A molecular portrait of maternal sepsis from Byzantine Troy.
Identifieur interne : 000006 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000005; suivant : 000007A molecular portrait of maternal sepsis from Byzantine Troy.
Auteurs : Alison M. Devault [Canada] ; Tatum D. Mortimer [États-Unis] ; Andrew Kitchen [États-Unis] ; Henrike Kiesewetter [Allemagne] ; Jacob M. Enk [Canada] ; G Brian Golding [Canada] ; John Southon [États-Unis] ; Melanie Kuch [Canada] ; Ana T. Duggan [Canada] ; William Aylward [États-Unis] ; Shea N. Gardner [États-Unis] ; Jonathan E. Allen [États-Unis] ; Andrew M. King [Canada] ; Gerard Wright [Canada] ; Makoto Kuroda [Japon] ; Kengo Kato [Japon] ; Derek Eg Briggs [États-Unis] ; Gino Fornaciari [Italie] ; Edward C. Holmes [Australie] ; Hendrik N. Poinar [Canada] ; Caitlin S. Pepperell [États-Unis]Source :
- eLife [ 2050-084X ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Pregnancy complications are poorly represented in the archeological record, despite their importance in contemporary and ancient societies. While excavating a Byzantine cemetery in Troy, we discovered calcified abscesses among a woman's remains. Scanning electron microscopy of the tissue revealed 'ghost cells', resulting from dystrophic calcification, which preserved ancient maternal, fetal and bacterial DNA of a severe infection, likely chorioamnionitis. Gardnerella vaginalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus dominated the abscesses. Phylogenomic analyses of ancient, historical, and contemporary data showed that G. vaginalis Troy fell within contemporary genetic diversity, whereas S. saprophyticus Troy belongs to a lineage that does not appear to be commonly associated with human disease today. We speculate that the ecology of S. saprophyticus infection may have differed in the ancient world as a result of close contacts between humans and domesticated animals. These results highlight the complex and dynamic interactions with our microbial milieu that underlie severe maternal infections.
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.20983
PubMed: 28072390
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Canada, Italie, Japon, États-Unis
- Bade-Wurtemberg, District de Tübingen, Iowa, Toscane
- Iowa City, Pise, Sydney, Tokyo, Tübingen
- Université de Pise, Université de l'Iowa
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Gardner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Livermore</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Jonathan E" sort="Allen, Jonathan E" uniqKey="Allen J" first="Jonathan E" last="Allen">Jonathan E. Allen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Livermore</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="King, Andrew M" sort="King, Andrew M" uniqKey="King A" first="Andrew M" last="King">Andrew M. King</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Michael G. 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Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Hendrik N" sort="Poinar, Hendrik N" uniqKey="Poinar H" first="Hendrik N" last="Poinar">Hendrik N. 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Pepperell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Madison</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28072390</idno><idno type="pmid">28072390</idno><idno type="doi">10.7554/eLife.20983</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000002</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000002</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000002</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000002</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000002</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000002</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A molecular portrait of maternal sepsis from Byzantine Troy.</title><author><name sortKey="Devault, Alison M" sort="Devault, Alison M" uniqKey="Devault A" first="Alison M" last="Devault">Alison M. Devault</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hamilton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mortimer, Tatum D" sort="Mortimer, Tatum D" uniqKey="Mortimer T" first="Tatum D" last="Mortimer">Tatum D. Mortimer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Madison</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kitchen, Andrew" sort="Kitchen, Andrew" uniqKey="Kitchen A" first="Andrew" last="Kitchen">Andrew Kitchen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement><region type="state">Iowa</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiesewetter, Henrike" sort="Kiesewetter, Henrike" uniqKey="Kiesewetter H" first="Henrike" last="Kiesewetter">Henrike Kiesewetter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Project Troia, Institute of Prehistory, Early History, and Medieval Archaeology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Project Troia, Institute of Prehistory, Early History, and Medieval Archaeology, Tübingen University, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enk, Jacob M" sort="Enk, Jacob M" uniqKey="Enk J" first="Jacob M" last="Enk">Jacob M. Enk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hamilton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, G Brian" sort="Golding, G Brian" uniqKey="Golding G" first="G Brian" last="Golding">G Brian Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hamilton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Southon, John" sort="Southon, John" uniqKey="Southon J" first="John" last="Southon">John Southon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, Earth Systems Science Department, University of California, Irvine, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, Earth Systems Science Department, University of California, Irvine</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Irvine</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuch, Melanie" sort="Kuch, Melanie" uniqKey="Kuch M" first="Melanie" last="Kuch">Melanie Kuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hamilton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duggan, Ana T" sort="Duggan, Ana T" uniqKey="Duggan A" first="Ana T" last="Duggan">Ana T. Duggan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hamilton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aylward, William" sort="Aylward, William" uniqKey="Aylward W" first="William" last="Aylward">William Aylward</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Archaeology Laboratory, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular Archaeology Laboratory, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Madison</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gardner, Shea N" sort="Gardner, Shea N" uniqKey="Gardner S" first="Shea N" last="Gardner">Shea N. Gardner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Livermore</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Jonathan E" sort="Allen, Jonathan E" uniqKey="Allen J" first="Jonathan E" last="Allen">Jonathan E. Allen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Livermore</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="King, Andrew M" sort="King, Andrew M" uniqKey="King A" first="Andrew M" last="King">Andrew M. King</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hamilton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Gerard" sort="Wright, Gerard" uniqKey="Wright G" first="Gerard" last="Wright">Gerard Wright</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hamilton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuroda, Makoto" sort="Kuroda, Makoto" uniqKey="Kuroda M" first="Makoto" last="Kuroda">Makoto Kuroda</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kato, Kengo" sort="Kato, Kengo" uniqKey="Kato K" first="Kengo" last="Kato">Kengo Kato</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Briggs, Derek Eg" sort="Briggs, Derek Eg" uniqKey="Briggs D" first="Derek Eg" last="Briggs">Derek Eg Briggs</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Haven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fornaciari, Gino" sort="Fornaciari, Gino" uniqKey="Fornaciari G" first="Gino" last="Fornaciari">Gino Fornaciari</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pise</settlement><region nuts="2">Toscane</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Pise</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Hendrik N" sort="Poinar, Hendrik N" uniqKey="Poinar H" first="Hendrik N" last="Poinar">Hendrik N. Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hamilton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pepperell, Caitlin S" sort="Pepperell, Caitlin S" uniqKey="Pepperell C" first="Caitlin S" last="Pepperell">Caitlin S. Pepperell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Madison</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Pregnancy complications are poorly represented in the archeological record, despite their importance in contemporary and ancient societies. While excavating a Byzantine cemetery in Troy, we discovered calcified abscesses among a woman's remains. Scanning electron microscopy of the tissue revealed 'ghost cells', resulting from dystrophic calcification, which preserved ancient maternal, fetal and bacterial DNA of a severe infection, likely chorioamnionitis. Gardnerella vaginalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus dominated the abscesses. Phylogenomic analyses of ancient, historical, and contemporary data showed that G. vaginalis Troy fell within contemporary genetic diversity, whereas S. saprophyticus Troy belongs to a lineage that does not appear to be commonly associated with human disease today. We speculate that the ecology of S. saprophyticus infection may have differed in the ancient world as a result of close contacts between humans and domesticated animals. These results highlight the complex and dynamic interactions with our microbial milieu that underlie severe maternal infections.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Data-Review" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28072390</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>18</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2050-084X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>6</Volume><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Jan</Month><Day>10</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>eLife</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Elife</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A molecular portrait of maternal sepsis from Byzantine Troy.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.7554/eLife.20983</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">e20983</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Pregnancy complications are poorly represented in the archeological record, despite their importance in contemporary and ancient societies. While excavating a Byzantine cemetery in Troy, we discovered calcified abscesses among a woman's remains. Scanning electron microscopy of the tissue revealed 'ghost cells', resulting from dystrophic calcification, which preserved ancient maternal, fetal and bacterial DNA of a severe infection, likely chorioamnionitis. Gardnerella vaginalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus dominated the abscesses. Phylogenomic analyses of ancient, historical, and contemporary data showed that G. vaginalis Troy fell within contemporary genetic diversity, whereas S. saprophyticus Troy belongs to a lineage that does not appear to be commonly associated with human disease today. We speculate that the ecology of S. saprophyticus infection may have differed in the ancient world as a result of close contacts between humans and domesticated animals. These results highlight the complex and dynamic interactions with our microbial milieu that underlie severe maternal infections.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Devault</LastName><ForeName>Alison M</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MYcroarray, Ann Arbor, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mortimer</LastName><ForeName>Tatum D</ForeName><Initials>TD</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6255-690X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kitchen</LastName><ForeName>Andrew</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kiesewetter</LastName><ForeName>Henrike</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Project Troia, Institute of Prehistory, Early History, and Medieval Archaeology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Enk</LastName><ForeName>Jacob M</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MYcroarray, Ann Arbor, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Golding</LastName><ForeName>G Brian</ForeName><Initials>GB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Southon</LastName><ForeName>John</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, Earth Systems Science Department, University of California, Irvine, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kuch</LastName><ForeName>Melanie</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duggan</LastName><ForeName>Ana T</ForeName><Initials>AT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aylward</LastName><ForeName>William</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Molecular Archaeology Laboratory, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Classics and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gardner</LastName><ForeName>Shea N</ForeName><Initials>SN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Allen</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan E</ForeName><Initials>JE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>King</LastName><ForeName>Andrew M</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wright</LastName><ForeName>Gerard</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kuroda</LastName><ForeName>Makoto</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kato</LastName><ForeName>Kengo</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Briggs</LastName><ForeName>Derek Eg</ForeName><Initials>DE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fornaciari</LastName><ForeName>Gino</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Holmes</LastName><ForeName>Edward C</ForeName><Initials>EC</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-3552</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Poinar</LastName><ForeName>Hendrik N</ForeName><Initials>HN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pepperell</LastName><ForeName>Caitlin S</ForeName><Initials>CS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6324-1333</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Molecular Archaeology Laboratory, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Elife</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101579614</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2050-084X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ancient DNA</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Gardnerella vaginalis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Staphylococcus saprophyticus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">chorioamnionitis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">evolution</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">evolutionary biology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">genomics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">human</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">infectious disease</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>25</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>24</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">28072390</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.7554/eLife.20983</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5224923</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>Italie</li><li>Japon</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li><li>District de Tübingen</li><li>Iowa</li><li>Toscane</li></region><settlement><li>Iowa City</li><li>Pise</li><li>Sydney</li><li>Tokyo</li><li>Tübingen</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Pise</li><li>Université de l'Iowa</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Devault, Alison M" sort="Devault, Alison M" uniqKey="Devault A" first="Alison M" last="Devault">Alison M. Devault</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Duggan, Ana T" sort="Duggan, Ana T" uniqKey="Duggan A" first="Ana T" last="Duggan">Ana T. Duggan</name><name sortKey="Enk, Jacob M" sort="Enk, Jacob M" uniqKey="Enk J" first="Jacob M" last="Enk">Jacob M. Enk</name><name sortKey="Golding, G Brian" sort="Golding, G Brian" uniqKey="Golding G" first="G Brian" last="Golding">G Brian Golding</name><name sortKey="King, Andrew M" sort="King, Andrew M" uniqKey="King A" first="Andrew M" last="King">Andrew M. King</name><name sortKey="Kuch, Melanie" sort="Kuch, Melanie" uniqKey="Kuch M" first="Melanie" last="Kuch">Melanie Kuch</name><name sortKey="Poinar, Hendrik N" sort="Poinar, Hendrik N" uniqKey="Poinar H" first="Hendrik N" last="Poinar">Hendrik N. 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Gardner</name><name sortKey="Kitchen, Andrew" sort="Kitchen, Andrew" uniqKey="Kitchen A" first="Andrew" last="Kitchen">Andrew Kitchen</name><name sortKey="Pepperell, Caitlin S" sort="Pepperell, Caitlin S" uniqKey="Pepperell C" first="Caitlin S" last="Pepperell">Caitlin S. 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