Molecular Biological Background of the Species and Organ Specificity of Influenza A Viruses
Identifieur interne : 001276 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001275; suivant : 001277Molecular Biological Background of the Species and Organ Specificity of Influenza A Viruses
Auteurs : Christoph ScholtissekSource :
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English [ 0570-0833 ] ; 1986-01.
Abstract
Influenza is one of the great plagues which is not yet under control. The reason for this is the immense variability of the infecting agent, the influenza A viruses. These viruses behave like a chameleon: they adapt very rapidly to varying environments. New strains are “synthesized,” which can escape the immune response of the host, cross species barriers, and become highly pathogenic. We are beginning to understand the molecular background of this extraordinarily high variability. The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight single‐stranded RNA segments, each of which constitutes a gene. The total base sequence of the eight RNA segments of several strains is known. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, each of the RNA segments behaves like a chromosome. This means that by reassortment of the 16 RNA segments, 28 −2 = 254 new combinations (= reassortants) are theoretically possible, each having different properties. Furthermore, mutations in the various RNA segments are relatively easily tolerated. Another great problem resides in the enormous reservoir of different influenza A viruses in the animal kingdom, especially in feral waterbirds. In these birds the avian influenza A viruses normally cause at most mild symptoms, and therefore these viruses are distributed over and between continents. Bearing this in mind it appears to be necessary to develop new ideas as to how to overcome this great plague.
Ever recurring flu epidemics—one of the worst was the Hongkong influenza in 1968—demonstrate that influenza could be one of the last great plagues that still cannot be brought under control. This is due to the high variability of the influenza A viruses, which enables them to escape the immune response of the human host. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, 28 − 2 = 254 new combinations are the‐oretically possible, each having different properties.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/anie.198600471
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ISTEX:14D7D221444EC47D9328DE4EAB5CB19FA679257BLe document en format XML
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The reason for this is the immense variability of the infecting agent, the influenza A viruses. These viruses behave like a chameleon: they adapt very rapidly to varying environments. New strains are “synthesized,” which can escape the immune response of the host, cross species barriers, and become highly pathogenic. We are beginning to understand the molecular background of this extraordinarily high variability. The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight single‐stranded RNA segments, each of which constitutes a gene. The total base sequence of the eight RNA segments of several strains is known. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, each of the RNA segments behaves like a chromosome. This means that by reassortment of the 16 RNA segments, 28 −2 = 254 new combinations (= reassortants) are theoretically possible, each having different properties. Furthermore, mutations in the various RNA segments are relatively easily tolerated. Another great problem resides in the enormous reservoir of different influenza A viruses in the animal kingdom, especially in feral waterbirds. In these birds the avian influenza A viruses normally cause at most mild symptoms, and therefore these viruses are distributed over and between continents. Bearing this in mind it appears to be necessary to develop new ideas as to how to overcome this great plague.</div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Ever recurring flu epidemics—one of the worst was the Hongkong influenza in 1968—demonstrate that influenza could be one of the last great plagues that still cannot be brought under control. This is due to the high variability of the influenza A viruses, which enables them to escape the immune response of the human host. 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The reason for this is the immense variability of the infecting agent, the influenza A viruses. These viruses behave like a chameleon: they adapt very rapidly to varying environments. New strains are “synthesized,” which can escape the immune response of the host, cross species barriers, and become highly pathogenic. We are beginning to understand the molecular background of this extraordinarily high variability. The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight single‐stranded RNA segments, each of which constitutes a gene. The total base sequence of the eight RNA segments of several strains is known. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, each of the RNA segments behaves like a chromosome. This means that by reassortment of the 16 RNA segments, 28 −2 = 254 new combinations (= reassortants) are theoretically possible, each having different properties. Furthermore, mutations in the various RNA segments are relatively easily tolerated. Another great problem resides in the enormous reservoir of different influenza A viruses in the animal kingdom, especially in feral waterbirds. In these birds the avian influenza A viruses normally cause at most mild symptoms, and therefore these viruses are distributed over and between continents. 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Scholtissek et al.</json:string><json:string>[7]</json:string><json:string>Shortridge et al.</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-4HCR38J5-N</json:string></ark><categories><inist><json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>3 - sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. psychologie</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>1986</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1986</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1002/anie.198600471</json:string></doi><id>14D7D221444EC47D9328DE4EAB5CB19FA679257B</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-4HCR38J5-N/fulltext.pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-4HCR38J5-N/bundle.zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-4HCR38J5-N/fulltext.tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Molecular Biological Background of the Species and Organ Specificity of Influenza A Viruses</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Hüthig & Wepf Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Zug</pubPlace><availability><licence>Copyright © 1986 by VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Germany</licence></availability><date type="published" when="1986-01"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="review-article" source="reviewArticle" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-L5L7X3NF-P">review-article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="review-article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Molecular Biological Background of the Species and Organ Specificity of Influenza A Viruses</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><addName>Prof. Dr.</addName><forename type="first">Christoph</forename><surname>Scholtissek</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">Institut für Virologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin und Tierzucht der Universität</orgName><address><addrLine>Frankfurter Strasse 107</addrLine><addrLine>D‐6300 Giessen (FRG)</addrLine><country key="DE" xml:lang="en">GERMANY</country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">14D7D221444EC47D9328DE4EAB5CB19FA679257B</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-4HCR38J5-N</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/anie.198600471</idno><idno type="unit">ANIE198600471</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:ANIEBACK.ANIE198600471.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English</title><title level="j" type="alt">ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE INTERNATIONAL EDITION IN ENGLISH</title><idno type="pISSN">0570-0833</idno><idno type="eISSN">1521-3773</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1521-3773a</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/anie.v25:1</idno><idno type="product">ANIEBACK</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="47">47</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="56">56</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">10</biblScope><publisher>Hüthig & Wepf Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Zug</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1986-01"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><schemaRef type="ODD" url="https://xml-schema.delivery.istex.fr/tei-istex.odd"></schemaRef><appInfo><application ident="pub2tei" version="1.0.10" when="2019-12-20"><label>pub2TEI-ISTEX</label><desc>A set of style sheets for converting XML documents encoded in various scientific publisher formats into a common TEI format.
<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><head>Abstract</head><p>Influenza is one of the great plagues which is not yet under control. The reason for this is the immense variability of the infecting agent, the influenza A viruses. These viruses behave like a chameleon: they adapt very rapidly to varying environments. New strains are “synthesized,” which can escape the immune response of the host, cross species barriers, and become highly pathogenic. We are beginning to understand the molecular background of this extraordinarily high variability. The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight single‐stranded RNA segments, each of which constitutes a gene. The total base sequence of the eight RNA segments of several strains is known. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, each of the RNA segments behaves like a chromosome. This means that by reassortment of the 16 RNA segments, 2<hi rend="superscript">8</hi> −2 = 254 new combinations (= reassortants) are theoretically possible, each having different properties. Furthermore, mutations in the various RNA segments are relatively easily tolerated. Another great problem resides in the enormous reservoir of different influenza A viruses in the animal kingdom, especially in feral waterbirds. In these birds the avian influenza A viruses normally cause at most mild symptoms, and therefore these viruses are distributed over and between continents. Bearing this in mind it appears to be necessary to develop new ideas as to how to overcome this great plague.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="en" style="short"><p><hi rend="bold">Ever recurring flu epidemics</hi>—one of the worst was the Hongkong influenza in 1968—demonstrate that influenza could be one of the last great plagues that still cannot be brought under control. This is due to the high variability of the influenza A viruses, which enables them to escape the immune response of the human host. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, 2<hi rend="superscript">8</hi> − 2 = 254 new combinations are the‐oretically possible, each having different properties.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="kwd1">Organ specificity</term><term xml:id="kwd2">Influenza A viruses</term><term xml:id="kwd3">Viruses</term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Review</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Reviews</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2019-12-20" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-4HCR38J5-N/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Hüthig & Wepf Verlag</publisherName><publisherLoc>Zug</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1521-3773a</doi><issn type="print">0570-0833</issn><issn type="electronic">1521-3773</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="ANIEBACK"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE INTERNATIONAL EDITION IN ENGLISH">Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English</title><title type="tocForm">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</title><title type="short">Angew. 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Engl.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="10"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/anie.v25:1</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="25">25</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">1</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="1986-01">January 1986</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="reviewArticle" position="6" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/anie.198600471</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="ANIE198600471"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="10"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Review</title><title type="tocHeading1">Reviews</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 1986 by VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Germany</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="1985-10-21"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2003-12-22"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2003-12-22"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:JWSART34_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:HeaderRef result:HeaderRef" date="2010-03-09"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-24"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-14"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">47</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">56</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Institut für Virologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin und Tierzucht der Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D‐6300 Giessen (FRG)</correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:ANIEBACK.ANIE198600471.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="8"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="2"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="73"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en">Molecular Biological Background of the Species and Organ Specificity of Influenza A Viruses</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="au1" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1" corresponding="yes"><personName><honorifics>Prof. Dr.</honorifics><givenNames>Christoph</givenNames><familyName>Scholtissek</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Institut für Virologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin und Tierzucht der Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D‐6300 Giessen (FRG)</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">Organ specificity</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">Influenza A viruses</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">Viruses</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Influenza is one of the great plagues which is not yet under control. The reason for this is the immense variability of the infecting agent, the influenza A viruses. These viruses behave like a chameleon: they adapt very rapidly to varying environments. New strains are “synthesized,” which can escape the immune response of the host, cross species barriers, and become highly pathogenic. We are beginning to understand the molecular background of this extraordinarily high variability. The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight single‐stranded RNA segments, each of which constitutes a gene. The total base sequence of the eight RNA segments of several strains is known. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, each of the RNA segments behaves like a chromosome. This means that by reassortment of the 16 RNA segments, 2<sup>8</sup> −2 = 254 new combinations (= reassortants) are theoretically possible, each having different properties. Furthermore, mutations in the various RNA segments are relatively easily tolerated. Another great problem resides in the enormous reservoir of different influenza A viruses in the animal kingdom, especially in feral waterbirds. In these birds the avian influenza A viruses normally cause at most mild symptoms, and therefore these viruses are distributed over and between continents. Bearing this in mind it appears to be necessary to develop new ideas as to how to overcome this great plague.</p></abstract><abstract type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Ever recurring flu epidemics</b>—one of the worst was the Hongkong influenza in 1968—demonstrate that influenza could be one of the last great plagues that still cannot be brought under control. This is due to the high variability of the influenza A viruses, which enables them to escape the immune response of the human host. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, 2<sup>8</sup> − 2 = 254 new combinations are the‐oretically possible, each having different properties.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Molecular Biological Background of the Species and Organ Specificity of Influenza A Viruses</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Molecular Biological Background of the Species and Organ Specificity of Influenza A Viruses</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="termsOfAddress">Prof. Dr.</namePart><namePart type="given">Christoph</namePart><namePart type="family">Scholtissek</namePart><affiliation>Institut für Virologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin und Tierzucht der Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D‐6300 Giessen (FRG)</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence address: Institut für Virologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin und Tierzucht der Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D‐6300 Giessen (FRG)</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="reviewArticle" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-L5L7X3NF-P">review-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Hüthig & Wepf Verlag</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Zug</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1986-01</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">1985-10-21</dateCaptured><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1986</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">8</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent><extent unit="references">73</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Influenza is one of the great plagues which is not yet under control. The reason for this is the immense variability of the infecting agent, the influenza A viruses. These viruses behave like a chameleon: they adapt very rapidly to varying environments. New strains are “synthesized,” which can escape the immune response of the host, cross species barriers, and become highly pathogenic. We are beginning to understand the molecular background of this extraordinarily high variability. The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight single‐stranded RNA segments, each of which constitutes a gene. The total base sequence of the eight RNA segments of several strains is known. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, each of the RNA segments behaves like a chromosome. This means that by reassortment of the 16 RNA segments, 28 −2 = 254 new combinations (= reassortants) are theoretically possible, each having different properties. Furthermore, mutations in the various RNA segments are relatively easily tolerated. Another great problem resides in the enormous reservoir of different influenza A viruses in the animal kingdom, especially in feral waterbirds. In these birds the avian influenza A viruses normally cause at most mild symptoms, and therefore these viruses are distributed over and between continents. Bearing this in mind it appears to be necessary to develop new ideas as to how to overcome this great plague.</abstract><abstract type="short" lang="en">Ever recurring flu epidemics—one of the worst was the Hongkong influenza in 1968—demonstrate that influenza could be one of the last great plagues that still cannot be brought under control. This is due to the high variability of the influenza A viruses, which enables them to escape the immune response of the human host. If a suitable organism becomes doubly infected with two different influenza A strains, 28 − 2 = 254 new combinations are the‐oretically possible, each having different properties.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Organ specificity</topic><topic>Influenza A viruses</topic><topic>Viruses</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 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