, improvement
is needed. This paper analyzes narratives of East and Central African Asian
Ismailis in Quebec to demonstrate that understanding the way people perceive
discrimination requires not only knowledge of the psy- chological processes
involved but also of the reasons for immigrating, the beliefs about the country
of destination prior to migration, and the socio-political conditions in host
and sending societies. The analysis provides policy-relevant information to
address problems of racism and discrimination more effectively. [R, abr.]
57.7055 McDONALD, Michael D. ; MENDES, Silvia M. ; KIM Myung- hee — Cross-temporal and cross-national comparisons of party left-right positions.
Electoral Studies 26(1), March 2007 : 62-75. We investigate the cross-time
and cross-nation comparability of party left-right position measurements by
expert surveys and the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP). While expert surveys
show party left-right positions to be mostly static, we find the CMP records
systematic party movements for one-third of the parties analyzed. On the issue
of cross- national comparability, we find cross-national variation in expert
surveys is muted. They contain little more than the variation associated with
reputations based on party-family affiliation. The CMP measurements, on the
other hand, contain variation attributable to national party-system differences.
We conclude with thoughts about why all of this is so and about how one might
navigate the expert survey limitations depending on the question one wants
to answer about democratic politics and policy- making. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7048]
57.7056 McDONALD, Patrick J. — The purse strings of peace. American
Journal of Political Science 51(3), July 2007 : 569- 582. This article examines
how commerce promotes peace between states. It diverges from the commercial
peace literature and its predominant focus on international trade by looking
inside the domestic economy to see how its structure influences conflict.
Drawing on selectorate theory, I argue that substantial quantities of public
property generate fiscal auton- omy for governments, strengthen their hold
on the domestic reigns of power, and create opportunities to pursue more aggressive
foreign policies. A series of statistical tests shows that greater quantities
of publicly held assets increase the likelihood that a state will participate
in military conflict. Given that the predominance of privately held property
is one of the defining institutions of capitalism, these results support the
claim that capitalism promotes peace. [R] 57.7057 McGANN, Anthony J. — Social choice and comparing legislatures: constitutional versus institutional
con- straints. Journal of Legislative Studies 12(3-4), Sept.-Dec. 2006 : 443-461.
There are two `institutionalist` literatures that seek to explain legislative
behavior. (1) There is the macro `patterns of democracy` literature that explains
outcomes in terms of constitutional constraints. (2) There is a micro `industrial
organization of legislatures` literature that explains outcomes in terms of
internal legislative rules. I argue that constitutional rules are powerful
constraints on outcomes that can be bargained, while internal rules are endogenous.
Neither of these literatures deals with the
726
question
of which legislatures are `strong` in the law-making sense. This question,
indeed, is [poorly] framed, as it makes little sense to treat a legislature
as a unitary agent. In particular, the common belief that the US Congress
is a strong law-making legislature is mistaken. [R] [See Abstr. 57.6889] 57.7058
McGRAW, Kathleen M. ; DOLAN, Thomas M. — Personify- ing the state: consequences
for attitude formation. Politi- cal Psychology 28(3), June 2007 : 299-327.
In this experiment, we investigate how various ways of embodying the state
influence attitude-formation processes. Drawing on the on- line/memory-based
processing and entitativity literatures, we hypothe- size that personification
of the state should facilitate on-line processing and stronger attitudes,
whereas embodying the state as a parliamentary institution should produce
weaker attitudes that are formed in a memory- based fashion. The results support
these hypotheses. Embodiment as a social group produced inconsistent results.
This study provides the first systematic evidence that the widespread practice
of personification of the state has robust and potentially far-reaching attitudinal
conse- quences that have meaningful implications for strategic interaction,
perception and learning, and attitude-change in the international realm. [R,
abr.] 57.7059 McMAHAN, Jeff — On the moral equality of combatants. Journal
of Political Philosophy 14(4), Dec. 2006 : 377-393. Contemporary just war
theory principles that make no distinction be- tween soldiers whose war is
just and those whose war is unjust must be rejected. Soldiers should not be
trained that all that is required of them is to obey orders and conduct themselves
honorably in the battlefield or that the responsibility for their actions
is not theirs, but that of their superiors. Military personnel are at the
greatest risk of being used for wrongdoing and injustice; their vocation is
not only morally important, but also morally perilous. They should be trained
for combat, but also for the exercise of moral and political judgment. To
this end, combatants must no longer be treated as instruments, but instead
as morally autonomous beings responsible for their actions. 57.7060 MEDINA
DE SOUZA, Igor Abdalla — Dom Quixote reen- contra Sancho Pança — relações internacionais e direito internacional antes, durante e depois da
Guerra Fria (Don Quixote meets again Sancho Panza — international relations
and international law before, during and after the Cold War). Contexto internacional
28(1), Jan.-June 2006 : 101-166. This article deals with the relation between
the disciplines of International Relations and International Law from a historical
perspective. The con- ventional conceptions about the main theories of International
Relations — realism and liberalism — are discussed and presented
in a new light. Liberalism is conceived in the context of the convergence
of international politics scholars and international lawyers until the development
of a skeptical view in the field of International Law, responsible for the
emer- gence of realism in International Relations. The post-Cold War interdisci-
plinary debate is focused on three theories: institutionalism, liberalism
and constructivism. Constructivism is better able to develop a deeper cooperation
between international politics scholars and international lawyers, because
of the connections between constructivism and critical theory. [R, abr.] 57.7061
MELANDER, Erik ; ÖBERG, Magnus — The threat of vio- lence and forced
migration: geographical scope trumps intensity of fighting. Civil Wars 9(2),
June 2007 : 156-173. Civil war and other forms of generalized violence have
been identified as the main determinants of forced migration. Yet, large variations
across armed conflicts have not been accounted for. This article examines
new measures of armed conflict that indicate the magnitude and scope of fighting.
We find that the geographical scope of fighting and the extent to which urban
centers are affected determine a significant portion of the variation in the
expected number of forced migrants across conflicts. Contrary to our expectations,
our results show that the intensity of the armed conflict is not significantly
related to the number of forced mi- grants. These findings suggest that the
threat perceived by potential forced migrants is more related to where the
fighting is taking place, than to the overall intensity of the fighting. [R]
[See Abstr. 57.7112] 57.7062 MENGAL, Paul — Néoliberalisme et psychologie
beha- vioriste (Neoliberalism and behaviorist psychology). Rai- sons politiques
25, Feb. 2007 : 15-30. [Résumé en français] This article explores the relationship
between neoliberalism and behav- iorist psychology. It was the Utilitarians
who laid the foundations for the liberal economy and a new psychology that
presents the individual as the product of interaction with his environment.
By progressively incorporat- ing the contributions of Darwinian evolutionism,
this behaviorist school eventually became the reigning paradigm of American
psychology. J. Watson and, above all, B.F. Skinner gave this school, by turns,
an educational and re-educational orientation. By demonstrating through
experiments
the superiority of positive reinforcement to punitive systems, they developed
a technology of behavioral control. What this conception of psychology has
in common with contemporary neoliberalism is an ideology of social control
based on the necessary rationality of human behavior and on consumption as
the main positive reinforcement system. [R, abr.] [First article of a thematic
issue on `Politics and psychology`, edited and introduced, pp. 5-13, by Franck
CHAUMON and Frédéric GROS. See also Abstr. 57.7185] 57.7063 MERCIER, Arnaud — Logiques journalistiques et lecture événementielle des faits d'actualité (Journalistic
logic and event reading of current news). Hermès 46, 2006 : 23- 35. [Résumé
en français] The use of the term `event` covers several realities. This article
confronts the its by the medias make with what social sciences researchers
retain. For journalists, an event is a remarkable fact deserving a special
treat- ment which emphasizes it. For the social sciences, it is a phenomenon
lived as a rupture by a collectivity, and which thus engages a search for
intelligibility. Are these two logics necessarily brought to meet? Are all
events recognized and dealt with as events by the media? This article seeks
to determine the conditions of media emergence of an event on the international
scale, which we call the event reading of facts. Four conditions are retained:
emotional intensity; access to the field and existence of social actors able
to provide an eventful interpretation; the possibility of cultural recoding
of the facts; the degree of competition with other facts eligible to event
status. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.6888] 57.7064 MERRILL, Samuel, III ; ADAMS,
James — The effects of alternative power-sharing arrangements: do “moderat-
ing” institutions moderate party strategies and govern- ment policy
outputs? Public Choice 131(3-4), 2007 : 413- 434. There exists little research
that evaluates whether consensual institutions promote moderation in parties'
policy declarations. We develop a multi- party spatial model with policy-seeking
parties operating under propor- tional representation, in which we vary the
extent to which government policies reflect power-sharing among all parties
as opposed to being determined by a single party. We determine parties' optimal
(Nash equilibrium) policy positions and conclude that power-sharing does not
typically motivate parties to moderate their policy declarations; in fact,
policy positioning under power-sharing appears to be similar to or more extreme
than under single-party dominance. Consistent with previous research, however,
we find that power-sharing does promote moderation in government policy outputs.
Our results have implications for parties' election strategies, for the design
of political institutions, and for repre- sentative government. [R, abr.]
57.7065 MESZAROS, Thomas — Un apport philosophique mar- ginalisé. Le
concept de société internationale chez Panayis Papaligouras (A marginalized
philosophical con- tribution: Panayis Papaligouras' concept of international
society). Études internationales 38(1), March 2007 : 87-109. [Résumé en français]
I treat the question of the state of nature from the philosophical point of
view and present the outcome of P. Papaligouras's thought. In his 1941 PhD
thesis, he developed a methodological approach, inspired by Kan- tian philosophy,
which constitutes a critical approach of the theory of social formalism, [which]
enables us to determine the conception of the state of nature implicitly developed
by Papaligouras. The definitions of the concepts of homogeneity and heterogeneity
in international societies start from a particular conception of the state
of nature, which stems from his theoretical approach. [R, abr.] [See Abstr.
57.6980] 57.7066 MINKKINEN, Panu — The ethos of sovereignty: a critical
appraisal. Human Rights Review 8(2), Jan.-March 2007 : 33- 51. The article
identifies a fundamental paradox between the classical Westphalian notion
of state sovereignty and human rights. In a contem- porary understanding of
sovereignty, the responsibility of a state to respect human rights and fundamental
freedoms is a constituent ingredi- ent of the state itself. The conditional
membership in the `family of nations` involves a contradiction: a sovereign
state must act in a `digni- fied` manner, it must use its sovereignty with
`restraint` by respecting the human rights and fundamental freedoms of its
citizens, i.e., it must employ its sovereignty in a non-sovereign way. This
restriction of sover- eignty, addressed as `ethical sovereignty`, becomes
a constitutive element in a post-Westphalian state and a central ingredient
in the contemporary doctrine of humanitarian intervention. [R, abr.] 57.7067
MOGHADAM, Assaf — Suicide terrorism, occupation, and the globalization
of martyrdom: a critique of Dying to Win. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
29(8), Dec. 2006 : 707-729. This article offers a three-pronged critique of
R. A. Pape's book Dying to Win [Chicago, 2005]. It first highlights problems
related to the book's
727
definition
of key concepts, its assessment of existing research on suicide terrorism,
and its presentation of data. The next section challenges the book's argument
that suicide attacks have a high success rate of 54 percent. The last section
argues that Pape exaggerates the link between occupation and suicide terrorism,
especially with regard to the case of Al Qaeda. A distinction between traditional
(localized) and contemporary (globalized) patterns of suicide attacks is introduced.
The occupation thesis may help explain the traditional (localized) pattern
of suicide attacks, but falls short of illuminating the causes of the contemporary
`globalization of martyrdom`. [R, abr.] 57.7068 MOLIER, Gelijn — Humanitarian
intervention and the responsibility to protect after 9/11 [2001]. Netherlands
In- ternational Law Review 53(1), 2006 : 37-62. The article [examines the]
consequences of the war on terrorism on the practice of and thinking about
humanitarian intervention. The discussions about the legality and legitimacy
of humanitarian intervention reached their peak after the NATO bombardments
against Yugoslavia to protect the Albanians in Kosovo in 1999. The terrorist
attacks of 9/11 [2001], which led to the war on terrorism, however, changed
the focus of atten- tion. The central question for international lawyers is
whether the use of force in anticipatory self-defense is allowed under international
law in view of new security threats. After describing humanitarian intervention
after the end of the Cold War, the impact of the war on terrorism on the protection
of human rights is analyzed. [R, abr.] 57.7069 MOORE, Phoebe — Global
knowledge capitalism, self- woven safety nets, and the crisis of employability.
Global Society 20(4), Oct. 2006 : 453-473. In a developed, post-industrial
global economy, management has begun to view workers as dynamic individuals
with the capacity for symbolic reasoning, intelligence, independently generated
ideas, and even the desire to work for the sake of self-fulfillment. The Fordist
workplace was expected to [fade] and organizations were to become `learning
organiza- tions` rather than the hierarchical workfloors of the manufacturing
age. Nevertheless, rather than [obtaining] freedom from the iron cage of capitalism,
workers face a contemporary form of coercion that substitutes political representation
with a set of expectations and limitations in- tended, ironically, to result
in workplace emancipation. Emphasis on employability of individuals through
workers' creation of self-woven safety nets demonstrates an elite-led project
to reduce government responsibility for employment welfare. The article looks
at the case of education policy in South Korea after the economic crisis of
1997. [R, abr.] 57.7070 MORGENSTERN, Scott — Grupos organizados y partidos
desorganizados. Incentivos electorales en Uruguay (Or- ganized groups and
disorganized parties. Electoral in- centives in Uruguay). América latina hoy
29, Dec. 2001 : 109-131. This paper extends the study of party organization
and legislative voting to factionalized party systems. After developing a
typology of factional types, it argues that hierarchically organized factions
respond to a com- petitive incentive system. Factions have interests that
push them to work together for the good of the party, but at the same time
they have inter- ests in distinguishing themselves for electoral purposes.
Further, the electoral cycle drives the weights of these competing pressures,
leading factional cooperation to break down as elections near. These patterns
and incentives are particularly evident in Uruguay, and the paper uses roll-call
data from that country's legislature to test the propositions. [R] [See Abstr.
57.7553] 57.7071 MORRISON, Kevin M. — Natural resources, aid, and democratization:
a best-case scenario. Public Choice 131(3-4), 2007 : 365-386. Natural resources
and aid give dictators revenue to maintain power. Attempts are being made,
therefore, to funnel these resources away from non-democratic governments
and toward their citizens. Using formal analysis and building on existing
theories of democratization, I analyze the effects of such institutional solutions
when they function perfectly (the best-case scenario). The models show that
even with institutional safeguards, these resources diminish chances for democra-
tization. In addition to their practical importance, the results have an important
theoretical implication: the political resource curse may not be due to dictators'
use of these resources, but simply to their existence in non-democracies.
[R] 57.7072 MOYNIHAN, Donald P. — Ambiguity in policy lessons: the agencification
experience. Public Administration 84(4), 2006 : 1029-1050. The policy-transfer
literature identifies the importance of context in shaping policy-selection.
However, countries with distinctly different contexts are pursuing the agencification
of the public sector. Why? The solution to this puzzle lies in the ambiguity
associated with public man- agement ideas, which allows policy-adopters room
to interpret manage-
ment
doctrines and experience. The result is that public management ideas that
carry the same identifying label can mask variation in the understanding of
the policy, the motivation for adoption and in implemen- tation outcomes.
The process of interpretation allows policy-makers in different contexts to:
(1) adopt superficially similar policy concepts; (2) overlook negative experiential
learning that contradicts the policy doc- trine; and (3) adopt policies unsuitable
to the national context. [R] 57.7073 MUKHAMETDINOV, Mikhail — Mercosur
and the Euro- pean Union: variation among the factors of regional co- hesion.
Cooperation and Conflict 42(2), June 2007 : 207- 228. The EU and the Common
Market of the South (Mercosur) are very different regions that have come to
seemingly analogous compromises as far as the operation of their common markets
is concerned. Like the EU, Mercosur confirms the textbook logic of integration
development from a free trade area to a customs union and then to a common
market. Does this mean that well-developed theories of European integration
that emphasize certain properties of the European region are useless in explaining
and predicting the Mercosur process? This article proposes a framework for
comparison of the two blocs that uses selected theories of European integration:
neofunctionalism, liberal inter-governmentalism, social constructivism and
neo-realism. The framework is applied to the examination of intra-regional
cohesion of the two interstate cooperative groups. [R, abr.] 57.7074 MUNCK,
Gerardo L. — Monitoreando la democracia : profundizando un consenso
emergente (Monitoring de- mocracy: deepening an emergent consensus). Revista
de Ciencia política 26(1), 2006 : 158-168. This paper considers efforts to
monitor democracy and addresses four questions: (1) why should democracy be
monitored? (2) who are the monitors? (3) what is to be monitored? (4) how
is the monitoring to be conducted? It first highlights and articulates an
emerging consensus regarding the monitoring of democracy. The discussion then
turns to a set of new challenges that remain to be met. It focuses on the
challenges of balancing multiple political values, bringing politicians and
researchers together, integrating monitoring efforts, and resolving measurement
problems. Emphasis is placed on the importance of tackling these com- plex
issues and hence on deepening the consensus that has emerged regarding the
monitoring of democracy. [R] 57.7075 NEVERS, Renee de — Imposing international
norms: great powers and norm enforcement. International Studies Review 9(1),
Spring 2007 : 53-80. When great powers seek to promote new norms, they coerce
the weak; persuasion is saved for the strong. The interaction of two factors — the standing of the target state in the international society of states and
its power relative to the norm-promoting great power — helps to explain
the use, or non-use, of force by great powers seeking to promote norms. The
cases of the slave trade, piracy, and state sponsorship of terrorism are examined
to evaluate how the attributes of norm-violating states affect the likelihood
that great powers will intervene to encourage states to adopt new norms. Power
appears to be the best defense against being targeted by a great power seeking
to promote norm-change, but good standing in the international society of
states is an important deterrent against intervention. [R, abr.] 57.7076 NEWMAN,
Edward — Exploring the `root causes` of terrorism. Studies in Conflict
and Terrorism 29(8), Dec. 2006 : 749-772. This article clarifies what is meant
by `root causes` and considers if their analysis helps to explain and describe
how, where, and why terrorism occurs. It delineates `root causes` into qualitative
and quantitative vari- ables that can be empirically tested in relation to
contemporary terrorist activity. In so doing, it considers the relative merits
of different method- ologies for approaching `root causes`. Indirect and underlying
sources of conflict are significant to understanding specific incidents of
terrorism and certain categories of terrorism; `root causes` are less helpful
in describing and explaining terrorism as a general phenomenon; and root causes
are of analytical use only in conjunction with precipitant factors. [R] 57.7077
O'CALLAGHAN, Terry — Disciplining multinational enter- prises: the regulatory
power of reputation risk. Global Society 21(1), Jan. 2007 : 95-117. A good
corporate reputation has become an increasingly valuable com- modity to large
global corporations, or multinational enterprises (MNEs). This is reflected
in the explosion of literature on the subject in the last few years and the
extraordinary growth in risk-management practices geared towards the protection
of corporate reputations and the man- agement of shareholder value. In part
it is an initiative forced upon MNEs by political and social activists demanding
socially responsible conduct by MNEs, but it is also one that has increasingly
come to frame and instantiate norms of corporate conduct. Consequently, we
should not
728
focus
on traditional forms of state-regulatory capacity as the only me- dium able
to discipline MNEs. Corporate reputation is beginning to function as a market
mechanism constraining MNE activities and produc- ing socially desirable outcomes.
[R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7003] 57.7078 O'NEILL, Jeffrey C. — Choosing
a runoff election thresh- old. Public Choice 131(3-4), 2007 : 351-364. This
paper investigates when a runoff election is desirable and when a plurality
result is good enough. A runoff election increases the likelihood that the
Condorcet winner will be elected but also entails additional costs. The metric
for determining whether a runoff election is desirable will be the probability
that the winner of the plurality election would win an ensuing runoff. Statistical
models of voter behavior are developed that estimate this probability, which
are verified with runoff-election data from US elections. The models allow
governments to make more informed choices in creating rules to decide when
to hold runoff elections. [R] 57.7079 O'SULLIVAN, Siobhan — Advocating
for animals equally from within a liberal paradigm. Environmental Politics
16(1), Feb. 2007 : 1-14. Orthodox liberal thought rejects the notion that
(some) non-human animals should be allocated justice on the same basis as
humans. Extending human protection to animals would break down the hu- man/animal
divide. However, the application of one set of standards to humans and another
to animals is not the only way in which current animal protection trends harm
animals. Even within the group “non- human animal”, different
standards are applied. Inconsistencies mean that animal-protection legislation
safeguards some animals more strongly than others. Given that, this article
asserts that if animal protection theorists wish to advocate positively on
behalf of animals, without offend- ing those who subscribe to a mainstream
liberal point of view, a way forward is to address inconsistencies between
different types of animals, and not challenge inconsistencies between humans
and animals. [R, abr.] 57.7080 OELSNER, Andrea — Friendship, mutual
trust and the evolution of regional peace in the international system. Critical
Review of International Social and Political Philoso- phy 10(2), June 2007
: 257-279. IR scholars have been reluctant to engage with questions of friendship
in the international system. However, over the last six decades, some regions
have overcome the security dilemma and states have con- structed peaceful
relationships based on mutual trust and confidence, resembling friendship
at the interstate level. Building upon securitization theory, this essay distinguishes
between different perceptions that states may have of their own security,
and links them with different types of regional peace. It proposes a two-phase
process whereby relationships may move from negative to positive peace, suggesting
different mecha- nisms for each phase. It illustrates this model by examining
the Argen- tine-Brazilian détente of the late 1970s and the determination
to build a zone of positive peace in Latin America's Southern Cone. [R, abr.]
[See Abstr. 57.7021] 57.7081 OMORI, Sawa — Exploring political determinants
of the magnitude of financial reforms in developing countries. International
Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7(2), 2007 : 251- 275. This paper explores empirically
political determinants of the magnitude of financial reforms, namely, under
which conditions a country is more likely to choose a `big-bang` type of financial
reform versus a gradual financial reform. Especially, how the IMF's effect
on the magnitude of financial reforms is conditioned by political institutions
is quantitatively examined using 30 developing countries' data from 1973 to
2002. Results demon- strate that the IMF's effect on facilitating a big-bang
type of financial reforms is contingent upon the number of veto-players in
the case of a democratic government. Also, a non-democratic government is
more likely to engage in big-bang type of financial reforms than a democratic
government, holding other conditions constant. [R] 57.7082 OSTERHOLM, Michael
T. — Unprepared for a pandemic. Foreign Affairs 86(2), March-Apr. 2007
: 47-57. The need to prepare for an influenza pandemic has not yet sunk in,
partly because disaster has not yet struck. But that good news could turn
into very bad news if it leads to slacking off on necessary preparations today:
although no one can predict when or how, a pandemic will occur for sure, and
it will have implications far beyond its toll on human health. [R] 57.7083
PAGE, Edward A. — Intergenerational justice of what: welfare, resources
or capabilities? Environmental Politics 16(3), June 2007 : 453-469. An important
aspect of intergenerational justice concerns the specifica- tion of a `currency
of advantage` that can be used to evaluate distributive outcomes across time.
Environmental theorists have introduced several
innovative
currencies of justice in recent years, such as ecological space and critical
natural capital. However, they have often downplayed the application of established
currencies (such as welfare, resources or capabilities) to issues of futurity.
After exploring the merits of a number of rival currencies, it is argued that
the currency of `capabilities to function` provides a promising basis for
a theory of justice that takes seriously the rights and duties of intergenerational
justice. [R] 57.7084 PALMER, Michael — Nommer les nouvelles du monde
(Naming international news). Hermès 46, 2006 : 47-56. [Résumé en français]
For about a decade, the International Press Telecommunications Coun- cil,
whose members include transnational media corporations and inter- national
news agencies, has developed new taxinomies of news; the aim is to have hypertext
mark up languages with categories of news informa- tion and related data (and
metadata) intelligible to both computers and `human agents`, i.e. journalists.
A case study (the coverage of the 2006 death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Iraq)
is used to exemplify some of the issues involved. [R] [See Abstr. 57.6888]
57.7085 PAPADOPOULOS, Yannis — Problems of democratic accountability
in network and multilevel governance. European Law Journal 13(4), July 2007
: 469-486. Most studies converge on the growth of processes of `multilevel
govern- ance` (MLG) in policy-making, related to the often combined trends
towards supranationalism and regionalism. Such processes are usually analyzed
under the angle of their efficiency, while their impact on the quality of
democracy is neglected. This article first defines the concepts of multilevel
governance and accountability, and then identifies the various dimensions
of the latter. It argues that MLG generates novel forms of accountability,
but undermines its democratic dimension mainly [due to] the weak visibility
of MLG networks, their selective composition and the prevalence of peer over
public forms of accountability. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7660] 57.7086 PATTY, John
W. ; WEBER, Roberto A. — Letting the good times roll: a theory of voter
inference and experimental evidence. Public Choice 130(3-4), 2007 : 293-310.
This paper examines inference and attribution in a simple and ubiquitous strategic
situation: a voter is faced with discerning whether a leader worked on his
or her behalf after observing an informative, but noisy signal about the leader's
performance. We characterize perfect Bayesian equilibria, quantal response
equilibria (QRE), and provide a simple model of a heuristic-based approach,
referred to as strategic naïveté, within a wide class of such environments.
We also discuss experiments conducted to examine human behavior within such
an environment. While it is clear that the observed behavior is inconsistent
with perfect Bayesian equilibrium, distinguishing between QRE and “strategic
na- ïveté” will require further work. We conclude with a discussion
of the broader implications of probabilistic and/or heuristic-based attribution
processes for electoral politics and political economy. [R, abr.] 57.7087
PERELLI, Carina — Reformas a los sistemas electorales : algunas reflexiones
desde la práctica (Reforming elec- toral systems: a practitioner's reflections).
Revista de Ciencia política 26(1), 2006 : 203-211. “Electoral engineering” is a set of technical tools for designing or reform- ing electoral systems
to better adjust them to the evolving reality of a given country. Beyond design,
however, there is a vast field composed of the implementation and the lessons
learned from it. [This paper] high- lights some of the lessons the electoral
community learned through concrete experiences of design and reform of electoral
systems in conflict areas, and proposes some best practices to contribute
to the current debate on electoral reform in Chile. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7324]
57.7088 PETERKOVÁ, Jana — Veřejná diplomatie — jen módní
pojem nebo skutečná změna? (Public diplomacy: a buzzword or
real change?). Mezinárodní Vztahy 41(3), 2006 : 83-99. The article introduces
the phenomenon of public diplomacy, highlighting the key features of the concept,
pointing out [why] public diplomacy is a relevant and legitimate segment of
foreign policy. The article [reviews] the development of public diplomacy.
The article also touches upon the relationship between public diplomacy and
propaganda, branding, international cultural relations and traditional diplomacy.
The author indicates effective public diplomacy strategies and pre-conditions
for its further development. [R, abr.] 57.7089 POLISHCHUK, Leonid — Legal reforms and immature democracies: a developmental challenge the risk
of insti- tutional imports. Romanian Journal of Political Science 2(2), Sept.
2002 : 27-32. In the last decade, the post-communist world was subject to
various attempts to build institutions, largely by implanting with little
adaptation
729
imports
from the Western world. Most of the time, these well-intended efforts have
failed, as we see in the case of Russia. It is about time the international
assistance shifted its focus from the transfer of institutions to creating
genuine domestic demand for them. Property rights are an area where such a
shift would be welcome. [R] 57.7090 POLLETTA, Francesca ; LEE, John — Is telling stories good for democracy? Rhetoric in public deliberation af-
ter 9/11 [2001]. American Sociological Review 71(5), Oct. 2006 : 699-723.
This article develops a sociological perspective on the rhetorical condi-
tions for good public deliberation, a topic of longstanding interest to scholars
of the public sphere. The capacity of reason-giving, storytelling, and other
rhetorical genres to foster deliberation depends on social conventions of
the genre's use and popular beliefs about its credibility relative to other
genres. Such beliefs are structured but contingently so: concerns about the
generalizability of personal stories or the abstraction of logical arguments
come into play on some occasions and not others. The authors appraise this
argument by way of a systematic comparison of personal storytelling and reason-giving
in public deliberation. Ordinary conventions of storytelling helped deliberators
to identify their own preferences, demonstrate their appreciation of competing
preferences, advance unfamiliar views, and reach areas of unanticipated agreement.
[R, abr.] 57.7091 POOLE, Thomas — Tilting at windmills? Truth and illu-
sion in [J. Griffith's] `The political constitution`. Modern Law Review 70(2),
March 2007 : 250-277. Centering on J.G. Griffith's seminal article `The political
constitution`, [ibid. 42(1), Jan. 1979; 1-21; Abstr. 29.3524] the analysis
reveals a more complex and pessimistic thinker than the standard image of
Benthamite radical would allow. The article then examines the cogency of Griffith's
vision — particularly his thesis that rights discourse `corrupts` law
and politics — against recent developments. It concludes by reflecting
on Griffith's radical debunking style. [R] 57.7092 PRINCEN, Sebastiaan — Advocacy coalitions and the internationalization of public health policies.
Journal of Public Policy 27(1), Jan.-Apr. 2007 : 13-33. This article looks
at the impact of multilevel governance structures on state-society relations.
Rather than focusing on relations between state actors and societal actors,
it is more useful to look at shifts between competing advocacy coalitions
in a given issue area. The impact of multilevel governance structures on domestic
advocacy coalitions de- pends on the political opportunity structure provided
at the international level, the types of policy outputs international institutions
can deliver, and the extent to which members of an advocacy coalition have
the organiza- tional capacities to be active at the international level. These
factors are explored in two cases of public health policy: anti-smoking policy
and alcoholism policy. Moreover, both cases show that multilevel governance
structures offer better opportunities for challengers than for defenders of
the domestic status quo. [R] [See Abstr. 57.6951] 57.7093 PROST, Yannick — Le Tiers-monde, la fin d'un acteur des relations internationales ? (Is the
Third World still an ac- tor in international relations?). Revue internationale
et stratégique 65, Spring 2007 : 22-35. [Résumé en français] The alliance
of Third World countries has sought to influence the interna- tional balance
of power since the 1960s, but it has been strongly weak- ened by successive
failures, including lack of economic development. The convergence of the countries'
interests has been jeopardized by globalization. Yet the South supported by
sectors of Northern civil society world governance, accesses to international
markets, intellectual prop- erty rights, etc. In recent years, however, the
alliance served mainly the purposes of the emergent powers, the only ones
to be accepted in the broader world governance directorate; the remaining
countries are confined to a declaratory diplomacy, which strengthens the risk
of a new radicalization of some of them. [R] 57.7094 QUENAULT, Béatrice — Les dangers de la libéralisation des échanges internationaux de services pour
le développement durable (The dangers of the freeing of in- ternal service
trade for sustainable development). Géo- économie 37, Spring 2006 : 85-114.
This paper deals with the consequences of pursuing further international trade
liberalization of services [with] the [goal] of sustainable develop- ment.
The purpose is to appreciate the limits and the scope of the Gen- eral Agreement
on Trade in Services (GATS), negotiated within the WTO in order to evaluate
the potential damages for public services. To reach sustainable development
implies guaranteeing a better access of the poorest to essential services
as defined by the UN's `Millennium Devel- opment Goals`. [R] 57.7095 QUESADA,
Antonio — 1 dictator = 2 voters. Public Choice 130(3-4), 2007 : 395-400.
For
the case of strict preferences, a measure of a voter's average power in a
dictatorial social welfare function is defined, making the dictator never
have more average power than three voters and, as the number of voters grows,
making the dictator's average power converge to the average power of two voters.
This result suggests, as those in A. Tangian's conference paper (2004), that
dictatorial social welfare functions might not be as undesirable aggregation
rules as traditionally held. [R] 57.7096 RAMONEDA, Toni — Le sujet cosmopolite
à la lumière des sciences de l'information et de la communication (The cosmopolitan
subject from the perspective of com- munication studies). Études internationales
38(1), March 2007 : 51-69. [Résumé en français] From the point of view of
research in the field of mass communication, the cosmopolitical question finds
a broader importance, for it sets politics around two main relations: the
relation between individuals and [groups] on the one hand, and the relation
between local and global on the other hand. In J. Habermas's perspective,
these relations can be transliterated into two main political axes: action
and communication. This article distinguishes between both concepts, setting
the basis for a cosmopoliti- cal conception of non-national institutions,
from which the case of the war in Iraq can eventually be analyzed. [R] [See
Abstr. 57.6980] 57.7097 RANCIÈRE, Jacques — Democracy, republic, representa-
tion. Constellations 13(3), Sept. 2006 : 297-307. The author explores the
fictitious separation between state and society that has underlain the identification
of republicanism and democracy since the French Revolution. While republicanism
seems to amplify politics, it actually seeks to translate politics into the
political, the consti- tuted juridico-political sphere. Democracy is the political
action of the people, the contestatory process by which they counteract the
privatiza- tion of the public sphere. By bringing to the fore the excess and
impurity of democratic politics, the author sets it against oligarchic tendencies
in the private realm as well as elitist usurpations in the official public
realm. [R] 57.7098 REBELO, José — Le temps et le mode de l'événement
circulant (The time and mode of circulating events). Her- mès 46, 2006 : 57-66.
[Résumé en français] The author outlines the definition of the concept of “event” and deals with the various aspects of the international coverage of events.
Regarding the impact of new technologies on the media, he analyzes the role
of the new online “captors” of information and their impact on
the coherence of the media. The author suggests the possibility of a reinforcement
of reception as a locus of production of meaning. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.6888]
57.7099 REDDY, Sanjay G. — Counting the poor: the truth about world
poverty statistics. Socialist Register 2006 : 169-178. Global poverty estimates
are crucial in assessing the state of the world and the appropriateness of
policies currently being followed by states and international institutions.
The strenuous debate in the last four years concerning the World Bank's global
poverty estimates is especially important in the context of the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the UN. Criticism has focused on specific methodologies
and their effect on poverty-reduction assessments. Confusion is deep-seated
and ultimately rooted in the lack of transparency and accountability of interna-
tional institutions. Economic statistics are too important to be left to economists,
and activists must become familiar with data-production in order to hold the
producers appropriately accountable, and suitable international protocols
for poverty-line construction, survey-design and - analysis must become a
priority. [See Abstr. 57.7036] 57.7100 REISMAN, W. Michael ; ARMSTRONG, Andrea — The past and future of the claim of preemptive self-defense. American Journal
of International Law 100(3), July 2006 : 525-550. The claim to pre-emptive
self-defense goes beyond anticipatory self- defense in claiming to use unilaterally,
without prior international authori- zation, high levels of violence to arrest
an incipient development that is neither operational nor directly threatening.
The US may now have retreated from its 2002 broad claim to pre-emption while
other states (including some with nuclear weapons) have adopted it as their
own, usually with respect to ill-defined `terrorists` and `terrorist actions`.
This mimetic dynamic may accelerate the drift away from the strict formulation
of Article 51 of the UN Charter with only limited gains for self-defense but
potentially grave consequences for both the expectation and eventuation of
international violence. [A] 57.7101 RICE, James Mahmud ; GOODIN, Robert E.
; PARPO, Antti — The temporal welfare state: a crossnational compari-
son. Journal of Public Policy 26(3), Sept.-Dec. 2006 : 195- 228.
730
Using
income and time-use surveys from five countries (the US, Austra- lia, Germany,
France, and Sweden) that represent the principal types of welfare and gender
regimes, we propose ways of operationalizing the time that is strictly necessary
for people to spend in paid labor, unpaid household labor, and personal care.
The time people have at their disposal after taking into account what is strictly
necessary in these three arenas — which we christen discretionary time — represents people's temporal autonomy. We measure the impact on this of government
taxes, transfers, and child-care subsidies in these five countries. In so
doing, we calibrate the contributions of the different welfare and gender
regimes that exist in these countries, in ways that correspond to the lived
reality of people's daily lives. [R, abr.] 57.7102 RICHARDSON, James T. — The sociology of religious freedom: a structural and socio-legal analysis.
Sociology of Religion 67(3), Fall 2006 : 271-294. This paper offers a structural
and socio-legal analysis that examines historical, sociological, and cultural
factors that have given rise to and promoted the idea of religious freedom
in modern human societies. The effort involves an integration of research
from the sociology of new and minority religions with theoretical ideas from
the sociology of religion and the sociology of law. The relationship of pluralism
to religious freedom is examined, as is how the pervasiveness, centralization,
autonomy, type (adversarial vs. inquisitorial), and discretion of legal and
judicial systems impact religious freedom. The application of key concepts
from the work of D. Black, including status, intimacy, and third-party partisanship
seem especially useful. [R, abr.] 57.7103 RICHMOND, Oliver P. — Patterns
of peace. Global Society 20(4), Oct. 2006 : 367-394. Different strategies
are used to conceptualize peace in the literature on IR, peace and conflict
studies. These have included strategies based upon the notion that peace is
geographically contained, and constructed by race, identity, ideology, or
power, and has universal qualities, al- though it is also utopian and unlikely
to be fully achieved. What has developed more recently in the relevant literature
is a hybrid version of peace: the liberal peace. This is universal, attainable,
and dependent upon a specific methodology. This essay outlines the main discursive
characteristics associated with peace, and with the emergence of the concept
of the liberal peace. It outlines the patterns of thought prevalent in the
conceptualization of peace, and their ontological and epistemo- logical implications
in the context of the liberal peace framework. [R] 57.7104 RIPSMAN, Norrin
M. — Peacemaking and democratic peace theory: public opinion as an obstacle
to peace in post-conflict situations. Democracy and Security 3(1), 2007 :
89-113. Democratic peace theory rests on several assumptions. Structural variants
assume that, in all states, the public is more peaceful than its leaders and
that, in democratic states, institutional checks and balances restrain bellicose
leaders. These assumptions are challenged, however, by the experience of post-conflict
peacemaking by democratic states. When negotiating peace, public opinion tends
to be more bellicose than its leaders, even when the former enemy has become
either democratic or quasi-democratic. This paper examines the post-war peace
processes between France and Germany from 1949-1954 and between Israel and
the Palestinian Authority since 1992. The logic of democratic peace theory
might apply to states with no past history of war, but not to states which
have recently been to war. [R, abr.] 57.7105 RIVERA URRUTIA, Eugenio — Concepto y problemas de la construcción del gobierno electrónico (Concept
and problems of electronic government construction. A sur- vey of the literature).
Gestión y Política pública 15(2), 2006 : 259-305. The incorporation of information
technologies in public management raises very different challenges compared
to those confronted by the private sector. Web sites, fundamental parts of
electronic government, reshape in a substantial manner the links between the
state and the citizens and the users of public services. However, the progression
of the web sites from information mechanisms to complex transactional portals
requires a deep internal transformation of the governmental agencies, that
includes a broad modification of its regulatory and legal frame, process reengineering,
a transition from the traditional modalities of the bureaucracy towards `virtual
bureaucracy`, and even a progressive blurring of the institutional borders
and the appearance of virtual agen- cies. The construction of digital government
represents a paramount effort of institutional innovation and transformation
ol public organiza- tions. [R, abr.] 57.7106 ROBST, John ; POLACHEK, Solomon
; CHANG Yuan-Ching — Geographic proximity, trade, and international
con- flict/cooperation. Conflict Management and Peace Science 24(1), Spring
2007 : 1-24. This article examines the interactive effect of distance and
trade on international conflict and cooperation. The effect of geographic
distance
depends
on trade, while the effect of trade varies with geographic dis- tance. Trade
reduces conflict to a greater extent when dyads are geo- graphically close,
but has a greater effect on cooperation when countries are more distant. Geographic
proximity increases conflict and coopera- tion more among non-trading dyads.
[R] 57.7107 ROSANVALLON, Pierre — Democracia y desconfianza (Democracy
and distrust). Revista de Estudios políticos 134, Dec. 2006 : 219-237. In
recent decades, political scientists have increasingly turned their attention
to the erosion of citizens' confidence in their democratic leaders and institutions.
But while citizens may be increasingly skeptical of ballot boxes, they have
not become merely passive citizens; we are witnessing a increase in street
demonstrations, mobilization on the internet, and other forms of active contestation.
In order to understand the contempo- rary Janus-faced citizen, the article
considers the mechanisms used to institutionalize public confidence and the
social expression of distrust as two distinct spheres and moments in the history
of democracy. Electoral representation is consonant with the first dimension
and form most often studied, while the second has never been explored systematically.
The article uncovers that dimension by proposing a history and theory of the
structural role of distrust in democracy. This perspective shift offers an
introduction to the world of `counter-democracy` by analyzing a series of
practices — surveillance, prevention, and judgment — and suggesting
that is through these practices that society may exert pressure and correction.
[R] [See also Abstr. 57.7203] 57.7108 ROSS, Robert S. — Balance of power
politics and the rise of China: accommodation and balancing in East Asia.
Security Studies 15(3), July-Sept. 2006 : 355-395. Realists agree that great
powers balance the military power of rising powers, but there is little agreement
regarding secondary-state re- sponses to rising powers. (1) There are differences
regarding whether secondary states balance or accommodate rising powers. (2)
There are differences among realists regarding the distinct roles of economic
and military factors in secondary-state alignment policies. (2) Some scholars
argue that state alignments are not necessarily determined by realist variables,
but can reflect preferences shaped by intentions, historical experiences,
or cultural influences. This paper addresses these issues in balance-of-power
theory. Its empirical focus is the impact of the rise of China on secondary-state
alignments in East Asia. [R, abr.] 57.7109 ROY, Abhik Guha — The blurring
lines of law and society. World Affairs (New Delhi) 10(3), Autumn 2006 : 30-35.
In a global system in which economic liberalism reigns supreme, law can become
only an instrument to facilitate trade, as the internationalization of intellectual
property rights shows. The legal system is increasingly used in the service
of dominant business interests at the expense of true social justice. Will
this evolution of legal concepts lead to a worldwide revolt against the contemporary
notion of law? [R] [See Abstr. 57.6974] 57.7110 RUMMENS, Stefan — The
co-originality of private and public autonomy in deliberative democracy. Journal
of Political Philosophy 14(4), Dec. 2006 : 469-481. Co-originality is essential
for a proper understanding of the deliberative model of democracy. Moral deliberation
needs to be understood as a typically modern practice in which traditional
sources of moral authority are replaced by the authority of moral agents engaged
in moral delibera- tion. This practice presupposes the co-original recognition
of moral and individual autonomy. From within the deliberative paradigm, both
the refusal to engage in deliberation and/or the silencing of the voice of
the Other is seen as a lack of recognition and as a moral injury. A moral
reconstruction of the system of rights can be successful only if it refers
to the moral presuppositions of the practice of moral deliberation. [See also
Abstr. 57.7012] 57.7111 SAGALYN, Lynne B. — Public/private development:
lessons from history, research, and practice. Journal of the American Planning
Association 73(1), Winter 2007 : 7-22. Public/private partnerships have become
a favored strategy for imple- menting complex urban developments in the US
and Western Europe, but the large volume of literature on the topic falls
short of providing city planners, development experts, and policy analysts
the knowledge needed for either teaching or practice. Academic literature
from abroad has used inventive means to analyze public/private developments
and generalize about their impacts and significance. I synthesize the case-
based research on public/private development projects to extract insights
and lessons for planning, deal-making, and performance, recommending additional
research most needed. [R, abr.] 57.7112 SALEHYAN, Idean — Refugees and
the study of civil war. Civil Wars 9(2), June 2007 : 127-141. This introduction
examines the current literature on refugees and civil conflict. Rather than
treating refugees as the unfortunate victims of
731
conflict
and the by-product of war, recent literature places forced migra- tion squarely
within the study of political violence. While humanitarian issues are certainly
significant, refugees are also important political actors who play an active
part in conflict dynamics. Three themes are considered here: conflict as a
cause of forced migration, forced migration as a cause of conflict, and policy
responses to refugee flows. This contri- bution also outlines promising areas
for future research and introduces the articles in this special issue. [R]
[Introduction to a thematic issue on `Forced migration and civil war`, edited
by the author and Karl DeR- OUEN, Jr. See also Abstr. 57.7038, 7061, 7123,
8031, 8056] 57.7113 SALEHYAN, Idean — Transnational rebels: neighboring
states as sanctuary for rebel groups. World Politics 59(2), Jan. 2007 : 217-242.
To what extent do international factors affect domestic conflict proc- esses?
How do external conditions affect the state's repressive capabili- ties and
the opportunities for opposition groups to mobilize, launch an insurgency,
and sustain it? Because state strength is limited by interna- tional boundaries,
rebel groups often organize transnationally in order to evade repression.
External bases, refugee communities, and character- istics of neighboring
states are expected to increase the likelihood of civil war onset and continuation.
Importantly, external mobilization is difficult for states to monitor and
verify, a factor that exacerbates bargaining problems and increases the probability
of armed conflict. These claims are tested through a quantitative analysis
of civil conflicts from 1951 to 1999. [R, abr.] 57.7114 SANDOLE, Dennis J.
D. — Traditional `realism` versus the `new` realism, and the elusive
`paradigm shift`. Global Society 20(4), Oct. 2006 : 543-562. Review essay
of John W. Burton, Conflict Prevention [New York, 1990]. 57.7115 SANNERHOLM,
Richard — Legal, judicial and administra- tive reforms in post-conflict
societies: beyond the rule of law template. Journal of Conflict and Security
Law 12(1), Spring 2007 : 65-93. A common position adopted by the international
community is that establishing the rule of law after violent internal conflict
is an essential prerequisite in the transition from war to peace. Rarely is
rule of law acknowledged in relation to administrative law, public governance
and economic management. But, a new trend is now vaguely discernible in the
practice of the international actors involved in rebuilding war- shattered
societies that gives priority to the rule of law in relation to public sector
reform. Liberia provides, in this regard, an illustrative example through
the agreement between the Transitional National Government of Liberia and
donor agencies, where international experts will have co-signing authority
over a number of budgetary issues, and where national judicial institutions
will be strengthened in order to combat arbitrary governance and corruption.
[R, abr.] 57.7116 SARDAMOV, Ivelin — Burnt into the brain: towards a
redefinition of political culture. Democratization 14(3), June 2007 : 407-424.
The notion that human beings all over the world can be chiefly motivated by
a desire for personal liberty seems a noble but hardly realistic ideal. Such
motivation is fostered by processes of social modernization and individualization.
These changes are linked not only to structural trans- formations and the
spread of new values and ideas, but also to the gradual rewiring of the brains
of individuals involved in them. New find- ings in neuroscience point to clear
parallels between changes in social and personality structures (individualization,
self-discipline, sense of agency, time-orientation, trust, and the like),
and modified patterns of brain wiring in individuals. The cultural changes
sometimes seen as a precondition for democratization and democratic consolidation
are therefore likely to be slow and to escape deliberate political orchestra-
tion. [R, abr.] 57.7117 SCHATZ, Robert T. ; LAVINE, Howard — Waving
the flag: national symbolism, social identity, and political en- gagement.
Political Psychology 28(3), June 2007 : 329-356. This research examined the
psychological underpinnings of concern for national symbols and ritualistic-ceremonial
activities or `symbolic in- volvement`. We propose and test a distinction
between symbolic and `instrumental` involvement or concern for the functionality
of national institutions and their capability to provide instrumental benefits
to citi- zens. Items comprising the two constructs were found to be empirically
distinct, evidenced by statistically reliable and orthogonal dimensions in
exploratory factor-analysis. Moreover, evidence based on divergent patterns
of relations with various forms of national membership indicates that symbolic
and instrumental involvement are rooted in distinct motiva- tional concerns
related to identity expression and object appraisal, respectively. These findings
suggest that national symbolism evokes a psychological attachment to the nation
as an abstracted social entity, but not as a concrete functional system. [R]
57.7118
SCHELL, Jonathan — Proliferation and possession, nonproliferation and
disarmament. Peace Review 18(3), July-Sept. 2006 : 349-352. The author shows
why, in the motivations for proliferation and nonproliferation, the degree
of disarmament on the part of the major nuclear powers probably plays a decisive
role. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7013] 57.7119 SCHMID, Alex P. — Root causes
of terrorism: some conceptual notes, a set of indicators, and a model. De-
mocracy and Security 1(2), 2005 : 127-136. The author presents a model built
on the premise that many of the factors which give to more traditional forms
of revolt are also present in the origin of terrorist campaigns. The choice
of terrorism as a tactic as opposed to the choice of other tactics is based
on factors like group size (small groups are more likely than very large ones
to engage in terror- ism); group resources (e.g. access to guns and bomb-making
material and availability of methods of delivery); receptivity of mass media
to providing coverage to terrorists deeds; internal group dynamics within
underground organization; relative strength compared to the political opponent
and — last but not least — the group's ideology and the con- flict
behavior of the opponent itself. [R] 57.7120 SCHMID, Alex P. — Terrorism
as psychological warfare. Democracy and Security 1(2), 2005 : 137-146. If
terrorism is a form of psychological warfare, we should be focusing as much
if not more on countering the propaganda as we focus on prevent- ing and controlling
terrorist violence. Ultimately, the fight against terror- ism can only be
won if we manage to prevent young people from joining such organizations,
if we manage to induce members of terrorist groups to leave their organizations
and if we can make it clear to their leaders that their sympathizers issue
communiqués and copious writings to explain and “justify” their
deeds and win new adherents. This mixture of ideology, propaganda, and half-truths
goes all too often consider coun- tering every terrorist propaganda statement
with well-argued counter- statements, directed not necessarily at the terrorists
themselves but at their constitutency and, above all, at those who are vulnerable
to the terrorist temptation. The language of hate and violence needs to be
answered by the language of reason and humanity — and deeds that match
our words. [R] 57.7121 SCHMIDT, Manfred G. — Die Zukunft der Demokratie
(The future of democracy). Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 37(4), Dec. 2006
: 812-822. The prospects of democracies are discussed from the angle of an
em- pirical comparative approach to democratic theory. In contrast to main-
stream contributions which advance optimistic accounts of the capabili- ties
and prospects of democracies, not only the strengths and advan- tages of democracies
must be taken into consideration but also the structural weaknesses of democratic
regimes. Even best-practice de- mocracies find themselves confronted with
demanding challenges. These include a globalization-democracy dilemma, short-term
decisions, reduced error-correcting capabilities, deficient recruitment of
qualified political leaders, and the persistence of the Hobbesian problem
of the `inconstancy of the many`. [R] 57.7122 SHAKUN, Melvin F. — ESD:
a formal consciousness model for international negotiation. Group Decision
and Negotiation 15(5), Sept. 2006 : 491-510. We develop the Evolutionary Systems
Design (ESD) formal conscious- ness model for international negotiation extending
the usual cognitive rationality of formal models to right rationality validated
subjectively by cognition, affection, conation, holistically, and spiritually.
Two subjective validation tests for right rationality are described. The purpose
is to attain right negotiation agreements in international negotiation. Practice
and computer implementation are discussed and applications presented. Though
the ESD general formal mathematical model is an evolving difference game,
in applying it to specific problems mathematical sym- bols are not normally
used, relations between generally familiar sets of elements being expressed
by tables (matrices). We believe that ESD can help close the gap between formal
modeling and practice of international negotiation. [R] 57.7123 SHELLMAN,
Stephen M. ; STEWART, Brandon M. — Pre- dicting risk factors associated
with forced migration: an early warning model of Haitian flight. Civil Wars
9(2), June 2007 : 174-199. This study predicts forced migration events by
predicting the civil vio- lence, poor economic conditions, and foreign interventions
known to cause individuals to flee their homes in search of refuge. If we
can predict forced migration, policy-makers can better plan for humanitarian
crises. While the study is limited to predicting Haitian flight to the US,
its strength is its ability to predict weekly flows as opposed to annual flows,
providing a greater level of predictive detail than its `country-year` coun-
terparts. We focus on Haiti given that it exhibits most, if not all, of the
independent variables included in theories and models of forced migra- tion.
Within our temporal domain (1994-2004), Haiti experienced eco-
732
nomic
instability, low-intensity civil conflict, state repression, rebel dis- sent,
and foreign intervention and influence. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7112] 57.7124
SHLAPENTOKH, Vladimir — Are today's authoritarian leaders doomed to
be indicted when they leave office? The Russian and other post-Soviet cases.
Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39(4), Dec. 2006 : 447-473. The attitudes
of leaders toward their personal future are very important to domestic and
international politics. These views are particularly vital in the case of
leaders of non-democratic regimes who could face legal prosecution for their
corrupt acts or violations of human rights in their own country and abroad.
Despite these fears, however, the leaders in many authoritarian societies
trespass laws, both domestic and interna- tional, in order to preserve their
power and enrich their families. They expose themselves to the danger of the
prosecution after they leave office or lose control of the regime. In this
context, the author pays special attention to V. Putin's political future
and to the developments in Russia, which favor/disfavor his continued stay
in power after 2008. [R] 57.7125 SIBLEY, Chris G. ; WILSON, Marc S. ; DUCKITT,
John — Effects of dangerous and competitive worldviews on right-wing
authoritarianism and social dominance orien- tation over a five-month period.
Political Psychology 28(3), June 2007 : 357-371. The cross-lagged effects
of dangerous and competitive social worldviews on Right-Wing Authoritarianism
(RWA) and Social Dominance Orienta- tion (SDO) were examined over a five-month
period (N=165). Analyses indicated that the motivational goal for group-based
dominance and superiority indexed by SDO changed as a function of the degree
to which the social world was perceived as a competitive place characterized
by inequality and resource-scarcity. The motivational goal for in-group conformity
and collective security indexed by RWA, in contrast, changed as a function
of the degree to which the social world was perceived as a dangerous and threatening
place prone to high levels of crime and immoral behavior. These findings are
consistent with the causal path- ways between social worldviews and ideological
attitudes predicted by J. Duckitt's model of the dual motivational and cognitive
processes underly- ing prejudice [“A competitive motivational theory
of ideology and preju- dice” in M.P. Zanna, ed., Advances in Experimental
Social Psychology, vol. 33, 2001: 41-113]. [R, abr.] 57.7126 SIMONET, Loïc — Les pipelines internationaux, vecteurs de prospérité, de puissance et de rivalités.
Oléoducs et gazoducs dans la géopolitique et les relations interna- tionales
(International pipelines, factors of prosperity, power and rivalries. Oil
and gas pipelines in geopolitics and international relations). Revue internationale
et straté- gique 65, Spring 2007 : 50-62. [Résumé en français] Pipelines are
a new stake in international relations and geopolitics. The risks linked to
the determination of their itineraries (armed conflicts, separatist threats,
terrorist attacks) and the competition between hydro- carbons exporting countries
hinder their construction. The blocking capacity of some transit states explains
that some `energy crossroads` are being bypassed, as underlined by the future
North-European gas pipeline. In the Caucasus-Central Asia region the stake
of energy trans- port mobilizes the great powers' diplomacy: for Russia, the
US, China, and the EU, oil and gas pipelines are guarantee of energy security,
as well as means to achieve political influence and economic penetration.
[R] 57.7127 SINAI, Joshua — A democratic approach to resolve terrorism's
root causes. Democracy and Security 1(1), 2005 : 63-71. After analyzing the
magnitude of the threat posed by a terrorist group against its adversary,
the manifestations of the insurgency would then be hierarchically decomposed,
or `drilled down`, into their underlying condi- tions, or root causes, for
why such warfare is being waged. These under- lying causes would then be systematically
mapped, so that in ideal cases this would generate the knowledge and insight
on the part of govern- ments to formulate appropriate responses that would
be most effective in terminating the terrorist insurgency, whether peacefully,
militarily, by law- enforcement, or through a combination of these measures.
However, without understanding how to utilize such a root causes-based concep-
tual capability and tools, combating terrorism campaigns are likely to be
ineffectual and terrorist insurgencies will become, due to lack of effective
resolution, increasingly protracted and lethal in their warfare. [R, abr.]
57.7128 SIQUEIRA, Kevin ; SANDLER, Todd — Terrorists versus the government:
strategic interaction, support, and sponsorship. Journal of Conflict Resolution
50(6), Dec. 2006 : 878-898. This article focuses on the strategic interaction
between a terrorist group and a government as both vie for grassroots support.
When terrorists and the government act contemporaneously, the equilibrium
outcome
depends
on the effectiveness of the government's countermeasures and the ability of
the government to curb popular support of the terrorists through public spending.
In two alternative scenarios, the authors estab- lish that leadership may
improve both adversaries' well-being while reducing terrorism. The leader
changes in the two cases, with the weaker player going first to the advantage
of both players. State spon- sorship and franchising of terrorists augment
violence as both adversar- ies expend more effort. Sponsors can offset some
strategic limits to violence that competition for supporters offers. [R] 57.7129
SMITH, Mick — Wild-life: anarchy, ecology, and ethics. Environmental
Politics 16(3), June 2007 : 470-487. Certain forms of anarchism, especially
those associated with primitivism, regard nature as a fundamental source of
individual liberty, self- awareness, and self-responsibility. These distinctive
varieties of `eco- logical anarchism` often combine a wild(er)ness ethos with
a polemical critique of the social constraints and environmental damage they
identify, to varying degrees, with `civilization`. To anarchists associated
with Enlightenment humanist traditions, like M. Bookchin, such accounts epitomize
an irrational and regressive form of nature worship, one sup- posedly shared
with many deep ecologists. This critique is, though, somewhat misplaced and
obscures the potential of ecological anarchism and its current failings. Re-wilding
understandings of self and nature offer diverse ethico-political possibilities
but only if it is recognized that self- identities, idea(l)s of nature, and
even conceptions of individual auton- omy are partly constituted by the same
social histories that primitivism dismisses. [R] 57.7130 SOUSA, Fernando de — A democracia, face política da globalização ? (Is democracy the political
face of global- ization?). Revista brasileira de Política internacional 49(1),
2006 : 5-24. The article analyzes the new challenges to democracy, in a context
of growing globalization, with the end of the Cold War and the rise of a new
world order. A redefinition of the conceptual trajectory of democracy and
also of globalization is necessary, because they take on different aspects
and focuses at different times and in different contexts. It also analyzes
the recent alterations of the international arena, such as the globalization
of democracy and the democratization of globalization. [R, abr.] 57.7131 STEANS,
Jill — Debating women's human rights as a universal feminist project:
defending women's human rights as a political tool. Review of International
Studies 33(1), Jan. 2007 : 11-27. This article first whether or not women's
human rights can underpin a universal feminist project; it defends women's
human rights as a useful political tool to challenge injustice and discrimination
against women. It first sets out the universality/particularity debate in
both human rights theory and in feminist theory. This serves as a point of
departure for the subsequent discussion of universality and particularity
in relation to women's human rights specifically. That women's human rights
are universal is contested by some feminists although the reasons for their
skepticism are quite different from those advanced by ultra-conservatives
and religious fundamentalists. [R, abr.] [First article of a thematic section
on `Women and human rights`, introduced by Roberta GUERRINA and Marysia ZALEWSKI.
See also Abstr. 57.6883, 6956, 7039, 7232, 7264] 57.7132 STEELE, Brent J. — Liberal-idealism: a constructivist critique. International Studies Review
9(1), Spring 2007 : 23- 52. Recently, scholars have connected US constructivism
to liberal-idealism. IR theorists have branded US constructivists as `liberal
theorists` for three notable reasons: (1) realists apply an `idealist` tag
on constructiv- ism so that it can efficiently be dismissed as a form of theoretical
naiveté; (2) rational choice empiricists are motivated with amending constructivist
assumptions to make them viable for quantitative analysis; and (3) certain
constructivist scholars have attempted to build bridges with rationalist scholarship,
especially on epistemological terms, and this `bridge-building` has opened
a door for a liberal-constructivist synergy. This essay demonstrates how constructivism
can, and must, be distin- guished from liberalism. It uses the recent Iraq
War to illustrate three constructivist critiques of an important liberal theory:
democratic peace `theory`. [R, abr.] 57.7133 STOETT, Peter J. — Counter-bioinvasion:
conceptual and governance challenges. Environmental Politics 16(3), June 2007
: 43-452. This article defines the problem of invasive alien species, then
discusses some of the conceptual implications of treating bio-invasion as
a serious topic in both environmental and global ecopolitics, such as the
encour- agement of parochial thinking and the reliance on an outdated ecological
paradigm that assumes the desirability of natural equilibrium. Both these
problems are overcome by the human security imperative of protecting civilians
from the most harmful effects of bio-invasion, but they should indeed temper
the zeal with which prevention/eradication campaigns are
733
adopted.
The third section explicitly visits some of the more concrete governance problems
raised at the international but, arguably, all levels of governance. [R, abr.]
57.7134 SULLIVAN, Patricia L. — War aims and war outcomes: why powerful
states lose limited wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(3), June 2007
: 496-524. The theory I develop focuses on how the nature of a strong state's
war aims affects prewar uncertainty about the cost of victory. I argue that
the relative magnitude of the effect of military strength and resolve on war
outcomes varies with the nature of the object at stake and that strong states
become more likely to underestimate the cost of victory as the impact of resolve
increases relative to that of war-fighting capacity. I evaluate the empirical
implications of this theory against the historical record provided by the
universe of major power military interventions since World War II. The results
challenge both existing theories and conventional wisdom about the impact
of factors such as military strength, resolve, troop commitment levels, and
war-fighting strategies on asymmetric war outcomes. [R, abr.] 57.7135 SWANSON,
Jacinda — Power and resistance: perpetuat- ing and challenging capitalist
exploitation. Contemporary Political Theory 6(1), Feb. 2007 : 4-23. Although
oppressive social practices like capitalism are often portrayed as static,
totalizing social “structures“ with “logics“ and “imperatives“ that must be accommodated politically and economically, such portrayals are
problematic both theoretically and politically. They rest on determinist and
essentialist conceptions of social practices, and they curtail the scope of
politics, government regulation, and human action and creativ- ity. Social
practices can instead be conceptualized as thoroughly social, historical,
and contingent, and thus susceptible to political intervention and reworking,
as many feminist, post-structuralist, and anti-economistic Marxian theorists
do. Judith Butler's concept of reiteration provides a particularly useful,
in-depth theorization of power, the mechanisms enabling social practices to
endure and change, and the role of the individual and collectivities in perpetuating
and challenging social prac- tices such as capitalism. [R, abr.] 57.7136 TALIAFERRO,
Jeffrey W. — State building for future wars: neoclassical realism and
the resource-extractive state. Security Studies 15(3), July-Sept. 2006 : 464-495.
Neorealist theory holds that the international system compels states to adopt
similar adaptive strategies — balancing and emulation — or risk
elimination as independent entities. Yet states do not always emulate the
successful practices of the system's leading states in a timely and uni- form
fashion. Explaining this requires a theory that integrates systemic- level
and unit-level variables: a `resource-extraction` model of the state in neoclassical
realism. Neoclassical realism suggests that state power — a function
of state institutions, as well as nationalism and ideology — shapes
the types of internal balancing strategies that countries are likely to pursue.
The experiences of six rising or declining great powers over the past three
hundred years — China, France, Britain, Japan, Prussia (later Germany),
and the US — illustrate the plausibility of these hy- potheses. [R,
abr.] 57.7137 TAUBE, Michel ; BARRÉ, Flora — La peine de mort est-elle
un enjeu des relations internationales ? (Is the capital penalty a stake in
international relations?). Revue interna- tionale et stratégique 64, Winter
2006-2007 : 20-27. [Résumé en français] The capital penalty has been long
considered a measure of criminal `justice`, therefore answerable to state
sovereignty. International organi- zations, global public opinion, the Council
of Europe, the EU and interna- tional criminal justice have gradually emphasized
that it is a violation of human rights. The issue has thus become a stake
in international rela- tions. A majority of states have abolished the capital
penalty, but some great powers are still using it (e.g. China and US). In
order to change the situation, it is necessary to debate the issue with Islamic,
Buddhist and Taoist spokesmen, and to prove that in the struggle against crime
the capital penalty is worthless. [R] 57.7138 THOENIG, Jean-Claude — El rescate de la publicness en los estudios de la organización (Rescuing publicness
in organization studies). Gestión y Política pública 15(2), 2006 : 229-258.
This article is focused on answering the following question: how should publicness
be defined as an organizational studies issue and handled for analytic purposes?
As an introductory step, the author considers it important to make a quick
return to the founding years of modern organi- zational studies. The perspective
suggested in the second section of the paper assumes that public organizations
have a specific nature. The third section presents a few reasons and examples
why policies, their making and their management, offer a fruitful access to
further empirical inquiry on public organizations. [R, abr.]
57.7139
THYNE, Clayton L. — Cheap signals with costly conse- quences: the effect
of interstate relations on civil war. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50(6),
Dec. 2006 : 937-961. This article examines the effect of interstate signals
on the probability of civil war onset. Using a bargaining framework, the author
argues that costly signals should have no effect on the likelihood that a
civil war begins because they allow the government and opposition to adjust
peacefully their bargaining positions to avoid the costs of fighting. In contrast,
cheap signals can disrupt intrastate negotiations, which makes conflict more
likely by increasing the likelihood that one of the competing parties will
make excessive demands. This argument is tested using measures for sanctions,
troop mobilization, alliances, and trade ties as indicators for costly signals,
as well as events data as measures for cheap signals. [R, abr.] 57.7140 TOSCANO
FRANCA FILHO, Marcílio — Historia y razón del paradigma westfaliano
(History and reason of the Westphalian paradigm). Revista de Estudios políticos
131, Jan.-March 2006 : 87-112. The Westphalia Peace Treaties [1648] represent
the “birth certificate” of the modern, national and sovereign
state, the basis of the present de- mocratic state and the founding moment
of the contemporary interna- tional political system. They form the “Westphalian
Paradigm`, described by many writers on law, political science and international
relations. But the `Westphalian Paradigm` has been little studied and researched
in the legal field. The origins, implications and characteristics of the state
model formed after the Thirty Years' War from the legal point of view constitutes
the core of this paper. The article is concluded with a note about the updating
of that state model. [R, abr.] 57.7141 TUSALEM, Rollin F. — A boon or
a bane? The role of civil society in third- and fourth-wave democracies. Interna-
tional Political Science Review 28(3), June 2007 : 361-386. [Résumé en français]
Since R. Putnam published Making Democracy Work [1993], many other studies
have confirmed the deleterious effects of civil society in promot- ing democratic
breakdown and malperformance. To solve the empirical puzzle as to whether
civil society is a bane or boon for democracies, this article examines the
effect of the pre-transitional strength and post- transitional density of
civil society on state institutional performance among more than 60 states
since the third wave. The results show that the strength of civil society
prior to transition and its density post- transition not only play a significant
role in the deepening of political freedoms and civil liberties among transitional
citizens, but also lead to better institutional performance. Hence, Putnam's
major findings can be extended in the context of third- and fourth-wave democracies.
[R, abr.] 57.7142 ULFELDER, Jay ; LUSTIK, Michael — Modelling transitions
to and from democracy. Democratization 14(3), June 2007 : 351-387. This article
describes the results of a broad reanalysis of factors shaping the prospects
of countries making a transition to or from democracy using a new measure
of regime-type. The analysis does not support the claim that transitions in
neighboring countries directly improve prospects for a transition to democracy,
or that economic decline and presidential systems heighten the risk of democratic
breakdown. Perhaps most intriguing, our model of transitions to democracy
also identifies a new twist on old stories linking economic development to
democratization. For countries under authoritarian rule that have attempted
democracy before, the research here indicates that development does improve
prospects for another attempt, as modernization theory suggests. For countries
with no democratic experience, however, affluence conveys no direct democratizing
benefit and appears, if anything, to help sustain authoritarian rule. [R,
abr.] 57.7143 VAN DER ZWEERDE, Evert — Friendship and the politi- cal.
Critical Review of International Social and Political Phi- losophy 10(2),
June 2007 : 147-165. Friendship and politics generally [appear] as incompatible
phenomena. At the same time, there are at least two important conceptions
that link them explicitly: the Aristotelian notion of “political friendship” and C. Schmitt's idea of the political as dividing into friend and enemy.
While the second is, in the end, more about enmity than actually about friendship,
a modification of the notion of the political offers the possibility of ac-
commodating the first. A critical modification of the notion of the political,
with the assistance of J. Derrida and C. Mouffe, makes it possible, finally,
to use the notion of friendship in politics to point out the tension between
friendship in politics, potentially leading to a “rule by friends”,
and the necessary striving for political friendship as a means to transform
an- tagonistic into agonistic conflict. [R] [See Abstr. 57.7021] 57.7144 VERNBY,
Kåre — Strikes are more common in countries with majoritarian electoral
systems. Public Choice 132(1- 2), 2007 : 65-84.
734
Strikes
are more common in those OECD countries where the legislature is elected in
single member districts (SMD) than in those where it is elected by proportional
representation (PR). Furthermore, more working days are lost due to industrial
conflict in countries with SMD. I suggest a politico-economic explanation
for these rarely noticed empirical regulari- ties. Further empirical testing — including controls drawn from previous strike research — reveals that
they hold up in a variety of econometric specifications. [R] 57.7145 VILLACORTA
MANCEBO, Luis — Principio de igualdad y legislador : arbitrariedad y
proporcionalidad como lími- tes (probablemente insuficientes) (The principle
of equal- ity and the legislative branch: arbitrariness and propor- tionality
as (probably insufficient) limitations). Revista de Estudios políticos 130,
Oct.-Dec. 2005 : 35-75. The fundamental law of the general principle of equality
set down in art. 14 of the Spanish Constitution displays disconcerting contrasts.
In the case law of the constitutional courts one finds disparate approaches.
Insecurity is particularly manifest in appeals, in that the freedom of maneuver
of the legislator ends where unequal treatment is no longer compatible with
objective reason and produces an arbitrary situation. Since 1980, the German
Constitutional Court, and then the other consti- tutional courts including
the Spanish one, have combined efforts to reach sounder criteria for resolving
the question of when there was an inequal- ity issue. Many consider this a
`new formula` that basically consists of incorporating as far as possible
the principle of proportionality. Neverthe- less, the results have been unsatisfactory,
although on this basis a more concrete concept may be developed to help the
legislator to deal with inequality issues. [R, abr.] 57.7146 VION, Antoine — The institutionalization of international friendship. Critical Review of International
Social and Politi- cal Philosophy 10(2), June 2007 : 281-297. This paper analyzes
international friendship empirically as a result of the construction of multiple
institutional facts. Two main fields are investi- gated: the development of
city twinnings and cultural institutes. Paying attention to emotions, rituals,
and unusual events, allows understanding the ways friendship is socially constructed.
Studying international friend- ship as a pattern of institutional facts invites
attention to the specific contexts in which they emerge. In Europe, after
World War II, the em- beddedness of friendship politics in local communities
has partly gone through a process of invention of communal traditions. European
com- munal history has been a major symbolic resource in this process. Achieving
friendship might not favor a broad and open community but, on the contrary,
favor a dense network of closed communities. This is what we may call Tocqueville's
paradox. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7021] 57.7147 VOLKENS, Andrea — Strengths
and weaknesses of approaches to measuring policy positions of parties. Electoral
Studies 26(1), March 2007 : 108-120. This article examines the measurement
quality of the three main ap- proaches to estimating policy positions of parties:
expert surveys, the conventional content-analysis of election programs by
the Manifesto Research Group/Comparative Manifestos Project, and computer-
assisted content-analysis of election programs. Based on a literature review
in tabular form containing quotations ordered according to major measurement
problems, this contribution discusses the merits and shortcomings of the three
approaches. All three approaches have their particular strengths and weaknesses.
As a rule, the strength of one approach is the weakness of the others and
vice-versa. Therefore, the three approaches are not opposed to one another
but complementary, so that all three are necessary for future research. [R]
[See Abstr. 57.7048] 57.7148 WACQUANT, Loïc — The “scholarly myths” of the new law and order doxa. Socialist Register 2006 : 93-115. The moral
panic raging through Europe in recent years about street violence and delinquent
youth mutated after the French 2002 presidential elections into near hysteria,
exaggerating everyday incidences of `inse- curity` and framing them as public
threats, often in direct contradiction to crime statistics. In response, French
politicians turned to `crime control` policies used in New York as a reference
point for crushing these per- ceived threats. Unfortunately, these policies
are based on myths devoid of any scientific validity and their practical efficacy
rests on a collective faith without foundation in reality. As a body, however,
they make it possible to justify an aggressive policy of class cleansing of
city streets, an inherently discriminatory approach that equates behaving
outside the norm with behaving outside of the law. [See Abstr. 57.7036] 57.7149
WAISBORD, Silvio — Democratic journalism and `state- lessness`. Political
Communication 24(2), Apr.-June 2007 : 115-129. `Statelessness`, a condition
particularly affecting large swaths of the global South, deters the prospects
for the affirmation of journalism that anchors democratic life. State absence
facilitates anti-press violence,
undermines
the economic basis for news organizations, and weakens the rule of law. It
remains unclear whether the press, an institution that has historically played
key roles in building and renovating national identities and mediating civic
engagement, can also make significant contributions to strengthening effective
and democratic states. The article suggests ways in which the press supports
state-building proc- esses. Although journalism as civic institution alone
cannot address entrenched problems of violence, security, and lawlessness,
it contrib- utes to state-building through monitoring state actions, raising
attention to problems, and identifying effective accountability mechanisms.
[R, abr.] 57.7150 WARD, Michael D. ; SIVERSON, Randolph M. ; XUN Cao — Disputes, democracies, and dependencies: a reexamina- tion of the Kantian
peace. American Journal of Political Sci- ence 51(3), July 2007 : 583-601.
Militarized interstate disputes are widely thought to be less likely among
democratic countries that have high levels of trade and extensive partici-
pation in international organizations. We re-examine this broad finding of
the Kantian peace literature in the context of a model that incorporates the
high degree of dependency among countries. Based on in-sample statistical
tests, as well as out-of-sample, predictive cross-validation, we find that
results frequently cited in the literature are plagued by overfitting and
cannot be characterized as identifying the underlying structure through which
international conflict is influenced by democracy, trade, and international
governmental organizations. We find that despite high statistical significance
and putative substantive importance, none of the variables representing the
Kantian tripod is associated with any substan- tial degree of predictive power.
[R, abr.] 57.7151 WATSON, Matthew — Towards a Polanyian perspective
on fair trade: market-based relationships and the act of ethical consumption.
Global Society 20(4), Oct. 2006 : 435- 451. Fair trade requires that developed
country consumers engage in market- based transactions with developing country
producers. Yet this is not market trade in any straightforward sense, because
the purchase of fairly traded products brings consumers into two market relationships
at the same time. One is the market relationship through which consumers buy
the product itself, which enables them to act altruistically by consciously
paying the price premium that the producer receives. The other is the market
relationship through which consumers buy the socially reputable knowledge
of having helped a distant stranger, which enables them to harness their ostensibly
ethical consumption to a knowingly self- interested action. This latter relationship
adds a new dimension to ortho- dox commodity fetishism. A Polanyian perspective
is developed to investigate the way in which fair trade reworks the commodity
fetish. [R, abr.] 57.7152 WEINERT, Matthew S. — Bridging the human rights-
sovereignty divide: theoretical foundations of a democ- ratic sovereignty.
Human Rights Review 8(2), Jan.-March 2007 : 5-32. Human rights and sovereignty
are generally construed as disputatious, if not entirely incompatible; the
liability of the former constrains the license of the latter. This article
challenges the certitude of that notion and argues that democratic, isocratic,
and humanistic elements, or what may be thought of as precursors of human
rights, are actually embedded in early theories of sovereignty, including
what Bodin's hierarchical, Althu- sius' confederative, Hobbes's singular,
and Hegel's progres- sive/constitutional sovereignty. Despite the differences
in governmental structure to which each attaches sovereignty, each disassociates
sover- eignty from its agents (who does the work of supreme authority) and
aligns it to its end (the good of citizens). I derive eight theses to ground
a democratic, human rights-friendly conception of sovereignty, which aids
in bridging the divide between human rights advocacy and sovereign defenders.
[R] 57.7153 WEISENSEE, Hanne — Zukunftskonzept ohne Par- lamente? Die
AC `Global Governance` in der Enquete- Kommission `Globalisierung der Weltwirtschaft`
des Deutschen Bundestags (Concept of a future without par- liaments? The `Global
Governance` working group of the German Bundestag Investigation Committee
on `The Globalization of the World Economy`). Zeitschrift für Par- lamentsfragen
37(4), Dec. 2006 : 669-683. From 2000 to 2002, the academic advocates of `global
governance` in Germany had a chance to discuss directly their concepts with
politicians in the Investigation Committee of the German Bundestag. Under
the title `Globalization of the World Economy`, this committee dealt very
thor- oughly with the topic. It offered a unique opportunity to develop an
impact of the `Global Governance` concept outside the academic com- munity.
However, the outcome can be considered unsuccessful. Was it [due] to the only
marginal willingness of political actors to acknowledge
735
the
academic know-how in its depth? Or also to `blank spaces` inherent in the
basic concept of global governance? [R] 57.7154 WELLSTEAD, Adam — The
(post) staples economy and the (post) staples state in historical perspective.
Cana- dian Political Science Review 1(1), 2007 : 8-25. This article examines
the evolution of the contemporary staples state. Two forms of competitive
states are relevant: the Schumpeterian and Ricardian competitive states. The
importance of the Schumpeterian competitive state is the focus of Bob Jessop's
The Future of the Capital- ist State [Cambridge, 2002]and is often applied
to Canada. The Ricar- dian competitive state's characteristics, however, lead
to the argument that it in fact better describes the contemporary staples
state that contin- ues to flourish throughout many parts of Canada. The article
first outlines the economic importance of contemporary staples production
at both the national and provincial level. It then chronologically defines
the staples state in relationship to popular characterizations of it, from
its pre-20th c. form to the present. [R] [See Abstr. 57.8054] 57.7155 WIENER,
Antje — Relazioni internazionali e costrutti- vismo : puzzles e promesse
(Constructivist approaches in international relations theory: puzzles and
promises). Rivista italiana di Scienza politica 37(1), Apr. 2007 : 25-54.
By raising the question of what made constructivism possible, the paper discusses
the puzzle and promises of constructivist scholarship in IR. The communicative
style which coined constructivism as a movement provides the key. Two puzzles
are the focus: (1) a lack of epistemologi- cal overlap; (2) a disciplinary
culture of consecutive debates which reached their high point of non-communication
with the “Third Debate”. However, while the constructivist movement
gathered influence as a reference frame in the late 1990s, it is neither genuine
to IR theory nor does it originate in the 1990s. [R, abr.] 57.7156 WIENER,
Antje — The dual quality of norms and govern- ance beyond the state:
sociological and normative ap- proaches to “interaction”. Critical
Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 10(1), March 2007
: 47-69. This essay develops a critique of modern constructivist approaches
to norms in IR theory. It distinguishes between a behaviorist and a societal
perspective on norms. The former explains compliance with norms and/or norm-diffusion
via the logic of appropriateness and the logic of arguing, respectively; the
latter understands divergence in normative meaning via the logic of contestedness.
Using J. Habermas's approach to facts and norms as a framework, the article
discusses the possibilities of legitimate governance based on core constitutional
norms such as democracy, the rule of law and fundamental and human rights
and their role in contexts beyond the modern nation-state. [R] 57.7157 WILTS,
Arnold — Identities and preferences in corporate political strategizing.
Business and Society 45(4), Dec. 2006 : 441-463. This conceptual article draws
on structuration theory and social identity theory to isolate firm-internal
institutionalization processes as antece- dents and drivers of corporate political
strategizing. Path dependencies in corporate routines and actors' knowledgeability
about these path dependencies are singled out as primary factors structuring
strategic decision making within the firm. The concepts of path dependency
and knowledgeability, respectively, refer to the institutional and cognitive
dimension of corporate political strategizing. These two dimensions come together
in actors' identities. Identities on their turn shape manag- ers' recognition
of policy issues and the interpretation of issue salience relative to corporate
interests. Thus, the article argues that institutional features of competitive
environments precipitate in processes of identity building and preference
formation and are reproduced through organiza- tional routines and practices
within the firm. [R] 57.7158 WINDSOR, Duane — Toward a global theory
of cross- border and multilevel corporate political activity. Busi- ness and
Society 46(2), June 2007 : 253-278. A proposed global theory of corporate
political activity (CPA) analyzes the complex resource-allocation choices
involved in integrating politically relevant cross-border and multilevel strategies
for multinational enter- prises (MNEs). In each country and at each level,
business-relevant policies are determined in multiple policy arenas, shaped
by widely differing non-market institutions, corruption conditions, and stakeholder
demands for corporate social responsibility. Multiple policy `arena` allocation
adds to the analytical complexity of the CPA strategizing problem. Implications
for scholarship and practice are presented. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 57.7025]
57.7159 WITTMAN, Donald — Candidate quality, pressure group endorsements
and the nature of political advertising. European Journal of Political Economy
23(2), June 2007 : 360-378.
Candidates
may vary in quality, where quality is some characteristic orthogonal to policy.
This `simple modification` has for the most part defied integration into the
Downsian framework. Here we add the follow- ing complicating factors. We consider
the possibility that there are unin- formed voters who are ignorant of the
candidates' relative quality. How- ever, a pressure group with inside information
regarding the quality of the candidates may endorse one of the candidates
as the high-quality candidate. We assume that the uninformed voters behave
rationally in the presence of this endorsement. We demonstrate that truth-telling
by the pressure group is an equilibrium outcome. We also show that cam- paign
endorsements by the pressure group are generally welfare- improving, even
though the pressure group takes advantage of its private information. [R]
57.7160 YURLOV, Felix N. — Challenges of a globalised and unipolar world.
World Affairs (New Delhi) 10(3), Autumn 2006 : 56-70. The present unipolar
world order imposes on almost all countries a `liberal` imperialist model
of development, inspired by the American system. Yet, the effects of market
fundamentalism have been traumatic, and often disastrous to national societies,
from Russia to Latin America and South East Asia and the predominant economies,
including the US, are also suffering from them. A global revolt against the
supremacy of globalized capital is taking place and it is a manifestation
of the everlast- ing quest for greater social justice and equity. [R] [See
Abstr. 57.6974] 57.7161 ZEMANOVÁ, Štěpánka — Zahraniční
politika v oblasti lidských práv. Postup a metody analýzy (Foreign policy
in the field of human rights — towards methods of analy- sis). Mezinárodní
Vztahy 42(1), 2007 : 25-47. The paper focuses on foreign policy in the field
of human rights. Its [examines] prevailing methods in order to obtain an analytical
scheme applicable to almost every country. It includes several steps, e.g.:
analyz- ing foreign policy in the field of human rights as a specific part
of the foreign policy agenda, introduction and elaboration of the Mower's
apparatus, interpretation of foreign policy in the field of human rights using
different levels of analysis and developing methods of its evalua- tion. [R,
abr.] 57.7162 ZURBRIGGEN, Cristina — El institucionalismo centrado en
los actores : una perspectiva analítica en el estudio de las políticas públicas
(Actor-centered institutionalism: an analytical approach to the study of public
policies). Revista de Ciencia política 26(1), 2006 : 67-83. New institutionalism
agrees that institutions are important for explaining the development of the
political game. But when they seek to explain how institutions emerge and
the relationship with agents, the theories offer a diversified panorama difficult
to embrace. Despite ontological and epistemological differences between the
different varieties of institution- alism, while the rationalist approaches
are centered on agents and the culturalist ones on structure, it is possible
to overcome these differences and to use complementary approaches. This paper
emphasizes in actor- centered institutionalism the relational approach between
the agent and structures for policies analysis. [R] 57.7163 Politics (The)
of philanthropy. Society 44(3), March-Apr. 2007 : 16-59. Articles by Howard
A. HUSOCK, `Stock market for nonprofit`, pp. 16-23; J. Gregory DEES, `Taking
social entrepreneurship seriously`, pp. 24-31; Joseph M. KNIPPENBERG, `Social
experiments, accountability, and politics`, pp. 32-34; Robin ROGERS-DILLON,
`Nonproofit stock markets and social citizenship`, pp. 35-41; David REINGOLD,
`Social services and government`, pp. 42-44; Rikki ABZUG, `Wishful thinking
about nonprofit`, pp. 45-47; Jeffrey FRIEDMAN, `There is no substitute for
profit and loss`, pp. 48-53; Steven RATHGEB SMITH, `Social services and social
policy`, pp. 54-59. 57.7164 Religion as political identity. Understanding
the global rise of religion as a political issue. Romanian Journal of Political
Science 6(2), Winter 2006 : 5-128. Articles by Camil UNGUREANU, `A Christian
or a lay Europe? Moving beyond a false dichotomy`, pp. 5-34; Silviu E. ROGOBETE,
`Some reflections on religion and multiculturalism in Romania: towards a reap-
praisal of the grammar of traditions`, pp. 35-55; Felicia ALEXANDRU, `Church-state
relations in post-communist Romania. Real deprivatization or the way back
to Byzantine symphonia?`, pp. 57-69; Jelena TOŠIC, `Charity or tolerance?
Debating moralities in the educational system of contemporary Serbia`, pp.
71-88; Sergiu PANAINTE, `Secularism In the Republic of Moldova — politics
of religion or religious politics: where do we draw the boundaries?`, pp.
89-100; Daniela KALKANDJIEVA, `The consent of state and the blessing of the
church: a case study on the new Bulgarian denominations act`, pp. 101-114; Ioana BAN, `The chance for civil society In Central Asia or the role of Islamic
movements in shaping political modernity`, pp. 115-128.</meta-value>
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