Enterobius vermicularis Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from a Medieval Korean Mummy
Identifieur interne : 000244 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000243; suivant : 000245Enterobius vermicularis Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from a Medieval Korean Mummy
Auteurs : Dong Hoon Shin ; Chang Seok Oh ; Jong-Yil Chai ; Hye-Jung Lee ; Min SeoSource :
- The Korean Journal of Parasitology [ 0023-4001 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
While the presence of pinworm eggs in archaeological samples has been reported by many researchers in the New World, those have been detected very scarcely in the Old World, especially in East Asian countries. In fact, many parasite species were recovered from the archeological remains in Korea, eggs of
Url:
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.323
PubMed: 22072838
PubMed Central: 3210855
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from a Medieval Korean Mummy</title><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Hoon" sort="Shin, Dong Hoon" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong Hoon" last="Shin">Dong Hoon Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Anthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Chang Seok" sort="Oh, Chang Seok" uniqKey="Oh C" first="Chang Seok" last="Oh">Chang Seok Oh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Anthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chai, Jong Yil" sort="Chai, Jong Yil" uniqKey="Chai J" first="Jong-Yil" last="Chai">Jong-Yil Chai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hye Jung" sort="Lee, Hye Jung" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hye-Jung" last="Lee">Hye-Jung Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Min" sort="Seo, Min" uniqKey="Seo M" first="Min" last="Seo">Min Seo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22072838</idno><idno type="pmc">3210855</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210855</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3210855</idno><idno type="doi">10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.323</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000244</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000244</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from a Medieval Korean Mummy</title><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Hoon" sort="Shin, Dong Hoon" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong Hoon" last="Shin">Dong Hoon Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Anthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Chang Seok" sort="Oh, Chang Seok" uniqKey="Oh C" first="Chang Seok" last="Oh">Chang Seok Oh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Anthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chai, Jong Yil" sort="Chai, Jong Yil" uniqKey="Chai J" first="Jong-Yil" last="Chai">Jong-Yil Chai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hye Jung" sort="Lee, Hye Jung" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hye-Jung" last="Lee">Hye-Jung Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Min" sort="Seo, Min" uniqKey="Seo M" first="Min" last="Seo">Min Seo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Korean Journal of Parasitology</title><idno type="ISSN">0023-4001</idno><idno type="eISSN">1738-0006</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>While the presence of pinworm eggs in archaeological samples has been reported by many researchers in the New World, those have been detected very scarcely in the Old World, especially in East Asian countries. In fact, many parasite species were recovered from the archeological remains in Korea, eggs of <italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> had not been found. Recently, a female mummy buried in the 17th century was discovered in the Joseon tomb from Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. After rehydration process for 12 days, investigations were carried on the luminal surface of the colon. From them, 3 eggs of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> were recovered. They were elliptical, transparent with a thin egg shell, 50.3±5.2 µm (length) and 28.2±3.9 µm (width) in size. This is the first discovery of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs in East Asia.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seo, M" uniqKey="Seo M">M Seo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guk, Sm" uniqKey="Guk S">SM Guk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, J" uniqKey="Kim J">J Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chai, Jy" uniqKey="Chai J">JY Chai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bok, Gd" uniqKey="Bok G">GD Bok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Ss" uniqKey="Park S">SS Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Cs" uniqKey="Oh C">CS Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Mj" uniqKey="Kim M">MJ Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yil, Ys" uniqKey="Yil Y">YS Yil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Mh" uniqKey="Shin M">MH Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, Iu" uniqKey="Kang I">IU Kang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dh" uniqKey="Shin D">DH 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Korean J Parasitol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Korean Journal of Parasitology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0023-4001</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1738-0006</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Society for Parasitology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22072838</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3210855</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.323</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Brief Communication</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title><italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from a Medieval Korean Mummy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Dong Hoon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>Chang Seok</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chai</surname><given-names>Jong-Yil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Hye-Jung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Seo</surname><given-names>Min</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Anthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author (<email>bbbenji@naver.com</email>)
</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>49</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>323</fpage><lpage>326</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>7</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>04</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>08</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2011, Korean Society for Parasitology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>While the presence of pinworm eggs in archaeological samples has been reported by many researchers in the New World, those have been detected very scarcely in the Old World, especially in East Asian countries. In fact, many parasite species were recovered from the archeological remains in Korea, eggs of <italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> had not been found. Recently, a female mummy buried in the 17th century was discovered in the Joseon tomb from Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. After rehydration process for 12 days, investigations were carried on the luminal surface of the colon. From them, 3 eggs of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> were recovered. They were elliptical, transparent with a thin egg shell, 50.3±5.2 µm (length) and 28.2±3.9 µm (width) in size. This is the first discovery of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs in East Asia.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic></kwd><kwd>mummy</kwd><kwd>egg</kwd><kwd>17th century</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p>Paleoparasitologists in Korea have examined ancient human samples from archeological fields in Korea, studying parasite infections prevalent in the past. Parasite eggs or larvae remained in mummies of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910 AD) or in soil sediments from archeological sites became invaluable resources for studying ancient parasites that had infected Korean population. We have reported various ancient parasite species, including <italic>Ascaris lumbricoides</italic>, <italic>Trichuris trichiura</italic>, <italic>Metagonimus yokogawai</italic>, <italic>Clonorchis sinensis</italic>, <italic>Paragonimus westermani</italic>, <italic>Gymnophalloides seoi</italic>, <italic>Strongyloides stercoralis</italic>, and <italic>Trichostrongylus</italic> spp. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. However, even though some parasite eggs (e.g. pinworms and hookworms) were known to be one of the most common parasite species infecting Korean population, we still did not observe them in ancient samples.</p><p>In particular, the pinworm, <italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic>, is a helminth infecting nearly a billion people worldwide in all socioeconomic levels [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]. The parasite can be transmitted from host to host without stages in soil or intermediary hosts. In case of New World countries, the presence of pinworm eggs in archeological samples has been reported by many researchers. Briefly, <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> infection was proven among parasitological samples from ancient people in North America. The parasite eggs were found in a 10,000-year-old human coprolite from Utah, USA, one of the oldest human coprolites ever found and in the mummies' coprolites from several North American archaeological sites [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> infection was also identified in ancient Andean peoples. The pinworm eggs were observed in ancient coprolites from Chile, Peru, and Argentina [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>].</p><p>However, interestingly enough, <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> has been detected very scarcely in the Old World [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]. Up to the present, there were only 2 reports of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs in Roman latrines [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>] and in an Egyptian mummy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. Especially in case of East Asian countries, there were no reports on the presence of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> in archeologically obtained samples. In this regard, the current case, a new Joseon mummy discovered in an archeological site of Korea, should be significant to concerned researchers in Korea. We found well-preserved <italic>E. vermiculars</italic> eggs, at this moment, showing the first-ever evidence for the preservation of ancient pinworm eggs in archeologically obtained samples from East Asian countries.</p><p>On August 2008, a female mummy was discovered in the Joseon tomb from Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1A</xref>). Based on the tree-ring test, the tomb was confirmed to be constructed in 1630s AD [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. After the mummy was moved to our laboratory, the researchers wearing sterilized gowns, gloves, head caps, and masks removed the clothes wrapped around the dead body (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1B</xref>). Anthropologists dissected the abdominal cavity in which mummified intestines were preserved very well (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1C</xref>). We collected parasitological samples from luminal surfaces of ascending, transverse, and descending colons.</p><p>Obtained samples were rehydrated in 0.5% trisodium phosphate solution for 12 days with occasional shaking [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. They were then filtered through multiple-layered gauze, after which, were precipitated for a day. After the upper turbid layer was discarded, the precipitates were dissolved again in 0.5% trisodium phosphate solution. The solution was finally dropped onto slides for examination under a light microscope (BH-2, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The sizes of the parasite eggs were measured.</p><p>In the light microscopic observation, we observed 2 eggs of <italic>Paragonimus westermani</italic>, 8 of <italic>Ascaris lumbricoides</italic>, and 3 of <italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic>. As for <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs, the average size was 50.3±5.2 µm (length) by 28.2±3.9 µm (width). <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs showed typical characteristics; small, elliptical, and transparent with a thin eggshell (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). The average size of <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> eggs was 66.0±5.7×50.9±6.8 µm, and those of <italic>P. westermani</italic> were 75.5±1.7×48.3±1.8 µm in the state of operculum-missing.</p><p>Besides the common paleoparasitological interest on whether specific species of parasites infected people buried in ancient tombs, studies on <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> have special meaning to concerned researchers. Briefly, it is considered that the human-<italic>E. vermicularis</italic> relationship started in pre-hominid times, having evolved in Africa, and then dispersed to other continents by prehistoric human migrations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]. Interestingly enough, many paleoparasitologists believed that ancient pinworms crossed the Bering Land Bridge with its human host during their first migration to the Americas even if transpacific routes have also been postulated by some paleoparasitologists [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>].</p><p>However, though there were many reports on the presence of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> in the samples from archeological fields, observation of parasite eggs was very rarely reported from East Asian countries in spite of its endemicity. Of course, the preservation status varies in different species of parasite eggs. Relatively poorer preservation status of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs was well noted for archeologically obtained fecal remains [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. However, considering that <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> infection reached very high prevalence as shown in some prehistoric coprolites containing ancient eggs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>], the absence of reports on the presence of <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs from East Asian countries looks very strange.</p><p>For the past several years, though we have tried to locate the ancient <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs in many samples from archeological fields, we could not find any. In this regard, the current report on the ancient <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs from several-hundred-year old Joseon mummy could be a contribution to future studies over the issue. In addition, we showed the possibility that ancient <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs could also be remained in the samples from archeological sites in East Asia for the first time. Though we are not sure why ancient <italic>E. vermicularis</italic> eggs in Old World countries were not preserved as perfectly as seen in New World counterparts, more detailed and cautious examinations on the archeological samples could provide invaluable information on the migration of ancient pinworms crossing the Bering Land Bridge with its human host.</p></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title><p>This study was funded by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, Korea (NRICH-1107-B10F-1).</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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Press</publisher-name><fpage>377</fpage><lpage>380</lpage></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>(A) The location of Dangjin-gun (red dot), Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, where the female mummy was discovered. (B) The female mummy, presumably buried in 1630s AD. (C) The mummified intestines were dissected from the abdominal cavity.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjp-49-323-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Microscopic examination of 3 <italic>Enterobius</italic> eggs recovered from the mummy. Bar=20 µm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjp-49-323-g002"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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