Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA from Archaeological Skeletal Remains in Japan Using Whole Genome Amplification and Polymerase Chain Reaction
Identifieur interne : 000389 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000388; suivant : 000390Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA from Archaeological Skeletal Remains in Japan Using Whole Genome Amplification and Polymerase Chain Reaction
Auteurs : Koichi Suzuki [Japon] ; Wataru Takigawa [Japon] ; Kazunari Tanigawa [Japon] ; Kazuaki Nakamura [Japon] ; Yuko Ishido [Japon] ; Akira Kawashima [Japon] ; Huhehasi Wu [Japon] ; Takeshi Akama [Japon] ; Mariko Sue [Japon] ; Aya Yoshihara [Japon] ; Shuichi Mori [Japon] ; Norihisa Ishii [Japon]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
Identification of pathogen DNA from archaeological human remains is a powerful tool in demonstrating that the infectious disease existed in the past. However, it is very difficult to detect trace amounts of DNA remnants attached to the human skeleton, especially from those buried in a humid atmosphere with a relatively high environmental temperature such as in Asia.
Here we demonstrate
We have detected
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012422
PubMed: 20865042
PubMed Central: 2928730
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Detection of <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> DNA from Archaeological Skeletal Remains in Japan Using Whole Genome Amplification and Polymerase Chain Reaction</title><author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Koichi" sort="Suzuki, Koichi" uniqKey="Suzuki K" first="Koichi" last="Suzuki">Koichi Suzuki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takigawa, Wataru" sort="Takigawa, Wataru" uniqKey="Takigawa W" first="Wataru" last="Takigawa">Wataru Takigawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>School of Rehabilitation Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Rehabilitation Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanigawa, Kazunari" sort="Tanigawa, Kazunari" uniqKey="Tanigawa K" first="Kazunari" last="Tanigawa">Kazunari Tanigawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Kazuaki" sort="Nakamura, Kazuaki" uniqKey="Nakamura K" first="Kazuaki" last="Nakamura">Kazuaki Nakamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishido, Yuko" sort="Ishido, Yuko" uniqKey="Ishido Y" first="Yuko" last="Ishido">Yuko Ishido</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawashima, Akira" sort="Kawashima, Akira" uniqKey="Kawashima A" first="Akira" last="Kawashima">Akira Kawashima</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Huhehasi" sort="Wu, Huhehasi" uniqKey="Wu H" first="Huhehasi" last="Wu">Huhehasi Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akama, Takeshi" sort="Akama, Takeshi" uniqKey="Akama T" first="Takeshi" last="Akama">Takeshi Akama</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sue, Mariko" sort="Sue, Mariko" uniqKey="Sue M" first="Mariko" last="Sue">Mariko Sue</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshihara, Aya" sort="Yoshihara, Aya" uniqKey="Yoshihara A" first="Aya" last="Yoshihara">Aya Yoshihara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, Shuichi" sort="Mori, Shuichi" uniqKey="Mori S" first="Shuichi" last="Mori">Shuichi Mori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Social Science, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Social Science, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishii, Norihisa" sort="Ishii, Norihisa" uniqKey="Ishii N" first="Norihisa" last="Ishii">Norihisa Ishii</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20865042</idno><idno type="pmc">2928730</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928730</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2928730</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0012422</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000389</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000389</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000389</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000389</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Detection of <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> DNA from Archaeological Skeletal Remains in Japan Using Whole Genome Amplification and Polymerase Chain Reaction</title><author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Koichi" sort="Suzuki, Koichi" uniqKey="Suzuki K" first="Koichi" last="Suzuki">Koichi Suzuki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takigawa, Wataru" sort="Takigawa, Wataru" uniqKey="Takigawa W" first="Wataru" last="Takigawa">Wataru Takigawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>School of Rehabilitation Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Rehabilitation Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanigawa, Kazunari" sort="Tanigawa, Kazunari" uniqKey="Tanigawa K" first="Kazunari" last="Tanigawa">Kazunari Tanigawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Kazuaki" sort="Nakamura, Kazuaki" uniqKey="Nakamura K" first="Kazuaki" last="Nakamura">Kazuaki Nakamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishido, Yuko" sort="Ishido, Yuko" uniqKey="Ishido Y" first="Yuko" last="Ishido">Yuko Ishido</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawashima, Akira" sort="Kawashima, Akira" uniqKey="Kawashima A" first="Akira" last="Kawashima">Akira Kawashima</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Huhehasi" sort="Wu, Huhehasi" uniqKey="Wu H" first="Huhehasi" last="Wu">Huhehasi Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akama, Takeshi" sort="Akama, Takeshi" uniqKey="Akama T" first="Takeshi" last="Akama">Takeshi Akama</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sue, Mariko" sort="Sue, Mariko" uniqKey="Sue M" first="Mariko" last="Sue">Mariko Sue</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshihara, Aya" sort="Yoshihara, Aya" uniqKey="Yoshihara A" first="Aya" last="Yoshihara">Aya Yoshihara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, Shuichi" sort="Mori, Shuichi" uniqKey="Mori S" first="Shuichi" last="Mori">Shuichi Mori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Social Science, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Social Science, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishii, Norihisa" sort="Ishii, Norihisa" uniqKey="Ishii N" first="Norihisa" last="Ishii">Norihisa Ishii</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Identification of pathogen DNA from archaeological human remains is a powerful tool in demonstrating that the infectious disease existed in the past. However, it is very difficult to detect trace amounts of DNA remnants attached to the human skeleton, especially from those buried in a humid atmosphere with a relatively high environmental temperature such as in Asia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>Here we demonstrate <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> DNA from archaeological skeletal remains in Japan by polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. In addition, we have established a highly sensitive method of detecting DNA using a combination of whole genome amplification and polymerase chain reaction, or WGA-PCR, which provides superior sensitivity and specificity in detecting DNA from trace amounts of skeletal materials.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion/Significance</title><p>We have detected <italic>M. leprae</italic> DNA in archaeological skeletal remains for the first time in the Far East. Its SNP genotype corresponded to type 1; the first detected case worldwide of ancient <italic>M. leprae</italic> DNA. We also developed a highly sensitive method to detect ancient DNA by utilizing whole genome amplification.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cole, St" uniqKey="Cole S">ST Cole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eiglmeier, K" uniqKey="Eiglmeier K">K Eiglmeier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parkhill, J" uniqKey="Parkhill J">J Parkhill</name></author><author><name sortKey="James, Kd" uniqKey="James K">KD James</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomson, Nr" uniqKey="Thomson N">NR Thomson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monot, M" uniqKey="Monot M">M Monot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Honore, N" uniqKey="Honore N">N Honore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garnier, T" uniqKey="Garnier T">T Garnier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Araoz, R" uniqKey="Araoz R">R Araoz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coppee, Jy" uniqKey="Coppee 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20865042</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2928730</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10-PONE-RA-18056R1</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0012422</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline"><subject>Microbiology/Microbial Evolution and Genomics</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Neglected Tropical Diseases</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Skin Infections</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Detection of <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> DNA from Archaeological Skeletal Remains in Japan Using Whole Genome Amplification and Polymerase Chain Reaction</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head"><italic>M. leprae</italic> aDNA in Asia</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suzuki</surname><given-names>Koichi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Takigawa</surname><given-names>Wataru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tanigawa</surname><given-names>Kazunari</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>Kazuaki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ishido</surname><given-names>Yuko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kawashima</surname><given-names>Akira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Huhehasi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akama</surname><given-names>Takeshi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sue</surname><given-names>Mariko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yoshihara</surname><given-names>Aya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mori</surname><given-names>Shuichi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ishii</surname><given-names>Norihisa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>School of Rehabilitation Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Social Science, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>Immo A.</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1">New Mexico State University, United States of America</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>koichis@nih.go.jp</email></corresp><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: KS NI. Performed the experiments: KS WT KT KN YI AK HW SM. Analyzed the data: KS TA MS AY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KS TA MS AY. Wrote the paper: KS WT NI.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>8</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>8</issue><elocation-id>e12422</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>4</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day><month>8</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Suzuki et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</copyright-statement></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Identification of pathogen DNA from archaeological human remains is a powerful tool in demonstrating that the infectious disease existed in the past. However, it is very difficult to detect trace amounts of DNA remnants attached to the human skeleton, especially from those buried in a humid atmosphere with a relatively high environmental temperature such as in Asia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>Here we demonstrate <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> DNA from archaeological skeletal remains in Japan by polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. In addition, we have established a highly sensitive method of detecting DNA using a combination of whole genome amplification and polymerase chain reaction, or WGA-PCR, which provides superior sensitivity and specificity in detecting DNA from trace amounts of skeletal materials.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion/Significance</title><p>We have detected <italic>M. leprae</italic> DNA in archaeological skeletal remains for the first time in the Far East. Its SNP genotype corresponded to type 1; the first detected case worldwide of ancient <italic>M. leprae</italic> DNA. We also developed a highly sensitive method to detect ancient DNA by utilizing whole genome amplification.</p></sec></abstract><counts><page-count count="8"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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