Beyond the Cut Hunter: A Historical Epidemiology of HIV Beginnings in Central Africa
Identifieur interne : 000073 ( Hal/Corpus ); précédent : 000072; suivant : 000074Beyond the Cut Hunter: A Historical Epidemiology of HIV Beginnings in Central Africa
Auteurs : Stephanie Rupp ; Philippe Ambata ; Victor Narat ; Tamara Giles-VernickSource :
- EcoHealth [ 1612-9202 ] ; 2016.
English descriptors
Abstract
In the absence of direct evidence, an imagined ''cut hunter'' stands in for the index patient of pandemic HIV/AIDS. During the early years of colonial rule, this explanation goes, a hunter was cut or injured from hunting or butchering a chimpanzee infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, resulting in the first sustained human infection with the virus that would emerge as HIV-1M. We argue here that the ''cut hunter'' relies on a historical misunderstanding and ecological oversimplification of human-chimpanzee (Pan Tro-glodytes troglodytes) interactions that facilitated pathogenic transmission. This initial host shift cannot explain the beginnings of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Instead, we must understand the processes by which the virus became transmissible, possibly between Sangha basin inhabitants and ultimately reached Kinshasa. A historical epidemiology of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, provides a much-needed corrective to the major shortcomings of the cut hunter. Based on 62 oral historical interviews conducted in southeastern Cameroon and archival research, we show that HIV emerged from ecological, economic, and socio-political transformations of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The gradual imposition of colonial rule built on and reoriented ecologies and economies, and altered older patterns of mobility and sociality. Certain changes may have contributed to the initial viral host shift, but more importantly, facilitated the adaptation of HIV-1M to human-to-human transmission. Our evidence suggests that the most critical changes occurred after 1920. This argument has important implications for public health policy, underscoring recent work emphasizing alternative pathways for zoonotic spillovers into human beings.
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DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1189-6
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"> <p>In the absence of direct evidence, an imagined ''cut hunter'' stands in for the index patient of pandemic HIV/AIDS. During the early years of colonial rule, this explanation goes, a hunter was cut or injured from hunting or butchering a chimpanzee infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, resulting in the first sustained human infection with the virus that would emerge as HIV-1M. We argue here that the ''cut hunter'' relies on a historical misunderstanding and ecological oversimplification of human-chimpanzee (Pan Tro-glodytes troglodytes) interactions that facilitated pathogenic transmission. This initial host shift cannot explain the beginnings of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Instead, we must understand the processes by which the virus became transmissible, possibly between Sangha basin inhabitants and ultimately reached Kinshasa. A historical epidemiology of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, provides a much-needed corrective to the major shortcomings of the cut hunter. Based on 62 oral historical interviews conducted in southeastern Cameroon and archival research, we show that HIV emerged from ecological, economic, and socio-political transformations of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The gradual imposition of colonial rule built on and reoriented ecologies and economies, and altered older patterns of mobility and sociality. Certain changes may have contributed to the initial viral host shift, but more importantly, facilitated the adaptation of HIV-1M to human-to-human transmission. Our evidence suggests that the most critical changes occurred after 1920. This argument has important implications for public health policy, underscoring recent work emphasizing alternative pathways for zoonotic spillovers into human beings.</p>
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<idno type="issn">1612-9202</idno>
<idno type="eissn">1612-9210</idno>
<title level="j">EcoHealth</title>
<imprint> <publisher>Springer Verlag</publisher>
<biblScope unit="volume">13</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="pp">661-671</biblScope>
<date type="datePub">2016</date>
</imprint>
</monogr>
<idno type="doi">10.1007/s10393-016-1189-6</idno>
<idno type="pubmed">27718030</idno>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<profileDesc> <langUsage> <language ident="en">English</language>
</langUsage>
<textClass> <keywords scheme="author"> <term xml:lang="en">HIV</term>
<term xml:lang="en">Nonhuman primates</term>
<term xml:lang="en">Historical epidemiology</term>
<term xml:lang="en">SIV</term>
<term xml:lang="en">Africa</term>
<term xml:lang="en">Disease emergence</term>
</keywords>
<classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sdv.spee">Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie</classCode>
<classCode scheme="halDomain" n="shs.anthro-se">Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology</classCode>
<classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sdv.ee.ieo">Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis</classCode>
<classCode scheme="halDomain" n="shs.anthro-bio">Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology</classCode>
<classCode scheme="halTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
</textClass>
<abstract xml:lang="en"> <p>In the absence of direct evidence, an imagined ''cut hunter'' stands in for the index patient of pandemic HIV/AIDS. During the early years of colonial rule, this explanation goes, a hunter was cut or injured from hunting or butchering a chimpanzee infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, resulting in the first sustained human infection with the virus that would emerge as HIV-1M. We argue here that the ''cut hunter'' relies on a historical misunderstanding and ecological oversimplification of human-chimpanzee (Pan Tro-glodytes troglodytes) interactions that facilitated pathogenic transmission. This initial host shift cannot explain the beginnings of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Instead, we must understand the processes by which the virus became transmissible, possibly between Sangha basin inhabitants and ultimately reached Kinshasa. A historical epidemiology of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, provides a much-needed corrective to the major shortcomings of the cut hunter. Based on 62 oral historical interviews conducted in southeastern Cameroon and archival research, we show that HIV emerged from ecological, economic, and socio-political transformations of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The gradual imposition of colonial rule built on and reoriented ecologies and economies, and altered older patterns of mobility and sociality. Certain changes may have contributed to the initial viral host shift, but more importantly, facilitated the adaptation of HIV-1M to human-to-human transmission. Our evidence suggests that the most critical changes occurred after 1920. This argument has important implications for public health policy, underscoring recent work emphasizing alternative pathways for zoonotic spillovers into human beings.</p>
</abstract>
</profileDesc>
</hal>
</record>
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