Ancient Leishmaniasis in a Highland Desert of Northern Chile
Identifieur interne : 000386 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000385; suivant : 000387Ancient Leishmaniasis in a Highland Desert of Northern Chile
Auteurs : Maria Antonietta Costa [Chili] ; Carney Matheson [Canada] ; Lucia Iachetta [Canada] ; Agustín Llagostera [Chili] ; Otto Appenzeller [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2009.
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease endemic today in many areas of South America.
We discovered morphologic and molecular evidence of ancient infections in 4 female skulls in the archaeological cemetery of Coyo Oriente, in the desert of San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. The boney facial lesions visible in the skulls could have been caused by a number of chronic infections including chronic Leishmaniasis. This diagnosis was confirmed using PCR-sequenced analyses of bone fragments from the skulls of the affected individuals.Leishmaniasis is not normally found in the high-altitude desert of Northern Chile; where the harsh climate does not allow the parasite to complete its life cycle. The presence of Leishmaniasis in ancient skulls from the region implies infection by the protozoan in an endemic area–likely, in our subjects, to have been the lowlands of North-Eastern Argentina or in Southern Bolivia.
We propose that the presence of the disease in ancient times in the high altitude desert of San Pedro de Atacama is the result of an exogamic system of patrilocal marriages, where women from different cultures followed their husbands to their ancestral homes, allowing immigrant women, infected early in life, to be incorporated in the Atacama desert society before they became disfigured by the disease. The present globalization of goods and services and the extraordinary facile movement of people across borders and continents have lead to a resurgence of infectious diseases and re-emergence of infections such as Leishmaniasis. We show here that such factors were already present millennia ago, shaping demographic trends and the epidemiology of infections just as they do today.
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006983
PubMed: 19746163
PubMed Central: 2735183
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xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Paleo-DNA Research, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iachetta, Lucia" sort="Iachetta, Lucia" uniqKey="Iachetta L" first="Lucia" last="Iachetta">Lucia Iachetta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Llagostera, Agustin" sort="Llagostera, Agustin" uniqKey="Llagostera A" first="Agustín" last="Llagostera">Agustín Llagostera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Instituto Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile</addr-line></nlm:aff><country 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type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0006983</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000386</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000386</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000386</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000386</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ancient Leishmaniasis in a Highland Desert of Northern Chile</title><author><name sortKey="Costa, Maria Antonietta" sort="Costa, Maria Antonietta" uniqKey="Costa M" first="Maria Antonietta" last="Costa">Maria Antonietta Costa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Instituto Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matheson, Carney" sort="Matheson, Carney" uniqKey="Matheson C" first="Carney" last="Matheson">Carney Matheson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Paleo-DNA Research, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Paleo-DNA Research, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iachetta, Lucia" sort="Iachetta, Lucia" uniqKey="Iachetta L" first="Lucia" last="Iachetta">Lucia Iachetta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Llagostera, Agustin" sort="Llagostera, Agustin" uniqKey="Llagostera A" first="Agustín" last="Llagostera">Agustín Llagostera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Instituto Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Appenzeller, Otto" sort="Appenzeller, Otto" uniqKey="Appenzeller O" first="Otto" last="Appenzeller">Otto Appenzeller</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>New Mexico Health Enhancement and Marathon Clinics Research Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>New Mexico Health Enhancement and Marathon Clinics Research Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease endemic today in many areas of South America.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology</title><p>We discovered morphologic and molecular evidence of ancient infections in 4 female skulls in the archaeological cemetery of Coyo Oriente, in the desert of San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. The boney facial lesions visible in the skulls could have been caused by a number of chronic infections including chronic Leishmaniasis. This diagnosis was confirmed using PCR-sequenced analyses of bone fragments from the skulls of the affected individuals.Leishmaniasis is not normally found in the high-altitude desert of Northern Chile; where the harsh climate does not allow the parasite to complete its life cycle. The presence of Leishmaniasis in ancient skulls from the region implies infection by the protozoan in an endemic area–likely, in our subjects, to have been the lowlands of North-Eastern Argentina or in Southern Bolivia.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>We propose that the presence of the disease in ancient times in the high altitude desert of San Pedro de Atacama is the result of an exogamic system of patrilocal marriages, where women from different cultures followed their husbands to their ancestral homes, allowing immigrant women, infected early in life, to be incorporated in the Atacama desert society before they became disfigured by the disease. The present globalization of goods and services and the extraordinary facile movement of people across borders and continents have lead to a resurgence of infectious diseases and re-emergence of infections such as Leishmaniasis. We show here that such factors were already present millennia ago, shaping demographic trends and the epidemiology of infections just as they do today.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Llagostera, A" uniqKey="Llagostera A">A Llagostera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Llagostera, A" uniqKey="Llagostera A">A Llagostera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Torres, Cm" uniqKey="Torres C">CM Torres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Repke, Db" uniqKey="Repke D">DB Repke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K" uniqKey="Chan K">K Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckenna, D" uniqKey="Mckenna D">D Mckenna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Llagostera, A" uniqKey="Llagostera A">A Llagostera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tello, Jc" uniqKey="Tello J">JC Tello</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hrdlicka, A" uniqKey="Hrdlicka A">A Hrdlicka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weiss, Ph" uniqKey="Weiss P">PH Weiss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weiss, Ph" uniqKey="Weiss P">PH Weiss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weiss, Ph" uniqKey="Weiss P">PH Weiss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alison, Mj" uniqKey="Alison M">MJ Alison</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cockburn, Ta" uniqKey="Cockburn T">TA Cockburn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ubelaker, Dh" uniqKey="Ubelaker D">DH Ubelaker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Summer, Jw" uniqKey="Summer J">JW Summer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Summer, Jw" uniqKey="Summer J">JW Summer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Altamirano, Aj" uniqKey="Altamirano A">AJ Altamirano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berenguer, Jad" uniqKey="Berenguer J">JAD Berenguer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roman, A" uniqKey="Roman A">A Roman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Llagostera, A" uniqKey="Llagostera A">A Llagostera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Llagostera, A" uniqKey="Llagostera A">A Llagostera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bass, Wm" uniqKey="Bass W">WM Bass</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meindl, Rs" uniqKey="Meindl R">RS Meindl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lovejoy, Co" uniqKey="Lovejoy C">CO Lovejoy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fauci, As" uniqKey="Fauci A">AS Fauci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braunwald, E" uniqKey="Braunwald E">E Braunwald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kasper, Dl" uniqKey="Kasper D">DL Kasper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hauser, Sl" uniqKey="Hauser S">SL Hauser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Longo, Dl" uniqKey="Longo D">DL Longo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jameson, Jl" uniqKey="Jameson J">JL Jameson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loscalzo, J" uniqKey="Loscalzo J">J Loscalzo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zink, Ar" uniqKey="Zink A">AR Zink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spigelman, M" uniqKey="Spigelman M">M Spigelman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schraut, B" uniqKey="Schraut B">B Schraut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greenblatt, Cl" uniqKey="Greenblatt C">CL Greenblatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nerlich, Ag" uniqKey="Nerlich A">AG Nerlich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rathor, Hr" uniqKey="Rathor H">HR Rathor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Le Paige, G" uniqKey="Le Paige G">G Le Paige</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Llagostera, A" uniqKey="Llagostera A">A Llagostera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Altschul, Sf" uniqKey="Altschul S">SF Altschul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madden, Tl" uniqKey="Madden T">TL Madden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sch Ffer, Aa" uniqKey="Sch Ffer A">AA Schäffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19746163</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2735183</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">09-PONE-RA-10312R1</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0006983</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline"><subject>Molecular Biology</subject><subject>Cell Biology/Gene Expression</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Neglected Tropical Diseases</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Protozoal Infections</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Skin Infections</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Tropical and Travel-Associated Diseases</subject><subject>Pathology/Molecular Pathology</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ancient Leishmaniasis in a Highland Desert of Northern Chile</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Ancient Leishmaniasis</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Maria Antonietta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Matheson</surname><given-names>Carney</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iachetta</surname><given-names>Lucia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Llagostera</surname><given-names>Agustín</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Appenzeller</surname><given-names>Otto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Instituto Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Paleo-DNA Research, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>New Mexico Health Enhancement and Marathon Clinics Research Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Petraglia</surname><given-names>Michael D.</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1">University of Oxford, United Kingdom</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>oarun@unm.edu</email></corresp><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: MAC CDM LI OA. Performed the experiments: CDM LI OA. Analyzed the data: CDM LI OA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MAC CDM LI AL. Wrote the paper: OA. Wrote Spanish version of part of the paper: MAC. Reviewed the manuscript: CDM LI AL. Wrote technical part of manuscript: CDM. Contributed to Spanish version of the manuscript: AL.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>9</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>9</issue><elocation-id>e6983</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>5</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>7</month><year>2009</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Costa et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</copyright-statement></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease endemic today in many areas of South America.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology</title><p>We discovered morphologic and molecular evidence of ancient infections in 4 female skulls in the archaeological cemetery of Coyo Oriente, in the desert of San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. The boney facial lesions visible in the skulls could have been caused by a number of chronic infections including chronic Leishmaniasis. This diagnosis was confirmed using PCR-sequenced analyses of bone fragments from the skulls of the affected individuals.Leishmaniasis is not normally found in the high-altitude desert of Northern Chile; where the harsh climate does not allow the parasite to complete its life cycle. The presence of Leishmaniasis in ancient skulls from the region implies infection by the protozoan in an endemic area–likely, in our subjects, to have been the lowlands of North-Eastern Argentina or in Southern Bolivia.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>We propose that the presence of the disease in ancient times in the high altitude desert of San Pedro de Atacama is the result of an exogamic system of patrilocal marriages, where women from different cultures followed their husbands to their ancestral homes, allowing immigrant women, infected early in life, to be incorporated in the Atacama desert society before they became disfigured by the disease. The present globalization of goods and services and the extraordinary facile movement of people across borders and continents have lead to a resurgence of infectious diseases and re-emergence of infections such as Leishmaniasis. We show here that such factors were already present millennia ago, shaping demographic trends and the epidemiology of infections just as they do today.</p></sec></abstract><counts><page-count count="7"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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