The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs
Identifieur interne : 002311 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002310; suivant : 002312The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs
Auteurs : Ian H. BrownSource :
- Veterinary Microbiology [ 0378-1135 ] ; 2000.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Teeft :
- Animal species, Antigenic, Antigenic drift, Antigenically, Avian, Avian origin, Avian virus, Avian viruses, Aymard, Bachmann, Castrucci, Classical swine, Classical swine virus, Common ancestor, Continental europe, Disease outbreaks, East asia, Easterday, Epidemiology, European pigs, Gene, Genes encoding, Genetic, Genetic analyses, Genetic analysis, Genetic drift, Genetic reassortment, Great britain, Hinshaw, Hong kong, Human population, Human virus, Human viruses, Intermediate host, Internal protein genes, Interspecies, Interspecies transmission, Ishida, Italian pigs, Kawaoka, Kida, Lineage, Many years, Microbiol, Microbiology, Necrotizing pneumonia, Nerome, Other species, Outbreak, Pandemic, Pensaert, Pig, Proc, Reassortant, Reassortant viruses, Reassortment, Respiratory disease, Scholtissek, Serological, Serological evidence, Serological studies, Shortridge, Southern china, Successful transmission, Swine, Swine virus, Swine viruses, Virol, Virology, Virus, Webster, World health organisation, World health organization.
Abstract
Abstract: Pigs serve as major reservoirs of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations world-wide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. The maintenance of these viruses in pigs and the frequent exchange of viruses between pigs and other species is facilitated directly by swine husbandry practices, which provide for a continual supply of susceptible pigs and regular contact with other species, particularly humans. The pig has been a contender for the role of intermediate host for reassortment of influenza A viruses of avian and human origin since it is the only domesticated mammalian species which is reared in abundance and is susceptible to, and allows productive replication, of avian and human influenza viruses. This can lead to the generation of new strains of influenza, some of which may be transmitted to other species including humans. This concept is supported by the detection of human-avian reassortant viruses in European pigs with some evidence for subsequent transmission to the human population. Following interspecies transmission to pigs, some influenza viruses may be extremely unstable genetically, giving rise to variants which could be conducive to the species barrier being breached a second time. Eventually, a stable lineage derived from the dominant variant may become established in pigs. Genetic drift occurs particularly in the genes encoding the external glycoproteins, but does not usually result in the same antigenic variability that occurs in the prevailing strains in the human population. Adaptation of a ‘newly’ transmitted influenza virus to pigs can take many years. Both human H3N2 and avian H1N1 were detected in pigs many years before they acquired the ability to spread rapidly and become associated with disease epidemics in pigs.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00164-4
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:5B7C9F9C2584770D71428C5196F1C5200F5204F3Le document en format XML
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Brown</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: ibrown.vla@gtnet.gov.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:5B7C9F9C2584770D71428C5196F1C5200F5204F3</idno><date when="2000" year="2000">2000</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00164-4</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q/fulltext.pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">002311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">002311</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs</title><author><name sortKey="Brown, Ian H" sort="Brown, Ian H" uniqKey="Brown I" first="Ian H." last="Brown">Ian H. Brown</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: ibrown.vla@gtnet.gov.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Veterinary Microbiology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">VETMIC</title><idno type="ISSN">0378-1135</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000">2000</date><biblScope unit="volume">74</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1–2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="29">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="46">46</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0378-1135</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0378-1135</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Epidemiology</term><term>Evolution</term><term>Influenza</term><term>Pigs</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Animal species</term><term>Antigenic</term><term>Antigenic drift</term><term>Antigenically</term><term>Avian</term><term>Avian origin</term><term>Avian virus</term><term>Avian viruses</term><term>Aymard</term><term>Bachmann</term><term>Castrucci</term><term>Classical swine</term><term>Classical swine virus</term><term>Common ancestor</term><term>Continental europe</term><term>Disease outbreaks</term><term>East asia</term><term>Easterday</term><term>Epidemiology</term><term>European pigs</term><term>Gene</term><term>Genes encoding</term><term>Genetic</term><term>Genetic analyses</term><term>Genetic analysis</term><term>Genetic drift</term><term>Genetic reassortment</term><term>Great britain</term><term>Hinshaw</term><term>Hong kong</term><term>Human population</term><term>Human virus</term><term>Human viruses</term><term>Intermediate host</term><term>Internal protein genes</term><term>Interspecies</term><term>Interspecies transmission</term><term>Ishida</term><term>Italian pigs</term><term>Kawaoka</term><term>Kida</term><term>Lineage</term><term>Many years</term><term>Microbiol</term><term>Microbiology</term><term>Necrotizing pneumonia</term><term>Nerome</term><term>Other species</term><term>Outbreak</term><term>Pandemic</term><term>Pensaert</term><term>Pig</term><term>Proc</term><term>Reassortant</term><term>Reassortant viruses</term><term>Reassortment</term><term>Respiratory disease</term><term>Scholtissek</term><term>Serological</term><term>Serological evidence</term><term>Serological studies</term><term>Shortridge</term><term>Southern china</term><term>Successful transmission</term><term>Swine</term><term>Swine virus</term><term>Swine viruses</term><term>Virol</term><term>Virology</term><term>Virus</term><term>Webster</term><term>World health organisation</term><term>World health organization</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: Pigs serve as major reservoirs of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations world-wide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. The maintenance of these viruses in pigs and the frequent exchange of viruses between pigs and other species is facilitated directly by swine husbandry practices, which provide for a continual supply of susceptible pigs and regular contact with other species, particularly humans. The pig has been a contender for the role of intermediate host for reassortment of influenza A viruses of avian and human origin since it is the only domesticated mammalian species which is reared in abundance and is susceptible to, and allows productive replication, of avian and human influenza viruses. This can lead to the generation of new strains of influenza, some of which may be transmitted to other species including humans. This concept is supported by the detection of human-avian reassortant viruses in European pigs with some evidence for subsequent transmission to the human population. Following interspecies transmission to pigs, some influenza viruses may be extremely unstable genetically, giving rise to variants which could be conducive to the species barrier being breached a second time. Eventually, a stable lineage derived from the dominant variant may become established in pigs. Genetic drift occurs particularly in the genes encoding the external glycoproteins, but does not usually result in the same antigenic variability that occurs in the prevailing strains in the human population. Adaptation of a ‘newly’ transmitted influenza virus to pigs can take many years. Both human H3N2 and avian H1N1 were detected in pigs many years before they acquired the ability to spread rapidly and become associated with disease epidemics in pigs.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>avian</json:string><json:string>virol</json:string><json:string>antigenic</json:string><json:string>microbiology</json:string><json:string>reassortment</json:string><json:string>hinshaw</json:string><json:string>swine</json:string><json:string>easterday</json:string><json:string>shortridge</json:string><json:string>antigenically</json:string><json:string>nerome</json:string><json:string>swine virus</json:string><json:string>reassortant</json:string><json:string>virology</json:string><json:string>virus</json:string><json:string>scholtissek</json:string><json:string>classical swine</json:string><json:string>pig</json:string><json:string>human population</json:string><json:string>kawaoka</json:string><json:string>great britain</json:string><json:string>avian viruses</json:string><json:string>bachmann</json:string><json:string>castrucci</json:string><json:string>kida</json:string><json:string>pensaert</json:string><json:string>microbiol</json:string><json:string>interspecies transmission</json:string><json:string>serological evidence</json:string><json:string>ishida</json:string><json:string>epidemiology</json:string><json:string>genetic drift</json:string><json:string>genetic reassortment</json:string><json:string>aymard</json:string><json:string>european pigs</json:string><json:string>proc</json:string><json:string>reassortant viruses</json:string><json:string>human viruses</json:string><json:string>other species</json:string><json:string>swine viruses</json:string><json:string>serological studies</json:string><json:string>hong kong</json:string><json:string>respiratory disease</json:string><json:string>outbreak</json:string><json:string>serological</json:string><json:string>genetic analysis</json:string><json:string>avian virus</json:string><json:string>world health organization</json:string><json:string>antigenic drift</json:string><json:string>classical swine virus</json:string><json:string>southern china</json:string><json:string>genetic analyses</json:string><json:string>interspecies</json:string><json:string>continental europe</json:string><json:string>disease outbreaks</json:string><json:string>human virus</json:string><json:string>common ancestor</json:string><json:string>intermediate host</json:string><json:string>east asia</json:string><json:string>successful transmission</json:string><json:string>internal protein genes</json:string><json:string>italian pigs</json:string><json:string>avian origin</json:string><json:string>animal species</json:string><json:string>many years</json:string><json:string>genes encoding</json:string><json:string>necrotizing pneumonia</json:string><json:string>world health organisation</json:string><json:string>genetic</json:string><json:string>gene</json:string><json:string>lineage</json:string><json:string>pandemic</json:string><json:string>webster</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Ian H. Brown</name><affiliations><json:string>Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</json:string><json:string>E-mail: ibrown.vla@gtnet.gov.uk</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Pigs</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Influenza</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Epidemiology</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Evolution</value></json:item></subject><arkIstex>ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: Pigs serve as major reservoirs of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations world-wide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. The maintenance of these viruses in pigs and the frequent exchange of viruses between pigs and other species is facilitated directly by swine husbandry practices, which provide for a continual supply of susceptible pigs and regular contact with other species, particularly humans. The pig has been a contender for the role of intermediate host for reassortment of influenza A viruses of avian and human origin since it is the only domesticated mammalian species which is reared in abundance and is susceptible to, and allows productive replication, of avian and human influenza viruses. This can lead to the generation of new strains of influenza, some of which may be transmitted to other species including humans. This concept is supported by the detection of human-avian reassortant viruses in European pigs with some evidence for subsequent transmission to the human population. Following interspecies transmission to pigs, some influenza viruses may be extremely unstable genetically, giving rise to variants which could be conducive to the species barrier being breached a second time. Eventually, a stable lineage derived from the dominant variant may become established in pigs. Genetic drift occurs particularly in the genes encoding the external glycoproteins, but does not usually result in the same antigenic variability that occurs in the prevailing strains in the human population. Adaptation of a ‘newly’ transmitted influenza virus to pigs can take many years. Both human H3N2 and avian H1N1 were detected in pigs many years before they acquired the ability to spread rapidly and become associated with disease epidemics in pigs.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>10</score><pdfWordCount>8738</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>52121</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>18</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>466 x 681 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>286</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1849</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>4</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs</title><pmid><json:string>10799776</json:string></pmid><pii><json:string>S0378-1135(00)00164-4</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>Veterinary Microbiology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate><issn><json:string>0378-1135</json:string></issn><pii><json:string>S0378-1135(00)X0078-8</json:string></pii><volume>74</volume><issue>1–2</issue><pages><first>29</first><last>46</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2000</json:string><json:string>1992</json:string><json:string>1979</json:string><json:string>1968</json:string><json:string>1930</json:string><json:string>1970</json:string><json:string>1993</json:string><json:string>1918</json:string><json:string>1976</json:string><json:string>1983</json:string><json:string>1990</json:string><json:string>1977</json:string><json:string>1984</json:string><json:string>1973</json:string><json:string>1978</json:string><json:string>1980</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>UK Abstract Pigs</json:string><json:string>Japan Human</json:string><json:string>US and Europe</json:string><json:string>China, Taiwan</json:string><json:string>US, Hungary and China</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Hong Kong</json:string><json:string>I.H. 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(1994)</json:string><json:string>Top and Russell, 1977</json:string><json:string>Abusugra et al., 1987</json:string><json:string>Martinsson et al., 1983</json:string><json:string>Alexander, 1982</json:string><json:string>Ludwig et al., 1995</json:string><json:string>Nerome et al., 1981</json:string><json:string>Yamane et al., 1978</json:string><json:string>Gourreau et al., 1980</json:string><json:string>Bikour et al., 1994</json:string><json:string>Kaplan and Payne, 1959</json:string><json:string>Kaiser et al., 1991</json:string><json:string>Dea et al., 1992</json:string><json:string>Hinshaw et al., 1981</json:string><json:string>Gorman et al., 1991</json:string><json:string>Scholtissek et al., 1983</json:string><json:string>Pensaert et al., 1981</json:string><json:string>Ludwig et al., 1994</json:string><json:string>Guan et al., 1996</json:string><json:string>Shu et al., 1996</json:string><json:string>Morin et al., 1981</json:string><json:string>Brown et al., 1994</json:string><json:string>Luoh et al., 1992</json:string><json:string>Castrucci et al., 1994</json:string><json:string>Ito et al., 1998</json:string><json:string>Harnach et al., 1950</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - science</json:string><json:string>2 - veterinary sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - microbiology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>1 - applied sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - agriculture, fisheries & forestry</json:string><json:string>3 - veterinary sciences</json:string></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Health Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Veterinary</json:string><json:string>3 - General Veterinary</json:string><json:string>1 - Health Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Medicine</json:string><json:string>3 - General Medicine</json:string><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Immunology and Microbiology</json:string><json:string>3 - Microbiology</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>3 - sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. psychologie</json:string><json:string>4 - microbiologie</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2000</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00164-4</json:string></doi><id>5B7C9F9C2584770D71428C5196F1C5200F5204F3</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q/fulltext.pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q/bundle.zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q/fulltext.tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://scientific-publisher.data.istex.fr">ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><licence><p>©2000 Elsevier Science B.V.</p></licence><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-HKKZVM7B-M">elsevier</p></availability><date>2000</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note><note type="content">Fig. 1: Origin and perpetuation of influenza A viruses in pigs. Influenza generally appears with the introduction of infected pigs into a herd, either through the movement or mixing of infected pigs with susceptible animals. Transmission from humans to pigs occurs occasionally, but only rarely from avian species. Once a herd is infected with a virus which is able replicate, irrespective of its origin, the virus persists through the production of young susceptible pigs and the introduction of new stock, often leading to the herd becoming infected endemically. Following the introduction of an influenza virus, well adapted and pathogenic to pigs, into a fully susceptible herd, there may be clinical symptoms in affected pigs and rapid spread. Transmission of virus from another species to pigs may lead eventually to the establishment of a new virus lineage in pigs.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Phenotypes of influenza A viruses infecting pigs endemically world-wide</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Ian H.</forename><surname>Brown</surname></persName><email>ibrown.vla@gtnet.gov.uk</email><note type="biography">Tel.: +44-1932-357339; fax: +44-1932-357239</note><affiliation>Tel.: +44-1932-357339; fax: +44-1932-357239</affiliation><affiliation>Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">5B7C9F9C2584770D71428C5196F1C5200F5204F3</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00164-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0378-1135(00)00164-4</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Veterinary Microbiology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">VETMIC</title><idno type="pISSN">0378-1135</idno><idno type="PII">S0378-1135(00)X0078-8</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000"></date><biblScope unit="volume">74</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1–2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="29">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="46">46</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2000</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: Pigs serve as major reservoirs of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations world-wide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. The maintenance of these viruses in pigs and the frequent exchange of viruses between pigs and other species is facilitated directly by swine husbandry practices, which provide for a continual supply of susceptible pigs and regular contact with other species, particularly humans. The pig has been a contender for the role of intermediate host for reassortment of influenza A viruses of avian and human origin since it is the only domesticated mammalian species which is reared in abundance and is susceptible to, and allows productive replication, of avian and human influenza viruses. This can lead to the generation of new strains of influenza, some of which may be transmitted to other species including humans. This concept is supported by the detection of human-avian reassortant viruses in European pigs with some evidence for subsequent transmission to the human population. Following interspecies transmission to pigs, some influenza viruses may be extremely unstable genetically, giving rise to variants which could be conducive to the species barrier being breached a second time. Eventually, a stable lineage derived from the dominant variant may become established in pigs. Genetic drift occurs particularly in the genes encoding the external glycoproteins, but does not usually result in the same antigenic variability that occurs in the prevailing strains in the human population. Adaptation of a ‘newly’ transmitted influenza virus to pigs can take many years. Both human H3N2 and avian H1N1 were detected in pigs many years before they acquired the ability to spread rapidly and become associated with disease epidemics in pigs.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Pigs</term></item><item><term>Influenza</term></item><item><term>Epidemiology</term></item><item><term>Evolution</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2000">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en"><item-info><jid>VETMIC</jid><aid>1874</aid><ce:pii>S0378-1135(00)00164-4</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00164-4</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2000">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Ian H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Brown</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>ibrown.vla@gtnet.gov.uk</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Tel.: +44-1932-357339; fax: +44-1932-357239</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>Pigs serve as major reservoirs of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations world-wide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. The maintenance of these viruses in pigs and the frequent exchange of viruses between pigs and other species is facilitated directly by swine husbandry practices, which provide for a continual supply of susceptible pigs and regular contact with other species, particularly humans. The pig has been a contender for the role of intermediate host for reassortment of influenza A viruses of avian and human origin since it is the only domesticated mammalian species which is reared in abundance and is susceptible to, and allows productive replication, of avian and human influenza viruses. This can lead to the generation of new strains of influenza, some of which may be transmitted to other species including humans. This concept is supported by the detection of human-avian reassortant viruses in European pigs with some evidence for subsequent transmission to the human population. Following interspecies transmission to pigs, some influenza viruses may be extremely unstable genetically, giving rise to variants which could be conducive to the species barrier being breached a second time. Eventually, a stable lineage derived from the dominant variant may become established in pigs. Genetic drift occurs particularly in the genes encoding the external glycoproteins, but does not usually result in the same antigenic variability that occurs in the prevailing strains in the human population. Adaptation of a ‘newly’ transmitted influenza virus to pigs can take many years. Both human H3N2 and avian H1N1 were detected in pigs many years before they acquired the ability to spread rapidly and become associated with disease epidemics in pigs.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword" xml:lang="en"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Pigs</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Influenza</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Epidemiology</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Evolution</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ian H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Brown</namePart><affiliation>Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: ibrown.vla@gtnet.gov.uk</affiliation><description>Tel.: +44-1932-357339; fax: +44-1932-357239</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2000</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract lang="en">Abstract: Pigs serve as major reservoirs of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations world-wide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. The maintenance of these viruses in pigs and the frequent exchange of viruses between pigs and other species is facilitated directly by swine husbandry practices, which provide for a continual supply of susceptible pigs and regular contact with other species, particularly humans. The pig has been a contender for the role of intermediate host for reassortment of influenza A viruses of avian and human origin since it is the only domesticated mammalian species which is reared in abundance and is susceptible to, and allows productive replication, of avian and human influenza viruses. This can lead to the generation of new strains of influenza, some of which may be transmitted to other species including humans. This concept is supported by the detection of human-avian reassortant viruses in European pigs with some evidence for subsequent transmission to the human population. Following interspecies transmission to pigs, some influenza viruses may be extremely unstable genetically, giving rise to variants which could be conducive to the species barrier being breached a second time. Eventually, a stable lineage derived from the dominant variant may become established in pigs. Genetic drift occurs particularly in the genes encoding the external glycoproteins, but does not usually result in the same antigenic variability that occurs in the prevailing strains in the human population. Adaptation of a ‘newly’ transmitted influenza virus to pigs can take many years. Both human H3N2 and avian H1N1 were detected in pigs many years before they acquired the ability to spread rapidly and become associated with disease epidemics in pigs.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Origin and perpetuation of influenza A viruses in pigs. Influenza generally appears with the introduction of infected pigs into a herd, either through the movement or mixing of infected pigs with susceptible animals. Transmission from humans to pigs occurs occasionally, but only rarely from avian species. Once a herd is infected with a virus which is able replicate, irrespective of its origin, the virus persists through the production of young susceptible pigs and the introduction of new stock, often leading to the herd becoming infected endemically. Following the introduction of an influenza virus, well adapted and pathogenic to pigs, into a fully susceptible herd, there may be clinical symptoms in affected pigs and rapid spread. Transmission of virus from another species to pigs may lead eventually to the establishment of a new virus lineage in pigs.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Phenotypes of influenza A viruses infecting pigs endemically world-wide</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Pigs</topic><topic>Influenza</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Evolution</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Veterinary Microbiology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>VETMIC</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0378-1135</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0378-1135(00)X0078-8</identifier><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><number>74</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1–2</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue-pages"><start>1</start><end>177</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>29</start><end>46</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">5B7C9F9C2584770D71428C5196F1C5200F5204F3</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00164-4</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0378-1135(00)00164-4</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2000 Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-HKKZVM7B-M">elsevier</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©2000</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/6H6-L8PPHKZ3-Q/record.json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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