Genetic causes of monogenic forms of diabetes and obesity
Identifieur interne : 000247 ( Hal/Corpus ); précédent : 000246; suivant : 000248Genetic causes of monogenic forms of diabetes and obesity
Auteurs : Julien PhilippeSource :
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Abstract
Diabetes and obesity have reached such proportions worldwide we are talking about pandemic. Both diseases are a major cause of mortality and multiple complications. Medical and financial issues are for both diseases a major public health problem. Two groups of factors contribute to these two diseases: environment, and genetics on which this thesis is based. This work focused on rare and monogenic forms which are extreme forms of type 2 diabetes and obesity.These forms are far from being fully understood. My project focused on the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) to identify more optimally, compared to conventional Sanger sequencing, mutations in already known genes among new patients in our cohort for diagnostic purposes. The second objective was to use NGS to discover new loci associated with new signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes and obesity.The first approach uses a liquid-phase hybridization technique and focuses on 34 genes associated with monogenic and/or polygenic obesity. The screening was carried out on 201 people in 13 families for which the cause of obesity is unknown. This approach led to the identification of a mutation in a known gene of obesity: PCSK1. This mutation is causal because it leads to a stop codon at the beginning of the protein and is present only in obese individuals. Additionally, functional studies have demonstrated partial inhibition of PC1/3 by the truncated protein and the possible impact on the processing and secretion of this enzyme. This study has been published published in the "International Journal of Obesity" newspaper.The second approach is based on a PCR amplification technique in lipid microdroplets developed by Raindance. The first test is to re-identify the causal mutations of diabetes and/or obesity in 40 patients. This approach has yielded satisfactory results because for a large majority of patients, the causative mutations have been identified again. Only one patient was unable to be reconfirmed because current bioinformatics tools are limited in the detection of complex indels. Of the 39 patients identified, 3 of them are potential carriers of several causative mutations. This technique could be considered in the clinical field because it allows a multigene approach by providing a rapid diagnosis, cheaper and with a quality similar to the gold standard Sanger sequencing. For us, the purpose of this technique is a fast and optimal clinical diagnosis in order to identify unsolved cases, which are candidates for exome sequencing. This second study was published in "Diabetes Care" journal.The third approach involves whole exome sequencing (WES) in 4 individuals where the whole family was previously tested negative for all known genes of diabetes. This approach led to the discovery of a thirteen MODY gene, KCNJ11, and confirms the broad phenotypic spectrum that goes from neonatal diabetes to MODY depending on the mutations. The major difficulty with this technique is filtering variants in order to get a single causal mutation (or possibly several on the same gene) to identify new MODY genes. The strategy we used combined both a bioinformatics filter for example with filters on family cosegregation and on SNP databases and a biological filter, with the use of a technique for high-throughput genotyping. This pioneering study in the use of NGS to identify new genes of MODY has been published in "PLoS ONE".In conclusion, this work took advantage of technological advances such as capture, targeted sequencing and NGS to elucidate and to improve the screening of monogenic forms of diabetes and obesity. This improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of better treatments like personalized medicine. We hope to see direct improvements for patients in the near future, such as a more accurate, faster and more comprehensive molecular
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"> <p>Diabetes and obesity have reached such proportions worldwide we are talking about pandemic. Both diseases are a major cause of mortality and multiple complications. Medical and financial issues are for both diseases a major public health problem. Two groups of factors contribute to these two diseases: environment, and genetics on which this thesis is based. This work focused on rare and monogenic forms which are extreme forms of type 2 diabetes and obesity.These forms are far from being fully understood. My project focused on the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) to identify more optimally, compared to conventional Sanger sequencing, mutations in already known genes among new patients in our cohort for diagnostic purposes. The second objective was to use NGS to discover new loci associated with new signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes and obesity.The first approach uses a liquid-phase hybridization technique and focuses on 34 genes associated with monogenic and/or polygenic obesity. The screening was carried out on 201 people in 13 families for which the cause of obesity is unknown. This approach led to the identification of a mutation in a known gene of obesity: PCSK1. This mutation is causal because it leads to a stop codon at the beginning of the protein and is present only in obese individuals. Additionally, functional studies have demonstrated partial inhibition of PC1/3 by the truncated protein and the possible impact on the processing and secretion of this enzyme. This study has been published published in the "International Journal of Obesity" newspaper.The second approach is based on a PCR amplification technique in lipid microdroplets developed by Raindance. The first test is to re-identify the causal mutations of diabetes and/or obesity in 40 patients. This approach has yielded satisfactory results because for a large majority of patients, the causative mutations have been identified again. Only one patient was unable to be reconfirmed because current bioinformatics tools are limited in the detection of complex indels. Of the 39 patients identified, 3 of them are potential carriers of several causative mutations. This technique could be considered in the clinical field because it allows a multigene approach by providing a rapid diagnosis, cheaper and with a quality similar to the gold standard Sanger sequencing. For us, the purpose of this technique is a fast and optimal clinical diagnosis in order to identify unsolved cases, which are candidates for exome sequencing. This second study was published in "Diabetes Care" journal.The third approach involves whole exome sequencing (WES) in 4 individuals where the whole family was previously tested negative for all known genes of diabetes. This approach led to the discovery of a thirteen MODY gene, KCNJ11, and confirms the broad phenotypic spectrum that goes from neonatal diabetes to MODY depending on the mutations. The major difficulty with this technique is filtering variants in order to get a single causal mutation (or possibly several on the same gene) to identify new MODY genes. The strategy we used combined both a bioinformatics filter for example with filters on family cosegregation and on SNP databases and a biological filter, with the use of a technique for high-throughput genotyping. This pioneering study in the use of NGS to identify new genes of MODY has been published in "PLoS ONE".In conclusion, this work took advantage of technological advances such as capture, targeted sequencing and NGS to elucidate and to improve the screening of monogenic forms of diabetes and obesity. This improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of better treatments like personalized medicine. We hope to see direct improvements for patients in the near future, such as a more accurate, faster and more comprehensive molecular</p>
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<abstract xml:lang="en"> <p>Diabetes and obesity have reached such proportions worldwide we are talking about pandemic. Both diseases are a major cause of mortality and multiple complications. Medical and financial issues are for both diseases a major public health problem. Two groups of factors contribute to these two diseases: environment, and genetics on which this thesis is based. This work focused on rare and monogenic forms which are extreme forms of type 2 diabetes and obesity.These forms are far from being fully understood. My project focused on the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) to identify more optimally, compared to conventional Sanger sequencing, mutations in already known genes among new patients in our cohort for diagnostic purposes. The second objective was to use NGS to discover new loci associated with new signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes and obesity.The first approach uses a liquid-phase hybridization technique and focuses on 34 genes associated with monogenic and/or polygenic obesity. The screening was carried out on 201 people in 13 families for which the cause of obesity is unknown. This approach led to the identification of a mutation in a known gene of obesity: PCSK1. This mutation is causal because it leads to a stop codon at the beginning of the protein and is present only in obese individuals. Additionally, functional studies have demonstrated partial inhibition of PC1/3 by the truncated protein and the possible impact on the processing and secretion of this enzyme. This study has been published published in the "International Journal of Obesity" newspaper.The second approach is based on a PCR amplification technique in lipid microdroplets developed by Raindance. The first test is to re-identify the causal mutations of diabetes and/or obesity in 40 patients. This approach has yielded satisfactory results because for a large majority of patients, the causative mutations have been identified again. Only one patient was unable to be reconfirmed because current bioinformatics tools are limited in the detection of complex indels. Of the 39 patients identified, 3 of them are potential carriers of several causative mutations. This technique could be considered in the clinical field because it allows a multigene approach by providing a rapid diagnosis, cheaper and with a quality similar to the gold standard Sanger sequencing. For us, the purpose of this technique is a fast and optimal clinical diagnosis in order to identify unsolved cases, which are candidates for exome sequencing. This second study was published in "Diabetes Care" journal.The third approach involves whole exome sequencing (WES) in 4 individuals where the whole family was previously tested negative for all known genes of diabetes. This approach led to the discovery of a thirteen MODY gene, KCNJ11, and confirms the broad phenotypic spectrum that goes from neonatal diabetes to MODY depending on the mutations. The major difficulty with this technique is filtering variants in order to get a single causal mutation (or possibly several on the same gene) to identify new MODY genes. The strategy we used combined both a bioinformatics filter for example with filters on family cosegregation and on SNP databases and a biological filter, with the use of a technique for high-throughput genotyping. This pioneering study in the use of NGS to identify new genes of MODY has been published in "PLoS ONE".In conclusion, this work took advantage of technological advances such as capture, targeted sequencing and NGS to elucidate and to improve the screening of monogenic forms of diabetes and obesity. This improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of better treatments like personalized medicine. We hope to see direct improvements for patients in the near future, such as a more accurate, faster and more comprehensive molecular</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="fr"> <p>Le diabète et l’obésité ont atteint de telles proportions dans le monde qu’on parle de pandémie. Les enjeux médicaux et financiers font de ces deux maladies un problème majeur de santé publique. Deux groupes de facteurs contribuent à ces deux maladies : l’environnement, et la génétique sur laquelle cette thèse s’appuie. Ce travail s’est focalisé sur les formes rares et monogéniques qui constituent les formes extrêmes de diabète de type 2 et d’obésité.Ces formes sont loin d’être totalement élucidées. Mon projet s’est concentré sur l’utilisation du séquençage de nouvelle génération (NGS) pour identifier de manière plus optimale, par rapport au séquençage classique de type Sanger, des mutations dans des gènes déjà connus chez de nouveaux patients introduits dans notre cohorte dans une optique de diagnostic. Le deuxième objectif était d’utiliser les techniques de NGS pour découvrir de nouveaux loci, liés à de nouvelles voies de signalisation impliquées dans la physiopathologie du diabète et de l’obésité.La première approche utilise une technique d’enrichissement par hybridation en phase liquide et se focalise sur 34 gènes associés à des formes monogéniques et polygéniques d’obésité. Le criblage a été réalisé sur 201 individus dans 13 familles dont la cause d’obésité est inconnue. Cette approche a mené à l’identification d’une mutation dans un gène connu de l’obésité : PCSK1. Cette mutation est causale, car elle conduit à un codon-stop au début de la protéine et n’est présente que chez des individus obèses. De plus, l’étude fonctionnelle a démontré une inhibition partielle de PC1/3 par la protéine tronquée et un possible impact sur la maturation et la sécrétion de l’enzyme.La deuxième approche se base sur une technique d’amplification par PCR dans des microgouttelettes lipidiques développée par la société Raindance, dont le premier test vise à réidentifier les mutations causales du diabète et/ou de l’obésité chez 40 patients. Cette approche a donné des résultats satisfaisants, car pour une large majorité de patients, les mutations causales ont pu être à nouveau identifiées. Seul un patient n’a pu être reconfirmé à cause des outils bioinformatiques actuels qui restent limités dans la détection des indels complexes. Parmi les 39 patients identifiés, 3 d’entre eux sont potentiellement porteurs de plusieurs mutations causales. Cette technique pourrait être envisagée dans le domaine clinique, car elle permet une approche multigénique en fournissant un diagnostic rapide, moins couteux et qualitativement aussi bon que le séquençage Sanger.La troisième approche met en jeu le séquençage de l’exome entier (WES) chez 4 individus où la famille entière s’est précédemment révélée négative pour tous les gènes connus du diabète. Cette approche a permis la découverte d’un 13e gène du MODY, KCNJ11, et confirme le large spectre phénotypique qui va du diabète néonatal au MODY selon les mutations. La difficulté majeure de cette technique est le filtrage des variants en vue d’aboutir à une seule mutation causale (ou éventuellement plusieurs sur un même gène) pour identifier de nouveaux gènes du MODY. La stratégie utilisée combinait à la fois un filtrage bioinformatique, avec par exemple des filtres sur la coségrégation familiale et sur des bases de SNPs référencés, et un filtrage biologique, avec l’utilisation d’une technique de génotypage haut débit. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de tirer parti des avancées technologiques comme la capture, le séquençage ciblé de masse et le NGS pour élucider et améliorer le criblage des formes monogéniques de diabète et d’obésité. Cette amélioration de la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires conduira peut-être au développement de meilleurs traitements comme la médecine personnalisée. On espère voir des améliorations directes pour le patient dans un futur proche, par exemple un diagnostic moléculaire plus rapide, plus sûr et plus exhaustif.</p>
</abstract>
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