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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch</title><author><name sortKey="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" sort="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" uniqKey="Ng T" first="Terry Fei Fan" last="Ng">Terry Fei Fan Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Fang" sort="Chen, Li Fang" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li-Fang" last="Chen">Li-Fang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yanchen" sort="Zhou, Yanchen" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yanchen" last="Zhou">Yanchen Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Beth" sort="Shapiro, Beth" uniqKey="Shapiro B" first="Beth" last="Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Mathias" sort="Stiller, Mathias" uniqKey="Stiller M" first="Mathias" last="Stiller">Mathias Stiller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintzman, Peter D" sort="Heintzman, Peter D" uniqKey="Heintzman P" first="Peter D." last="Heintzman">Peter D. Heintzman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varsani, Arvind" sort="Varsani, Arvind" uniqKey="Varsani A" first="Arvind" last="Varsani">Arvind Varsani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre,<institution>University of Canterbury</institution>, Christchurch,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute,<institution>University of Florida</institution>, Gainesville,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32611;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondov, Nikola O" sort="Kondov, Nikola O" uniqKey="Kondov N" first="Nikola O." last="Kondov">Nikola O. Kondov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Walt" sort="Wong, Walt" uniqKey="Wong W" first="Walt" last="Wong">Walt Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xutao" sort="Deng, Xutao" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xutao" last="Deng">Xutao Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Thomas D" sort="Andrews, Thomas D" uniqKey="Andrews T" first="Thomas D." last="Andrews">Thomas D. Andrews</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moorman, Brian J" sort="Moorman, Brian J" uniqKey="Moorman B" first="Brian J." last="Moorman">Brian J. Moorman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff9">Department of Geography,<institution>University of Calgary</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N1N4</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences,<institution>University of Toronto, Scarborough</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M1C1A4</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L." last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25349412</idno><idno type="pmc">4250163</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4250163</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4250163</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1410429111</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000311</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch</title><author><name sortKey="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" sort="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" uniqKey="Ng T" first="Terry Fei Fan" last="Ng">Terry Fei Fan Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Fang" sort="Chen, Li Fang" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li-Fang" last="Chen">Li-Fang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yanchen" sort="Zhou, Yanchen" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yanchen" last="Zhou">Yanchen Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Beth" sort="Shapiro, Beth" uniqKey="Shapiro B" first="Beth" last="Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Mathias" sort="Stiller, Mathias" uniqKey="Stiller M" first="Mathias" last="Stiller">Mathias Stiller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintzman, Peter D" sort="Heintzman, Peter D" uniqKey="Heintzman P" first="Peter D." last="Heintzman">Peter D. Heintzman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varsani, Arvind" sort="Varsani, Arvind" uniqKey="Varsani A" first="Arvind" last="Varsani">Arvind Varsani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre,<institution>University of Canterbury</institution>, Christchurch,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute,<institution>University of Florida</institution>, Gainesville,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32611;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondov, Nikola O" sort="Kondov, Nikola O" uniqKey="Kondov N" first="Nikola O." last="Kondov">Nikola O. Kondov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Walt" sort="Wong, Walt" uniqKey="Wong W" first="Walt" last="Wong">Walt Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xutao" sort="Deng, Xutao" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xutao" last="Deng">Xutao Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Thomas D" sort="Andrews, Thomas D" uniqKey="Andrews T" first="Thomas D." last="Andrews">Thomas D. Andrews</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moorman, Brian J" sort="Moorman, Brian J" uniqKey="Moorman B" first="Brian J." last="Moorman">Brian J. Moorman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff9">Department of Geography,<institution>University of Calgary</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N1N4</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences,<institution>University of Toronto, Scarborough</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M1C1A4</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L." last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Knowledge of ancient viruses is limited due to their low concentration and poor preservation in ancient specimens. Using a viral particle-associated nucleic acid enrichment approach, we genetically characterized one complete DNA and one partial RNA viral genome from a 700-y-old fecal sample preserved in ice. Using reverse genetics, we reconstituted the DNA virus, which replicated and systemically spread in a model plant species. Under constant freezing conditions, encapsidated viral nucleic acids may therefore be preserved for centuries. Our finding indicates that cryogenically preserved materials can be repositories of ancient viral nucleic acids, which in turn allow molecular genetics to regenerate viruses to study their biology.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25349412</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4250163</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201410429</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1410429111</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><series-title>From the Cover</series-title></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Ancient viral genomes in 700-y-old feces</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-8697</contrib-id><name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>Terry Fei Fan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Li-Fang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Yanchen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shapiro</surname><given-names>Beth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stiller</surname><given-names>Mathias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6449-0219</contrib-id><name><surname>Heintzman</surname><given-names>Peter D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Varsani</surname><given-names>Arvind</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kondov</surname><given-names>Nikola O.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>Walt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>Xutao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andrews</surname><given-names>Thomas D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moorman</surname><given-names>Brian J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meulendyk</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacKay</surname><given-names>Glen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilbertson</surname><given-names>Robert L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Delwart</surname><given-names>Eric</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup>School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre,<institution>University of Canterbury</institution>, Christchurch,<country>New Zealand</country>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute,<institution>University of Florida</institution>, Gainesville,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32611;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup>Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701,<country>South Africa</country>;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup>Department of Geography,<institution>University of Calgary</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N1N4; and</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>j</sup>Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences,<institution>University of Toronto, Scarborough</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M1C1A4</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: <email>delwarte@medicine.ucsf.edu</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Peter Palese, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, and approved September 30, 2014 (received for review June 6, 2014)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: T.F.F.N., L.-F.C., Y.Z., B.S., R.L.G., and E.D. designed research; T.F.F.N., L.-F.C., Y.Z., M.S., P.D.H., A.V., N.O.K., W.W., X.D., T.D.A., B.J.M., T.M., and G.M. performed research; T.F.F.N., T.D.A., B.J.M., T.M., and G.M. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; T.F.F.N., L.-F.C., Y.Z., B.S., M.S., P.D.H., A.V., X.D., R.L.G., and E.D. analyzed data; and T.F.F.N., L.-F.C., B.S., P.D.H., A.V., R.L.G., and E.D. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>111</volume><issue>47</issue><fpage>16842</fpage><lpage>16847</lpage><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="pnas.201410429.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>Knowledge of ancient viruses is limited due to their low concentration and poor preservation in ancient specimens. Using a viral particle-associated nucleic acid enrichment approach, we genetically characterized one complete DNA and one partial RNA viral genome from a 700-y-old fecal sample preserved in ice. Using reverse genetics, we reconstituted the DNA virus, which replicated and systemically spread in a model plant species. Under constant freezing conditions, encapsidated viral nucleic acids may therefore be preserved for centuries. Our finding indicates that cryogenically preserved materials can be repositories of ancient viral nucleic acids, which in turn allow molecular genetics to regenerate viruses to study their biology.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Viruses preserved in ancient materials provide snapshots of past viral diversity and a means to trace viral evolution through time. Here, we use a metagenomics approach to identify filterable and nuclease-resistant nucleic acids preserved in 700-y-old caribou feces frozen in a permanent ice patch. We were able to recover and characterize two viruses in replicated experiments performed in two different laboratories: a small circular DNA viral genome (ancient caribou feces associated virus, or aCFV) and a partial RNA viral genome (Ancient Northwest Territories cripavirus, or aNCV). Phylogenetic analysis identifies aCFV as distantly related to the plant-infecting geminiviruses and the fungi-infecting <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 and aNCV as within the insect-infecting <italic>Cripavirus</italic> genus. We hypothesize that these viruses originate from plant material ingested by caribou or from flying insects and that their preservation can be attributed to protection within viral capsids maintained at cold temperatures. To investigate the tropism of aCFV, we used the geminiviral reverse genetic system and introduced a multimeric clone into the laboratory model plant <italic>Nicotiana benthamiana</italic>. Evidence for infectivity came from the detection of viral DNA in newly emerged leaves and the precise excision of the viral genome from the multimeric clones in inoculated leaves. Our findings indicate that viral genomes may in some circumstances be protected from degradation for centuries.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>metagenomics</kwd><kwd>reverse genetics</kwd><kwd>ancient virus</kwd><kwd>paleopathology</kwd><kwd>aDNA</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="6"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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