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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Co-infection of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> and <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> in human archaeological samples: a possible explanation for the historical decline of leprosy</title><author><name sortKey="Donoghue, Helen D" sort="Donoghue, Helen D" uniqKey="Donoghue H" first="Helen D." last="Donoghue">Helen D. Donoghue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF001"><institution>Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, University College London</institution><addr-line>46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF</addr-line><country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcsik, Ant Nia" sort="Marcsik, Ant Nia" uniqKey="Marcsik A" first="Ant Nia" last="Marcsik">Ant Nia Marcsik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF002"><institution>Department of Anthropology, University of Szeged</institution><addr-line>POB 660, H-6701 Szeged</addr-line><country>Hungary</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matheson, Carney" sort="Matheson, Carney" uniqKey="Matheson C" first="Carney" last="Matheson">Carney Matheson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF003"><institution>Paleo-DNA Laboratory, Lakehead University</institution><addr-line>Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5Z5</addr-line><country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vernon, Kim" sort="Vernon, Kim" uniqKey="Vernon K" first="Kim" last="Vernon">Kim Vernon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF004"><institution>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University</institution><addr-line>POB 12272, Jerusalem 1120</addr-line><country>Israel</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nuorala, Emilia" sort="Nuorala, Emilia" uniqKey="Nuorala E" first="Emilia" last="Nuorala">Emilia Nuorala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF001"><institution>Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, University College London</institution><addr-line>46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF</addr-line><country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF005"><institution>Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University</institution><addr-line>S-106 91 Stockholm</addr-line><country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molto, Joseph E" sort="Molto, Joseph E" uniqKey="Molto J" first="Joseph E." last="Molto">Joseph E. Molto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF003"><institution>Paleo-DNA Laboratory, Lakehead University</institution><addr-line>Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5Z5</addr-line><country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greenblatt, Charles L" sort="Greenblatt, Charles L" uniqKey="Greenblatt C" first="Charles L." last="Greenblatt">Charles L. Greenblatt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF004"><institution>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University</institution><addr-line>POB 12272, Jerusalem 1120</addr-line><country>Israel</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spigelman, Mark" sort="Spigelman, Mark" uniqKey="Spigelman M" first="Mark" last="Spigelman">Mark Spigelman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF001"><institution>Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, University College London</institution><addr-line>46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF</addr-line><country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF004"><institution>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University</institution><addr-line>POB 12272, Jerusalem 1120</addr-line><country>Israel</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">15734693</idno><idno type="pmc">1634979</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634979</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1634979</idno><idno type="doi">10.1098/rspb.2004.2966</idno><date when="2005">2005</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000295</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000295</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Co-infection of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> and <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> in human archaeological samples: a possible explanation for the historical decline of leprosy</title><author><name sortKey="Donoghue, Helen D" sort="Donoghue, Helen D" uniqKey="Donoghue H" first="Helen D." last="Donoghue">Helen D. Donoghue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF001"><institution>Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, University College London</institution><addr-line>46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF</addr-line><country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcsik, Ant Nia" sort="Marcsik, Ant Nia" uniqKey="Marcsik A" first="Ant Nia" last="Marcsik">Ant Nia Marcsik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF002"><institution>Department of Anthropology, University of Szeged</institution><addr-line>POB 660, H-6701 Szeged</addr-line><country>Hungary</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matheson, Carney" sort="Matheson, Carney" uniqKey="Matheson C" first="Carney" last="Matheson">Carney Matheson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF003"><institution>Paleo-DNA Laboratory, Lakehead University</institution><addr-line>Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5Z5</addr-line><country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vernon, Kim" sort="Vernon, Kim" uniqKey="Vernon K" first="Kim" last="Vernon">Kim Vernon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF004"><institution>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University</institution><addr-line>POB 12272, Jerusalem 1120</addr-line><country>Israel</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nuorala, Emilia" sort="Nuorala, Emilia" uniqKey="Nuorala E" first="Emilia" last="Nuorala">Emilia Nuorala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF001"><institution>Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, University College London</institution><addr-line>46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF</addr-line><country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF005"><institution>Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University</institution><addr-line>S-106 91 Stockholm</addr-line><country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molto, Joseph E" sort="Molto, Joseph E" uniqKey="Molto J" first="Joseph E." last="Molto">Joseph E. Molto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF003"><institution>Paleo-DNA Laboratory, Lakehead University</institution><addr-line>Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5Z5</addr-line><country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greenblatt, Charles L" sort="Greenblatt, Charles L" uniqKey="Greenblatt C" first="Charles L." last="Greenblatt">Charles L. Greenblatt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF004"><institution>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University</institution><addr-line>POB 12272, Jerusalem 1120</addr-line><country>Israel</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spigelman, Mark" sort="Spigelman, Mark" uniqKey="Spigelman M" first="Mark" last="Spigelman">Mark Spigelman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF001"><institution>Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, University College London</institution><addr-line>46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF</addr-line><country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF004"><institution>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University</institution><addr-line>POB 12272, Jerusalem 1120</addr-line><country>Israel</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-8452</idno><idno type="eISSN">1471-2954</idno><imprint><date when="2005">2005</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Both leprosy and tuberculosis were prevalent in Europe during the first millennium but thereafter leprosy declined. It is not known why this occurred, but one suggestion is that cross-immunity protected tuberculosis patients from leprosy. To investigate any relationship between the two diseases, selected archaeological samples, dating from the Roman period to the thirteenth century, were examined for both <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> and <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> DNA, using PCR. The work was carried out and verified in geographically separate and independent laboratories. Several specimens with palaeopathological signs of leprosy were found to contain DNA from both pathogens, indicating that these diseases coexisted in the past. We suggest that the immunological changes found in multi-bacillary leprosy, in association with the socio-economic impact on those suffering from the disease, led to increased mortality from tuberculosis and therefore to the historical decline in leprosy.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Biol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RSPB</journal-id><journal-title>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0962-8452</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2954</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Royal Society</publisher-name> <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">15734693</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1634979</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rspb20042966</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rspb.2004.2966</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Co-infection of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> and <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> in human archaeological samples: a possible explanation for the historical decline of leprosy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Donoghue</surname><given-names>Helen D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF001">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marcsik</surname><given-names>Antónia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF002">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Matheson</surname><given-names>Carney</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF003">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vernon</surname><given-names>Kim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF004">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nuorala</surname><given-names>Emilia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF001">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF005">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Molto</surname><given-names>Joseph E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF003">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Greenblatt</surname><given-names>Charles L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF004">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spigelman</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF001">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF004">4</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="AFF001"><label>1</label><institution>Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, University College London</institution><addr-line>46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF</addr-line><country>UK</country></aff><aff id="AFF002"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Anthropology, University of Szeged</institution><addr-line>POB 660, H-6701 Szeged</addr-line><country>Hungary</country></aff><aff id="AFF003"><label>3</label><institution>Paleo-DNA Laboratory, Lakehead University</institution><addr-line>Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5Z5</addr-line><country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="AFF004"><label>4</label><institution>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University</institution><addr-line>POB 12272, Jerusalem 1120</addr-line><country>Israel</country></aff><aff id="AFF005"><label>5</label><institution>Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University</institution><addr-line>S-106 91 Stockholm</addr-line><country>Sweden</country></aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN001">* Author for correspondence (<email>h.donoghue@ucl.ac.uk</email>).</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>2</month><year>2005</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2005</year></pub-date><volume>272</volume><issue>1561</issue><fpage>389</fpage><lpage>394</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>6</month><year>2004</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>9</month><year>2004</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2005 The Royal Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2005</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><p>Both leprosy and tuberculosis were prevalent in Europe during the first millennium but thereafter leprosy declined. It is not known why this occurred, but one suggestion is that cross-immunity protected tuberculosis patients from leprosy. To investigate any relationship between the two diseases, selected archaeological samples, dating from the Roman period to the thirteenth century, were examined for both <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> and <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> DNA, using PCR. The work was carried out and verified in geographically separate and independent laboratories. Several specimens with palaeopathological signs of leprosy were found to contain DNA from both pathogens, indicating that these diseases coexisted in the past. We suggest that the immunological changes found in multi-bacillary leprosy, in association with the socio-economic impact on those suffering from the disease, led to increased mortality from tuberculosis and therefore to the historical decline in leprosy.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>ancient DNA</kwd><kwd>leprosy</kwd><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd><kwd>history of infectious diseases</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-wrap><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Gel electrophoresis analysis of (<italic>a</italic>) MTB IS<italic>6110</italic> PCR products (92 bp) and (<italic>b</italic>) <italic>M. leprae</italic> RLEP PCR products (99 bp). Lane 1: Shroud Cave sample BSC (in other extractions this sample was positive for IS<italic>6110</italic>), DNA extract a; lane 2: Shroud Cave sample C1, DNA extract a; lane 3: Püspökladány sample 222, DNA extract b; lane 4: Dakhleh Oasis sample B6, DNA extract b; lane 5: Dakleh Oasis sample B116, DNA extract b; lane 6: Shroud Cave sample BSC, DNA extract b; lane 7: Shroud Cave sample C1, DNA extract b; lane 8; negative control, extraction a; lane 9: negative control, extraction b; lane 10: PCR negative control; lane 11: øX174<italic>Hae</italic>III molecular markers.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rspb20042966f01"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Primers used in this study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">name</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">target region</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">target size (bp)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">primer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-specific primers</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">laboratory 1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> P1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IS<italic>6110</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′CTCGTCCAGCGCCGCTTCGG 3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> P2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IS<italic>6110</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′CCTGCGAGCGTAGGCGTCGG 3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IS-3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IS<italic>6110</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′ TTCGGACCACCAGCACCTAA 3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IS-4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IS<italic>6110</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′ TCGGTGACAAAGGCCACGTA 3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">laboratory 2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> INS-1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IS<italic>6110</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′ CGTGAGGGCATCGAGGTGGC 3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> INS-2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IS<italic>6110</italic>′</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′ GACGTAGGCGTCGGTGACAAA 3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mycobacterium leprae-specific primers</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">laboratories 1 and 2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LP1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RLEP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′ TGCATGTCATGGCCTTGAGG3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LP2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RLEP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′CACCGATACCAGCGGCAGAA3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LP3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RLEP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′ TGAGGTGTCGGCGTGGTC3′</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LP4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RLEP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′CAGAAATGGTGCAAGGGA3′</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Distribution of <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic> and <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> complex-specific DNA according to specimen source and age (+, positive; −, negative; n.a., not applicable).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">sample site</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">sample</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mycobacterium leprae</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">co-infection</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tenth century Hungary Püspökladény<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">503</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">429</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">621</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Szombathely<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1"><sup>a</sup></xref> fifteenth century Hungary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3, 19, 20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Székesfehérvár<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1"><sup>a</sup></xref> eleventh century and fourteenth– sixteenth century Hungary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79a</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I/II</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">first century Israel Akeldama<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2"><sup>b</sup></xref>, Himmon valley</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BSC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCN</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fourth century Egypt, the Dakhleh Oasis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4"><sup>d</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B116</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B222</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5"><sup>e</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B251</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6"><sup>f</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B265</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B280<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7"><sup>g</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B377</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B392</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B437</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5"><sup>e</sup></xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Björned<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1"><sup>a</sup></xref> tenth–thirteenth century Sweden</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A1a, 2, 8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/24</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1"><p><sup>a</sup> Examined by laboratory 1 only.</p></fn><fn id="tfn2"><p><sup>b</sup> Examined by laboratories 1 and 2.</p></fn><fn id="tfn3"><p><sup>c</sup> Positive in laboratory 1 only.</p></fn><fn id="tfn4"><p><sup>d</sup> Positive in laboratory 1 when an alternative <italic>Taq</italic> polymerase was used. Positive in laboratory 2 using standard technique.</p></fn><fn id="tfn5"><p><sup>e</sup> Positive in laboratory 2 only.</p></fn><fn id="tfn6"><p><sup>f</sup> Positive in laboratory 1 when PTB used in DNA extraction. Positive in laboratory 2 using standard technique.</p></fn><fn id="tfn7"><p><sup>g</sup> Examined by laboratory 2 only.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-wrap></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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