Source for influenza pandemics
Identifieur interne : 000704 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000703; suivant : 000705Source for influenza pandemics
Auteurs : Christoph ScholtissekSource :
- European Journal of Epidemiology [ 0393-2990 ] ; 1994.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Amino acid replacements, Antigenic, Antigenic drift, Antigenic shift, Avian, Avian ancestor virus, Avian influenza, Avian influenza virus, Avian virus, Avian viruses, Bird population, Classical swine viruses, Common root, Disastrous spanish, Human influenza, Human influenza viruses, Human population, Human strain, Immune system, Influenza, Influenza viruses, Least people, Lineage, Next pandemic, Northern europe, Nucleoprotein, Nucleotide substitutions, Pandemic, Pandemic influenza, Pandemic strains, Phylogenetic, Rare event, Reassortment, Scholtissek, Selection pressure, Stable lineage, Swine, Swine viruses, Total nucleotide substitutions, Virology, Virus, Virus nucleoproteins.
Abstract
Abstract: There are three ways how influenza A viruses can escape the immune response in the human population: (1) By antigenic drift. This means by mutation and selection of variants under the selection pressure of the immune system. These variants have amino acid replacements mainly in the epitopes of the hemagglutinin. (2) By antigenic shift. This means replacement of at least the hemagglutinin gene of the prevailing human strain by the allelic gene of an avian influenza virus by reassortment. (3) As a rare event, direct or indirect introduction of an avian influenza virus in toto into the human population. A prior introduction of an avian virus into pigs and an adaptation to the new host might be a presupposition for its final passage to humans. In this sense the nowadays situation is reminiscent to that of about 100 years ago, when an avian virus was presumably first introduced into pigs, and from there into humans. Immediately or some time thereafter the disastrous Spanish Flu in 1918/19 had killed at least 20,000,000 people in one winter. Pandemic strains can be created by all three means, however the most common way is by reassortment. In order to recognize a pandemic strain as soon as possible a worldwide surveillance system and collaborating laboratories equipped with corresponding modern technologies are required.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/BF01719674
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:CCCB19D8D32E070AD4990961A5C4FB12725246AFLe document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Source for influenza pandemics</title><author><name sortKey="Scholtissek, Christoph" sort="Scholtissek, Christoph" uniqKey="Scholtissek C" first="Christoph" last="Scholtissek">Christoph Scholtissek</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut für Virologie, Justus Liebig Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D-35392, Giessen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:CCCB19D8D32E070AD4990961A5C4FB12725246AF</idno><date when="1994" year="1994">1994</date><idno type="doi">10.1007/BF01719674</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S/fulltext.pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000704</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000704</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Source for influenza pandemics</title><author><name sortKey="Scholtissek, Christoph" sort="Scholtissek, Christoph" uniqKey="Scholtissek C" first="Christoph" last="Scholtissek">Christoph Scholtissek</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut für Virologie, Justus Liebig Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D-35392, Giessen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">European Journal of Epidemiology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Eur J Epidemiol</title><idno type="ISSN">0393-2990</idno><idno type="eISSN">1573-7284</idno><imprint><publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>Dordrecht</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1994">1994</date><biblScope unit="vol" from="10" to="10">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue" from="4" to="4">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="455">455</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="458">458</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0393-2990</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0393-2990</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino acid replacements</term><term>Antigenic</term><term>Antigenic drift</term><term>Antigenic shift</term><term>Avian</term><term>Avian ancestor virus</term><term>Avian influenza</term><term>Avian influenza virus</term><term>Avian virus</term><term>Avian viruses</term><term>Bird population</term><term>Classical swine viruses</term><term>Common root</term><term>Disastrous spanish</term><term>Human influenza</term><term>Human influenza viruses</term><term>Human population</term><term>Human strain</term><term>Immune system</term><term>Influenza</term><term>Influenza viruses</term><term>Least people</term><term>Lineage</term><term>Next pandemic</term><term>Northern europe</term><term>Nucleoprotein</term><term>Nucleotide substitutions</term><term>Pandemic</term><term>Pandemic influenza</term><term>Pandemic strains</term><term>Phylogenetic</term><term>Rare event</term><term>Reassortment</term><term>Scholtissek</term><term>Selection pressure</term><term>Stable lineage</term><term>Swine</term><term>Swine viruses</term><term>Total nucleotide substitutions</term><term>Virology</term><term>Virus</term><term>Virus nucleoproteins</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: There are three ways how influenza A viruses can escape the immune response in the human population: (1) By antigenic drift. This means by mutation and selection of variants under the selection pressure of the immune system. These variants have amino acid replacements mainly in the epitopes of the hemagglutinin. (2) By antigenic shift. This means replacement of at least the hemagglutinin gene of the prevailing human strain by the allelic gene of an avian influenza virus by reassortment. (3) As a rare event, direct or indirect introduction of an avian influenza virus in toto into the human population. A prior introduction of an avian virus into pigs and an adaptation to the new host might be a presupposition for its final passage to humans. In this sense the nowadays situation is reminiscent to that of about 100 years ago, when an avian virus was presumably first introduced into pigs, and from there into humans. Immediately or some time thereafter the disastrous Spanish Flu in 1918/19 had killed at least 20,000,000 people in one winter. Pandemic strains can be created by all three means, however the most common way is by reassortment. In order to recognize a pandemic strain as soon as possible a worldwide surveillance system and collaborating laboratories equipped with corresponding modern technologies are required.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer-journals</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>avian</json:string><json:string>scholtissek</json:string><json:string>influenza</json:string><json:string>human population</json:string><json:string>antigenic</json:string><json:string>nucleoprotein</json:string><json:string>virology</json:string><json:string>reassortment</json:string><json:string>phylogenetic</json:string><json:string>selection pressure</json:string><json:string>avian virus</json:string><json:string>antigenic drift</json:string><json:string>antigenic shift</json:string><json:string>swine viruses</json:string><json:string>avian viruses</json:string><json:string>pandemic</json:string><json:string>amino acid replacements</json:string><json:string>disastrous spanish</json:string><json:string>least people</json:string><json:string>pandemic strains</json:string><json:string>next pandemic</json:string><json:string>immune system</json:string><json:string>avian influenza virus</json:string><json:string>pandemic influenza</json:string><json:string>northern europe</json:string><json:string>human influenza viruses</json:string><json:string>rare event</json:string><json:string>human strain</json:string><json:string>influenza viruses</json:string><json:string>bird population</json:string><json:string>avian ancestor virus</json:string><json:string>nucleotide substitutions</json:string><json:string>common root</json:string><json:string>virus nucleoproteins</json:string><json:string>human influenza</json:string><json:string>avian influenza</json:string><json:string>stable lineage</json:string><json:string>classical swine viruses</json:string><json:string>total nucleotide substitutions</json:string><json:string>swine</json:string><json:string>virus</json:string><json:string>lineage</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Prof. Dr. Christoph Scholtissek</name><affiliations><json:string>Institut für Virologie, Justus Liebig Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D-35392, Giessen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Antigenic drift</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Antigenic shift</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Influenza pandemic</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Influenza phylogeny</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>BF01719674</json:string><json:string>Art18</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>OriginalPaper</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: There are three ways how influenza A viruses can escape the immune response in the human population: (1) By antigenic drift. This means by mutation and selection of variants under the selection pressure of the immune system. These variants have amino acid replacements mainly in the epitopes of the hemagglutinin. (2) By antigenic shift. This means replacement of at least the hemagglutinin gene of the prevailing human strain by the allelic gene of an avian influenza virus by reassortment. (3) As a rare event, direct or indirect introduction of an avian influenza virus in toto into the human population. A prior introduction of an avian virus into pigs and an adaptation to the new host might be a presupposition for its final passage to humans. In this sense the nowadays situation is reminiscent to that of about 100 years ago, when an avian virus was presumably first introduced into pigs, and from there into humans. Immediately or some time thereafter the disastrous Spanish Flu in 1918/19 had killed at least 20,000,000 people in one winter. Pandemic strains can be created by all three means, however the most common way is by reassortment. In order to recognize a pandemic strain as soon as possible a worldwide surveillance system and collaborating laboratories equipped with corresponding modern technologies are required.</abstract><qualityIndicators><refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>218</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1346</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>4</keywordCount><score>4.342</score><pdfWordCount>1726</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>10718</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>4</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>591 x 836 pts</pdfPageSize><pdfWordsPerPage>432</pdfWordsPerPage><pdfText>true</pdfText></qualityIndicators><title>Source for influenza pandemics</title><pmid><json:string>7843354</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>European Journal of Epidemiology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><publicationDate>1994</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1994</copyrightDate><issn><json:string>0393-2990</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1573-7284</json:string></eissn><journalId><json:string>10654</json:string></journalId><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><pages><first>455</first><last>458</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Public Health/Gesundheitswesen</value></json:item><json:item><value>Cardiology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Infectious Diseases</value></json:item><json:item><value>Oncology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Epidemiology</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>1979</json:string><json:string>1968</json:string><json:string>1918</json:string><json:string>1994</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>Germany and Holland</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Justus Liebig</json:string></persName><placeName><json:string>Germany</json:string><json:string>Australia</json:string><json:string>China</json:string><json:string>Europe</json:string></placeName><ref_url></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>[4]</json:string><json:string>[9-11]</json:string><json:string>[12, 13]</json:string><json:string>[6]</json:string><json:string>[1]</json:string><json:string>[7, 8]</json:string><json:string>[14]</json:string><json:string>[9]</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - social science</json:string><json:string>2 - public, environmental & occupational health</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>1 - health sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - public health & health services</json:string><json:string>3 - epidemiology</json:string></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Health Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Medicine</json:string><json:string>3 - Epidemiology</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>3 - sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. psychologie</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>1994</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1994</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1007/BF01719674</json:string></doi><id>CCCB19D8D32E070AD4990961A5C4FB12725246AF</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S/fulltext.pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S/bundle.zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S/fulltext.tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Source for influenza pandemics</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>Dordrecht</pubPlace><availability><licence>Kluwer Academic Publishers</licence><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-3XSW68JL-F">springer</p></availability><date type="published" when="1994">1994</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="research-article" source="OriginalPaper" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-5WTPMB5N-F">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Source for influenza pandemics</title><author role="corresp"><persName><roleName type="honorific">Prof. Dr.</roleName><forename type="first">Christoph</forename><surname>Scholtissek</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Institut für Virologie</orgName><orgName type="institution">Justus Liebig Universität</orgName><address><street>Frankfurter Strasse 107</street><postCode>D-35392</postCode><settlement>Giessen</settlement><country key="DE" xml:lang="en">GERMANY</country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">CCCB19D8D32E070AD4990961A5C4FB12725246AF</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S</idno><idno type="publisher-id">Art18</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/BF01719674</idno><idno type="article-id">BF01719674</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">European Journal of Epidemiology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Eur J Epidemiol</title><idno type="journal-id">10654</idno><idno type="pISSN">0393-2990</idno><idno type="eISSN">1573-7284</idno><imprint><publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>Dordrecht</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1994">1994</date><biblScope unit="vol" from="10" to="10">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue" from="4" to="4">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="455">455</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="458">458</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><schemaRef type="ODD" url="https://xml-schema.delivery.istex.fr/tei-istex.odd"></schemaRef><appInfo><application ident="pub2tei" version="1.0.48" when="2020-05-28"><label>pub2TEI-ISTEX</label><desc>A set of style sheets for converting XML documents encoded in various scientific publisher formats into a common TEI format.
<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en"><head>Abstract</head><p>There are three ways how influenza A viruses can escape the immune response in the human population: (1) By antigenic drift. This means by mutation and selection of variants under the selection pressure of the immune system. These variants have amino acid replacements mainly in the epitopes of the hemagglutinin. (2) By antigenic shift. This means replacement of at least the hemagglutinin gene of the prevailing human strain by the allelic gene of an avian influenza virus by reassortment. (3) As a rare event, direct or indirect introduction of an avian influenza virus in toto into the human population. A prior introduction of an avian virus into pigs and an adaptation to the new host might be a presupposition for its final passage to humans. In this sense the nowadays situation is reminiscent to that of about 100 years ago, when an avian virus was presumably first introduced into pigs, and from there into humans. Immediately or some time thereafter the disastrous Spanish Flu in 1918/19 had killed at least 20,000,000 people in one winter. Pandemic strains can be created by all three means, however the most common way is by reassortment. In order to recognize a pandemic strain as soon as possible a worldwide surveillance system and collaborating laboratories equipped with corresponding modern technologies are required.</p></abstract><textClass ana="subject"><keywords scheme="journal-subject"><list><item><term type="Primary">Medicine & Public Health</term></item><item><term type="Secondary">Public Health/Gesundheitswesen</term></item><item><term type="Secondary">Cardiology</term></item><item><term type="Secondary">Infectious Diseases</term></item><item><term type="Secondary">Oncology</term></item><item><term type="Secondary">Epidemiology</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass ana="keyword"><keywords xml:lang="en"><term>Antigenic drift</term><term>Antigenic shift</term><term>Influenza pandemic</term><term>Influenza phylogeny</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2020-05-28" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change><change when="2005-05-03">Registration</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus springer-journals not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//Springer-Verlag//DTD A++ V2.4//EN" URI="http://devel.springer.de/A++/V2.4/DTD/A++V2.4.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><Publisher><PublisherInfo><PublisherName>Kluwer Academic Publishers</PublisherName><PublisherLocation>Dordrecht</PublisherLocation></PublisherInfo><Journal><JournalInfo JournalProductType="ArchiveJournal" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered"><JournalID>10654</JournalID><JournalPrintISSN>0393-2990</JournalPrintISSN><JournalElectronicISSN>1573-7284</JournalElectronicISSN><JournalTitle>European Journal of Epidemiology</JournalTitle><JournalAbbreviatedTitle>Eur J Epidemiol</JournalAbbreviatedTitle><JournalSubjectGroup><JournalSubject Type="Primary">Medicine & Public Health</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Public Health/Gesundheitswesen</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Cardiology</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Infectious Diseases</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Oncology</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Epidemiology</JournalSubject></JournalSubjectGroup></JournalInfo><Volume><VolumeInfo VolumeType="Regular" TocLevels="0"><VolumeIDStart>10</VolumeIDStart><VolumeIDEnd>10</VolumeIDEnd><VolumeIssueCount>6</VolumeIssueCount></VolumeInfo><Issue IssueType="Regular"><IssueInfo TocLevels="0"><IssueIDStart>4</IssueIDStart><IssueIDEnd>4</IssueIDEnd><IssueArticleCount>40</IssueArticleCount><IssueHistory><CoverDate><Year>1994</Year><Month>8</Month></CoverDate></IssueHistory><IssueCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Kluwer Academic Publishers</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>1994</CopyrightYear></IssueCopyright></IssueInfo><Article ID="Art18"><ArticleInfo Language="En" ArticleType="OriginalPaper" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered" TocLevels="0" ContainsESM="No"><ArticleID>BF01719674</ArticleID><ArticleDOI>10.1007/BF01719674</ArticleDOI><ArticleSequenceNumber>18</ArticleSequenceNumber><ArticleTitle Language="En">Source for influenza pandemics</ArticleTitle><ArticleCategory>First Session: Diagnosis Of A Pandemic Situation</ArticleCategory><ArticleFirstPage>455</ArticleFirstPage><ArticleLastPage>458</ArticleLastPage><ArticleHistory><RegistrationDate><Year>2005</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>3</Day></RegistrationDate></ArticleHistory><ArticleCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Kluwer Academic Publishers</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>1994</CopyrightYear></ArticleCopyright><ArticleGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ArticleGrants><ArticleContext><JournalID>10654</JournalID><VolumeIDStart>10</VolumeIDStart><VolumeIDEnd>10</VolumeIDEnd><IssueIDStart>4</IssueIDStart><IssueIDEnd>4</IssueIDEnd></ArticleContext></ArticleInfo><ArticleHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff1" CorrespondingAffiliationID="Aff1"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><Prefix>Prof. Dr.</Prefix><GivenName>Christoph</GivenName><FamilyName>Scholtissek</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Phone>+49 641 702 4990</Phone><Fax>+49 641 239 60</Fax></Contact></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff1"><OrgDivision>Institut für Virologie</OrgDivision><OrgName>Justus Liebig Universität</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Frankfurter Strasse 107</Street><Postcode>D-35392</Postcode><City>Giessen</City><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><Para>There are three ways how influenza A viruses can escape the immune response in the human population: (1) By antigenic drift. This means by mutation and selection of variants under the selection pressure of the immune system. These variants have amino acid replacements mainly in the epitopes of the hemagglutinin. (2) By antigenic shift. This means replacement of at least the hemagglutinin gene of the prevailing human strain by the allelic gene of an avian influenza virus by reassortment. (3) As a rare event, direct or indirect introduction of an avian influenza virus in toto into the human population. A prior introduction of an avian virus into pigs and an adaptation to the new host might be a presupposition for its final passage to humans. In this sense the nowadays situation is reminiscent to that of about 100 years ago, when an avian virus was presumably first introduced into pigs, and from there into humans. Immediately or some time thereafter the disastrous Spanish Flu in 1918/19 had killed at least 20,000,000 people in one winter. Pandemic strains can be created by all three means, however the most common way is by reassortment. In order to recognize a pandemic strain as soon as possible a worldwide surveillance system and collaborating laboratories equipped with corresponding modern technologies are required.</Para></Abstract><KeywordGroup Language="En"><Heading>Key words</Heading><Keyword>Antigenic drift</Keyword><Keyword>Antigenic shift</Keyword><Keyword>Influenza pandemic</Keyword><Keyword>Influenza phylogeny</Keyword></KeywordGroup></ArticleHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Article></Issue></Volume></Journal></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Source for influenza pandemics</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Source for influenza pandemics</title></titleInfo><name type="personal" displayLabel="corresp"><namePart type="termsOfAddress">Prof. Dr.</namePart><namePart type="given">Christoph</namePart><namePart type="family">Scholtissek</namePart><affiliation>Institut für Virologie, Justus Liebig Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D-35392, Giessen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="OriginalPaper" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Dordrecht</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1994-08-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1994</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract lang="en">Abstract: There are three ways how influenza A viruses can escape the immune response in the human population: (1) By antigenic drift. This means by mutation and selection of variants under the selection pressure of the immune system. These variants have amino acid replacements mainly in the epitopes of the hemagglutinin. (2) By antigenic shift. This means replacement of at least the hemagglutinin gene of the prevailing human strain by the allelic gene of an avian influenza virus by reassortment. (3) As a rare event, direct or indirect introduction of an avian influenza virus in toto into the human population. A prior introduction of an avian virus into pigs and an adaptation to the new host might be a presupposition for its final passage to humans. In this sense the nowadays situation is reminiscent to that of about 100 years ago, when an avian virus was presumably first introduced into pigs, and from there into humans. Immediately or some time thereafter the disastrous Spanish Flu in 1918/19 had killed at least 20,000,000 people in one winter. Pandemic strains can be created by all three means, however the most common way is by reassortment. In order to recognize a pandemic strain as soon as possible a worldwide surveillance system and collaborating laboratories equipped with corresponding modern technologies are required.</abstract><note>First Session: Diagnosis Of A Pandemic Situation</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Key words</genre><topic>Antigenic drift</topic><topic>Antigenic shift</topic><topic>Influenza pandemic</topic><topic>Influenza phylogeny</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>European Journal of Epidemiology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Eur J Epidemiol</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1994-08-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1994</copyrightDate></originInfo><subject><genre>Medicine & Public Health</genre><topic>Public Health/Gesundheitswesen</topic><topic>Cardiology</topic><topic>Infectious Diseases</topic><topic>Oncology</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0393-2990</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1573-7284</identifier><identifier type="JournalID">10654</identifier><identifier type="IssueArticleCount">40</identifier><identifier type="VolumeIssueCount">6</identifier><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><number>10</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>4</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>455</start><end>458</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">CCCB19D8D32E070AD4990961A5C4FB12725246AF</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/BF01719674</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">BF01719674</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">Art18</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-3XSW68JL-F">springer</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Converted from (version 1.2.14) to MODS version 3.6.</recordOrigin><recordCreationDate encoding="w3cdtf">2020-05-29</recordCreationDate></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/1BB-7LQ14XZH-S/record.json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/PandemieGrippaleV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000704 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000704 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= PandemieGrippaleV1
|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:CCCB19D8D32E070AD4990961A5C4FB12725246AF
|texte= Source for influenza pandemics
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.34. |  |