The lameness of King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina, Macedonia
Identifieur interne : 000008 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000007; suivant : 000009The lameness of King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina, Macedonia
Auteurs : Antonis Bartsiokas ; Juan-Luis Arsuaga ; Elena Santos ; Milagros Algaba ; Asier G Mez-OlivenciaSource :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The knee ankylosis and the hole through it ties perfectly with the penetrating wound and lameness suffered by Philip II and conclusively identifies him as the occupant of Tomb I in Vergina, Greece. The age estimates of the three occupants are consistent with those derived from the historical sources. Cleopatra's (Philip’s wife) child was born a few days before Philip II’s assassination and both were murdered soon after Philip’s assassination. It follows that Tomb II belongs to King Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice and may well contain some of the armor of Alexander the Great. Thus, a nearly 40-y-old mystery concerning the Royal Tombs of Vergina has finally been solved that puzzled historians, archaeologists, and physical anthropologists.
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510906112
PubMed: 26195763
PubMed Central: 4538655
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The lameness of King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina, Macedonia</title><author><name sortKey="Bartsiokas, Antonis" sort="Bartsiokas, Antonis" uniqKey="Bartsiokas A" first="Antonis" last="Bartsiokas">Antonis Bartsiokas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratory of Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology,<institution>Democritus University of Thrace</institution>, 69100 Komotini,<country>Greece</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arsuaga, Juan Luis" sort="Arsuaga, Juan Luis" uniqKey="Arsuaga J" first="Juan-Luis" last="Arsuaga">Juan-Luis Arsuaga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Departmento de Paleontología,<institution>Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>, Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, Elena" sort="Santos, Elena" uniqKey="Santos E" first="Elena" last="Santos">Elena Santos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Algaba, Milagros" sort="Algaba, Milagros" uniqKey="Algaba M" first="Milagros" last="Algaba">Milagros Algaba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" sort="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" uniqKey="G Mez Olivencia A" first="Asier" last="G Mez-Olivencia">Asier G Mez-Olivencia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Departmento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología,<institution>Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea</institution>, 48080 Bilbao,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>IKERBASQUE, the Basque Foundation for Science</institution>, 48013 Bilbao,<institution>Spain</institution>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire,<institution>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme</institution>, 75016 Paris,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26195763</idno><idno type="pmc">4538655</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538655</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4538655</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1510906112</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000008</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000008</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The lameness of King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina, Macedonia</title><author><name sortKey="Bartsiokas, Antonis" sort="Bartsiokas, Antonis" uniqKey="Bartsiokas A" first="Antonis" last="Bartsiokas">Antonis Bartsiokas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratory of Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology,<institution>Democritus University of Thrace</institution>, 69100 Komotini,<country>Greece</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arsuaga, Juan Luis" sort="Arsuaga, Juan Luis" uniqKey="Arsuaga J" first="Juan-Luis" last="Arsuaga">Juan-Luis Arsuaga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Departmento de Paleontología,<institution>Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>, Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, Elena" sort="Santos, Elena" uniqKey="Santos E" first="Elena" last="Santos">Elena Santos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Algaba, Milagros" sort="Algaba, Milagros" uniqKey="Algaba M" first="Milagros" last="Algaba">Milagros Algaba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" sort="G Mez Olivencia, Asier" uniqKey="G Mez Olivencia A" first="Asier" last="G Mez-Olivencia">Asier G Mez-Olivencia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Departmento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología,<institution>Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea</institution>, 48080 Bilbao,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>IKERBASQUE, the Basque Foundation for Science</institution>, 48013 Bilbao,<institution>Spain</institution>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire,<institution>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme</institution>, 75016 Paris,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>The knee ankylosis and the hole through it ties perfectly with the penetrating wound and lameness suffered by Philip II and conclusively identifies him as the occupant of Tomb I in Vergina, Greece. The age estimates of the three occupants are consistent with those derived from the historical sources. Cleopatra's (Philip’s wife) child was born a few days before Philip II’s assassination and both were murdered soon after Philip’s assassination. It follows that Tomb II belongs to King Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice and may well contain some of the armor of Alexander the Great. Thus, a nearly 40-y-old mystery concerning the Royal Tombs of Vergina has finally been solved that puzzled historians, archaeologists, and physical anthropologists.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26195763</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4538655</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201510906</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1510906112</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The lameness of King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina, Macedonia</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bartsiokas</surname><given-names>Antonis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arsuaga</surname><given-names>Juan-Luis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Elena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Algaba</surname><given-names>Milagros</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gómez-Olivencia</surname><given-names>Asier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Laboratory of Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology,<institution>Democritus University of Thrace</institution>, 69100 Komotini,<country>Greece</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup><institution>Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos</institution>, 28029 Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Departmento de Paleontología,<institution>Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>, Madrid,<country>Spain</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>Departmento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología,<institution>Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea</institution>, 48080 Bilbao,<country>Spain</country>;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup><institution>IKERBASQUE, the Basque Foundation for Science</institution>, 48013 Bilbao,<institution>Spain</institution>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire,<institution>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme</institution>, 75016 Paris,<country>France</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: <email>anaxbart@otenet.gr</email> or <email>jlarsuaga@isciii.es</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Contributed by Juan-Luis Arsuaga, June 9, 2015 (sent for review March 30, 2015)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: A.B., J.-L.A., and A.G.-O. designed research; A.B., J.-L.A., E.S., M.A., and A.G.-O. performed research; A.B., J.-L.A., and A.G.-O. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; A.B., J.-L.A., E.S., M.A., and A.G.-O. analyzed data; and A.B., J.-L.A., and A.G.-O. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>11</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>20</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>112</volume><issue>32</issue><fpage>9844</fpage><lpage>9848</lpage><permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="pnas.201510906.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>The knee ankylosis and the hole through it ties perfectly with the penetrating wound and lameness suffered by Philip II and conclusively identifies him as the occupant of Tomb I in Vergina, Greece. The age estimates of the three occupants are consistent with those derived from the historical sources. Cleopatra's (Philip’s wife) child was born a few days before Philip II’s assassination and both were murdered soon after Philip’s assassination. It follows that Tomb II belongs to King Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice and may well contain some of the armor of Alexander the Great. Thus, a nearly 40-y-old mystery concerning the Royal Tombs of Vergina has finally been solved that puzzled historians, archaeologists, and physical anthropologists.</p></abstract><abstract><p>King Philip II was the father of Alexander the Great. He suffered a notorious penetrating wound by a lance through his leg that was nearly fatal and left him lame in 339 B.C.E. (i.e., 3 y before his assassination in 336 B.C.E.). In 1977 and 1978 two male skeletons were excavated in the Royal Tombs II and I of Vergina, Greece, respectively. Tomb I also contained another adult (likely a female) and a newborn skeleton. The current view is that Philip II was buried in Tomb II. However, the male skeleton of Tomb II bears no lesions to his legs that would indicate lameness. We investigated the skeletal material of Tomb I with modern forensic techniques. The male individual in Tomb I displays a conspicuous case of knee ankylosis that is conclusive evidence of lameness. Right through the overgrowth of the knee, there is a hole. There are no obvious signs that are characteristic of infection and osteomyelitis. This evidence indicates that the injury was likely caused by a severe penetrating wound to the knee, which resulted in an active inflammatory process that stopped years before death. Standard anthropological age-estimation techniques based on dry bone, epiphyseal lines, and tooth analysis gave very wide age ranges for the male, centered around 45 y. The female would be around 18-y-old and the infant would be a newborn. It is concluded that King Philip II, his wife Cleopatra, and their newborn child are the occupants of Tomb I.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Argead dynasty</kwd><kwd>Macedonia</kwd><kwd>paleopathology</kwd><kwd>Philip II</kwd><kwd>Vergina</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group id="gs1"><funding-source id="sp1">Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad</funding-source><award-id rid="sp1">CGL2012-38434-C03-01</award-id></award-group><award-group id="gs2"><funding-source id="sp2">Gobierno Vasco/Eusko Jaurlaritza</funding-source><award-id rid="sp2">Research Group IT834-13</award-id></award-group></funding-group><counts><page-count count="5"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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